Evans, Arthur J.: The Palace of Minos: a comparative account of the successive stages of the early Cretan civilization as illustred by the discoveries at Knossos (Band 4,2): Camp-stool Fresco, long-robed priests and beneficent genii [...] (London, 1935)

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Evans, Arthur J.
The Palace of Minos: a comparative account of the successive stages of the early Cretan civilization as illustred by the discoveries at Knossos (Band 4,2): Camp-stool Fresco, long-robed priests and beneficent genii [...] — London, 1935

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THE PALACE OF MINOS

Titelblatt

III

PALACE OF MINOS … INSCRIBED TABLETS AND THE PALACE STORES; … WITH EPILOGUE ON THE DISCOVERY OF ' RING OF

Elements of restoration; Seated figures on folding-chairs, others standing; 'La … 'Nestor's Cup'; Similar lalabastron'-like chalice held by Goddess on Tiryns ring; … Earlier representations of Priest-kings; Portraits on Hieroglyphic Sealings; The … —from Knossos and Vapheio Tomb; Knossian seal depicting long-robed youthful … coalescence of Cyprian and Syrian Cult with Minoan—a Hittite cylinder from … type ; Syrian influence, through Cyprus ; Late example on Carthaginian .silver bowl; … with early Chaldaean Connexions : the 'Nude Goddess' on … of Oriental influence from Chaldaean side; Go back to Sumerian Age; Lapis-Iazuli

Contents

type; Genii sprung from Ta-urt but transformed in Minoan sense; Characteristics … Astronomic Ceiling of Sen-mut Tomb ; Early imported scarab with Ta-urt type from … vessels, of M. M. III-L. M. la date; Vegetation charms; Rain-bearing ritual on … Mycenae; Ex volo of this kind found in relation to Palace Sanctuary of Domestic … Middle Minoan seal-types on hard stones, &'c.—hieroglyphic prisms ; ' Signet' seals

VII

contrasted; A typical lentoid bead-seal; Predominance of lentoid type from close … but shape first copied in L. M. la; Haematite specimen from Ii. Pelagia, with … Survival of type of seated rowers; Trussed wild-goats on pole—later version, trussed … lion; Scheme as applied to hounds ; Wounded lion, seated; Wounded lion on Shaft … Goddess; Influence of Minoan version on Arslan Tash ivories; Assyrian parallels

VIII

from Nimrud; Minoan outpost at Ras-Shamra ; Cow and calf on Archaic Greek coin … another—recurrence of stepped base below ; Large sealing with Cattle group from … Warriors attacking lion—military aspect of sport; Spearman and archer on Kydonia … wide distribution; Lapidary's workshop of L. M. Ill date; Hoard from Central … ' Ingot' Signs on Clay Inventories.....- °x9

of Millet beer; Appearance on lentoid signet; Barley sign—ears moulded on jugs, … piihot on earlier floors, others transferred to later floors ; Evidence of original plait- … weight; ' Balance ' sign on libation vase of bard stone with buusiropMdon inscription ; … 'Granary' and 'Chariot' tablets; Armoury deposit; Mustly stored on the upper … earlier documents; Retrospect and Synopsis of Class A—transitional examples fitting

of metal vessels and relation to Central Palace Sanctuary; Early B tablet with … character; Stratigraphic interest of deposit—L. M. 111b 'stirrup vases' on clay … intrusion of Class B ; Conventionalized vase types, dependent on L. M. II; Also at … Keftiu' propagate their script on Cilician side? Relics there of an L. M.III … Ras-Shamra Tombs; Mouthpiece of faience 'rhyton' from Assur of L. M. Iff

of neighbouring sites; Hoard of tablets depicting Chariots ; Formulas on 'Chariot … Yoke and Collar; Wheels—in relation to Minoan roads ; Four-wheeled vehicle on … Sea-transport of the thoroughbred horse; Large sealing showing horse on ship; Minoan … specimens; Zafer Papoura type; Evolution from dagger types ; Kidney-shaped and

XII

with agate pommel and gold-plated hilt; On each hilt-plate two engraved scenes of … Seismic catastrophe towards close of L. M. la; Palace restored in L. M. I b style ; … Palace ; Radical reconstituiion visible on ' East Stairs '—seismic deposit of L. M. I a … New regime; Signs of destruction on other Cretan sites and on Mainland side; … existence of clerestory over basin; Relics precipitated from loggia above; Marbled … ' Lustral Basin'— presumably derived from ' Loggia'; Crystal plaques of gaming

XIII

for extracting oil; Fallen casket with faience disks ; Alphabetiform signs on disks ; … Goddess reposing on these in Palace Sealing; The Minoan Prototype of Plagia … of Consecration; A small Upper Temple; Its entrance from paved roof terrace; … Nilotic tradition; Other prehistoric Egyptian stone vessels from Knossos; Religious

XIV

verandah; Possibility of egress for Guardian from inner Staircase; Exterior con- … bones (explaining the toy vases); Skeletons originally on floor or in coffins ; Pit for … from palm-leaves; Traces of Snake Cult—small 'milk-jugs' on roof terrace identi- … Fig. 316. Upper Plan of part of North-West Palace Area: conjecturally restored, … Fig. 710. Plan of Central Section of West Wing of the Palace showing Distribution of … together with Notes on Finds and Details ...... facing page 902 … opening from Pillar Crypt, the Rock-cut Sepulchral Chamber (Piet de Jong) . ■ 979

TABLES AND COMPARATIVE EXAMPLES OF SIGNS … Fig. 665. Comparative Examples of Name-groups belonging to Classes A and B . . 684 … Fig. 725. Sign-groups and Single Signs of 'Stirrup Vases' from Tiryns, Mycenae, and … „ XXXIII. ' Room of the Throne ' with Frescoes and Colouring restored : on Pave- … Glass Imitation of Amethyst, from Deposit near Temple Tomb … ., XXX'V. a and b, 1, 2, Ceremonial Incense Burner, from Rock-cut Burial Vault

XVI

„ LVII. a, Pithos from Magazine IX of' Bottle-shaped' Type with numerous ' corded' … „ LXII. Tablet inscribed on both Faces with Lists cf Men, the ' Man' Sign being … „ LXV. a, Intaglio Design of 'Ring of Minos', from Cast; b, c, it, e, Photographic … „LXVII, a,b. Frescoes from Mansion at Amnisos, the Eastern Haven of Knossos, tro … LXIX. a. Inscribed Stirrup Vase, Eleusis: from the Excavations ot •

The 'Camp-Stool' Fresco of the North-West Sanctuary Hall

379

colours of fields ; Elements of restoration ; Seated figures on folding-chairs, … Cup'; Similar ' alabastron'-like chalice held by Goddess on Tiryns ring; … were only very exceptionally forthcoming, while on the other hand, as will

381

'CAMP-STOOL FRESCO' FROM N.W. SANCTUARY 381 … From the conjectural plan of this Sanctuary Hall, here reproduced in North- … lyillg basement Magazines and on either side of it, about a metre above the Stool … broad bands, divided from one another by a border consisting of black, red,

383

band of equal width had been executed beneath this, set below on a similar … of plain stripes—though in this case they are less numerous—fit on to those

384a

examples from Minoan wall- … visible on the same stucco frag- … on the border of E. According … of an apparently standing male figure on an orange ground, while imme- … of them apparently seated. From the traces in three cases of folding-chairs, … ■ Besides the fragments shown on the

385

From the long robes worn by most of the figures and their flowing … ment, E, however, from its … from other analogies must be regarded as a 'Sacral Knot'. Her high- … The wing-like excrescences that spring from the back of the seated boy,

386

D of the companion group, differ from the ' Sacral Knots ' of the femaie … jackets, as seen on … deed, appear on … the bull-sports of the Palace arena, where the girl performers attired them-

387

seated on folding-chairs or camp-stools, and we may infer that others, like ft*J}£" … illustrated by the fragment 1-1. From the … (Fig. 321), who is seated on a similar … seen on the side of the body below the … on Clay Seal-Impression. (J)

389

'loving cup' from one seated youth to the other has certainly a sacra- Cup'and … may gather from the seated girl, included persons of both sexes, and

390

On fragment G we must recognize a ritual chalice of another class and … niello decoration. From its slight … knot, which is on the same blue … 1 The fragment is reproduced from *e

391

white Cretan alabaster are known from the … which, from the doves perched above the handles, … ' Vapheio ' handles from which openwork sup- … from Fifth Shaft … Nestor's Cup. There were two doves on two … nexion. They are often seen on the rim of

392

Basin on … too—seated on a folding-stool … into which on an intaglio from … From what has been already said we seem here to have before us a … Communion cups with a dove perched on the … and two are perched on its handles. … Gold Vessel from Grave IV, My-

393

ALABASTRON-LIKE CHALICE ON TIRYNS SIGNET … On the Ti- … pictorial examples … In this case the Goddess is seated on a stepped altar of isodomic … on ' Ring

394

evidently served to hold the juice expressed from its fruit. The fruit itself ! • … stands on a small … tention. From the … stool. On the other hand, the dress of the seated figure is also of a very … and indentation on lire left side of the block, narrow limits. … based on Fresco Fragment.

395

31. Offertory Scene on Clay Matrix … o-enerally adopted by the Goddess herself, as we see her on the two … An interesting example is supplied by the scene on the remarkable … a ring above, symbolizing a celestial orb. The attitude of the Goddess on … 49S. A ' rhyton' without handles is offered on a seal-impression from Hagia Triada {lb., … on Seat

396

evidence, best guide is supplied by their place of finding, as above mentioned, on both … decoration—were earlier in date than the ' Palace Style' vases found in the … from the associations in which it was found to have been executed betore

Long-robed priestly and Royal

397

8 ioi. Long-robed Priestly and Royal Personages on Seals from … ritual parallels; Earlier representations of Priest-kings; Portrait on … long-robed personages, Priest-kings and princes—from Knossos and Vapheio … Cyprian and Syrian Cult with Miuoan—a Hittite cylinder from Greece; … on Carthaginian silver bowl; Warrior Prince in chariot on Vapheio seal- … The discovery of the Camp-Stool Frescoes on the borders of what on

398

relation to the hierarchical system in vogue in the Palace in the last epoch … with other evidences of the intrusion during the last Palace period of other … corresponds with an epoch of renewed intensive influence from the … plantations on the Mainland coast opposite to it. … similarly clad and seated on a folding stool, is borne aloft, and may well be

399

this line of access has itself greatly gained in importance from the recent Other … in the Palace Sanctuary of Knqssos is supplied by the remarkable male

400

Earlier heads on clay seal impressions from the ' Hieroglyphic Deposit'__one of … seafings. w'se recurs on a prism seal associated with a 'cat' badge, possibly indi- … of the Pharaohs, and the seals themselves may date from round about … direction, which suggests that, as on a Vapheio gem, he was leading- … ofH. relief of the 'Young Prince' on the steatite Cup from Hagia Triada.* … dominion. Both sword and sprinkler in fact recur on a cornelian bead-seal

401

Certain figures of religious ministrants of both sexes on the Hagia Triada … to the prevailing mode. The flounced attire in which she appears from

402

Influences. Goddess on Tiryns Signet … From the line style of engraving- … further examples of the Goddess in similar … 2 From A. E., Myc. Tree and Pillar Cull,

403

the sacred Double Axes on i.ong- … male figure from the later … from the name of Kinyras, … Although it may not be easy in the case of individual examples to find … female player from an Egyptian wall-painting,

404

LONG-ROBED PERSONAGES ON SEALS … admitted that these gaberdine-like robes, such as on the Tiryns rina and … nexion with the ' Camp-Stool Frescoes '. They are distinguished from those … From … to the same strong influence from the Syrian side that is evidenced by … of this type known, three are from the actual site of Knossos and one … was obtained by me from a native proprietor at the time of my

405

The intaglio is cut on a green jasper bead-seal representing a thick … the neck is somewhat elongated, the bill, so far from … The association of the Minoan Goddess on her celestial side with the Early … from the Palace site1 and the bowl with a flying dove moulded in it from with dove,

406

the sacred doves are seen perched on the shafts of the columnar shrine a … settled on her head.3 … from Nimrud to Ascalon had led to a general assumption of a Semitic … the lion. The specialized dove-cult, on the contrary, beyond all reasonao … on Gem ; i, Rock-dove's Head.

407

'CYPRO-MINOAN* EXAMPLES … in Tomb IV at Mochlos,8 recalling similar objects from Early Cycladic … Minoan ideas regarding the Dove Goddess. The bird perched on the

408

Mycenae. On a Syro-Hittite cylinder (Fig. 348/;) a dove appears abo … of North-Western Crete, while Mallia—the site of the early Palace in its … showing, as accessories to the main subject, and on a smaller scale, Gnrbns … Iug. 338. Cylinder from Old Salamis … Another cylinder from Salamis1 fits on very closely to this s

409

This composition, moreover, shows a definite parallelism with that from … group. On this a … Anatolian cult on the … 339.2 It is evidently of the same Syro-Hittite fabric. On it we see the en- … prince, receives a similar offering- of a young animal from a long-robed per- … nizes with L. M. Ill a. Its finding on Greek soil is itself an interesting- … - From the Collection of Monsieur M. P. Monsieur E. Gillieron, Ms.

410

4io DOVE GODDESS ON HITTITE RELIEFS … the bird on the altar occurs at Yarre on the PI. XLVI.I, and p. 151, where he is uncer a

411

So far from emanating from any Semitic source, this dove-cult shared Impor- … elsewhere come to the fore. On the Hittite monuments and cylinders, … The truth is that the Classical writers from whom was due our earlier … regions. In Crete, indeed—apart from migratory turtle-doves—it seems still … The rock-dove, like all our native pigeons, is, on the whole, of

412

The red jasper lentoid seal from the Vapheio Tomb (Fig. 341)3 pre- … relief from the great East Hall, attached … Fig. 341. Sacerdotal Figure leadinc In that case, too, the monsters stand on … (-gWSus /j-eWms) fly from the Egyptian ing places in the turrets and gables of the Villa. … doves' from Palestine, only known to the mentioned in connexion with her, while 1 … Griffin : on Jasim-

413

Griffins standing on raised cornices. A comparison has already been … 342, was brought to me from the site of Knossos. … on a series of clay tablets from the ' Armoury'} … of them on haematite bead-seals of amygdaloid form (Fig. 343, a, 6, c). Of

414

Fig. 343. Princely and Sacerdotal Personages holding Syrian Axes on Haematite … The dolphin in the field of Fig. 343, 6, from a doorway near the ' Room … whose portrait is preserved on M. M. II clay sealings referred to above. … Syo-.. The form of single-bladed axe that recurs on three of these intaglios

415

to the first Egyptian Dynasty : and, later on, a compromise was made with … axes on the Minoan seal-stones belong, the looped attachments had become … p. 215, Fig. 4S from which Fig. 344 is taken. … * W. Greenwell, On Some Eorms of Bronze

417

SYRIANIZING MINOAN AXE FROM VAPHEIO TOMB 417 … accompanied it, part of the actual regalia of a local Priest-king—with its from tnie … is disseminated to Persia on one side1, and throughout Hittite Asia Minor2 … In Crete, apart from the ceremonial weapon of Mallia, axes of this Asiatic … at this epoch—whether coming" from Syria itself or, as seems most probable … pareditwiththatoftbeBoghazKeuirelief(yli'kr. examples of this type on hieroglyphic seals … 3 New evidence on this provenance of the of a religious character, with appendages like

418

type from … differs from any … is fully brought out by the sacral monster that he leads. On another Vapheio … tation of the scenes on this bowl in Iinggerie … also taken from a temple reliquary

419

WARRIOR PRINCES ON VAPHEIO SEALS … Syrian Class from Vapheio … Fig. 348. Sardonyx Bead-seal from … evidence from the Cretan side—can now be securely established within … as the similar motive on a jug from Palaikastro." A fragment with the

420

work—which was subsequently reconstituted from fragments,1 must hiv … that is universal on the Knossian tablets with the linear Script B, belong-in? … is confined to the Palace Site of Knossos or its neighbourhood, and to the … with the 'North-West Sanctuary Hall'. In the case of those from the … the stage of thoroughgoing Minoan occupation on the Mainland side. … 2 See my observations on the Thisbe bead-

421

of the Knossian Palace.1 … situated on the hill of Therapna, where was the monument of Menelaos, … Tomb. On the other hand, Hyakinthos of the Amyklae Shrine, which lay … Fig. 348 b. Syro-Hittite Cylinder from Aleppo

Discovery in the "Initiatory Area" of lapis-lazuli cylinder with early chaldaean connexions

422

WITH EARLY ClIALDAEAN CONNEXIONS : THE ' NuDE GODDESS ' ON Cyprq- … Earlier traces of Oriental influence from Chaldaean side; Go back to … Cilicia. to be largely accounted for by the Minoan plantations in Cyprus and on … the men of Keftiu in Egyptian monumental records from the closing" decades … siderable comparative value from the Knossos district is here given oeio … influence insular culture from a very remote epoch. Its first evidences, indeed, 0

423

trefoil or quatrefoil inlays, must be ultimately derived from old Sumerian … from Ur, dating back to the Twenty-ninth Century before … of lapis lazuli obtained from the North-West part of the … from … In the narrower upper register of the cylinder, from right to-left, after … types on … '' Where a design is continuous, as on

424

424 LAPIS-LAZULI CYLINDER FROM PALACE SITE … tamian Art this cylinder, while fitting on to the ' Syro-Hittite' class, shows … Museum, points out that the transverse band that descends from … If we accept Kugler's chronology based on the astronomic evi

425

CYPRO-MINOAN CYLINDER FROM KNOSSOS DISTRICT 425 … stratum from which it had been derived goes back at least to the Twenty- … Cypro-Minoan Cylinder from Knossos District. … Cretans in the last Age of the Palace. It seems, indeed, to be best … The chariots, on the other hand, with the bowed appendage behind … late Palace ' Chariot Tablets'. This is an amplification of the plumes

426

seen on Ramesside chariot-horses, and it is taken over on the L. M. Ill … Fig. 331. Cylinder of Cypro-Minoan Style from Astrakous, East of Knossos. … Hagia Triada Sarcophagus, a work that on many grounds it would Je … on Cylin- … on cylinders of the First Babylonian Dynasty. On these, moreover, it ^

427

been a reaction on early Semitic Religion of elements belonging to a … stands apart from the sacred scenes amidst which it is often introduced on … from the Aegean basin and the Middle Danube, throughout Asia Minor

428

Flatter Sub-Neolithic forms are seen on Fig. 352, a-c, while the principal … and their Influence on the Nude Figures on Cylinders. … Lands, p. 342 and Plate). On the oil.

429

show that a parallel development had taken place on theAnatolianside and no … indentation above on either side, while the legs at the same time are … interesting to observe that in the later specimens such'as e from Sparta1 … still preserved in the female image with chalk inlays found on the altar °'"eu!jte … themselves survive the period of Minoan settlement. At Knossos, on the … to Figure of the 'Naked Goddess' on a Pedestal with

The minoan genii and their relation to chapter

430

Predominance of lions head type; Genii sprung from Ta-urt but transformed … Seu-mut Tomb; Early imported scarab with Ta-urt type from Mesard tomb; … on Seal types from Knossos and Thisbe; Ewer-holding Genii engaged in … youthful God—Bead-seal of Spartan basalt from Kydonia. … oraphy of the Late Minoan Asie. Thus have we seen on the great sig

431

sent by Zeus to fetch water from the Styx in a golden ewer of that form.3 … Hippopotamus Goddess, ventured on the bold suggestion6 that Ta-urt, as

432

The exceptional impression produced by the daemons on the frao-m … wear animal masks on their heads. Such, … clare themselves as of a different class from … Their hind-paws indeed distinguish them from the family of composite … derive so naturally from the crocodile skin with its plaited termination w

433

otherwise than truly remarkable creations of the Insular Art. Formal and from … leonine ; indeed, on an important series of seal impressions from the Knossian … Valley. On the other hand, the parallel that naturally presents itself of the … As can be seen from Fig. 356, a, 6, the hippopotamus head of Ta-urt

434

Crocodile on back ; />, carrying it in hand. … sign from the Sen-mut … holdingdaemon on thecomelianbead-

435

On the chalcedony … recognize the swollen belly, while a bull is borne on the shoulders in place … voiced in my monograph on the Tree and Pillar Cult of a surviving fleeted ? … hanging down from its girth. This method … " From an impression taken in Pome by … and Krio-sphinxes' was there insisted on.

436

same way as the crocodile on the back or in … is therefore not surprising that later on in Egypt—as is illustrated in … the fore-leg of an ox or calf, such as was habitually used from the early days … symbol of Set, who, probably from his association with the principal Hyhsos … latest authority on early Astronomy, Ernst … carried as a joint of offering, on a Vth … constellation as here given is based on

438

4l8 ASTRONOMICAL SCENE ON CEILING.

439

TA-URT ON SCARAB FOUND IN M. M. I TOMB 439 … reaction of elements from this cycle must … Keftiu tributaries and their offerings on the walls of this tomb supply, as … and small crocodile in her hands, as usual, and another crocodile is on her … Scene on … his observations on The Civilization of Greece

440

Flvst actual evidence of the reaction of this type on Minoan Art. The laro-A … example. What seems to be the earliest instance—on the ' Flattened … Often scheme of opposed monsters or guardian animals—generally on either side … example of this class, Fig. 378 below—on a gem already cited for the parallel … single Genius, a replica of one of the pair displayed on the other. It will … Indications of Influence of Astral Relations of Ta-urt on those of … eS°es" on Egyptian ceilings such as that of the Tomb of Sen-mut, several features … triply grouped beneath each handle in place of the marine subject on tie

441

Fig. 368, 6). On a serpentine bead-seal from Crete (Fig. 364)l a Minoan … Equally suggestive is a feature of a seal-type repeated on a series of … from them as … from the ' Room of the Archives' off the same staircase. … derivative, the well-known fresco fragment from a private house at anc|

442

..... ' ■ " ' " " ' "" on a cornelian ' … carrying certain objects is supported by the design on a cornelian bead-seal … carrying Lions on Pole. … ally taken over from the graining of cut stone- … figures on a shell relief from Phaestos {Man. … ■' See above, p. 435, Fig. 358, I). On a

443

At times they ate depicted as guiding or leading animals. On a Bull mid … Fig. 368. a, Minoan Genius leading Bull on Lentoid Bead-seal of Spartan … by Milchhofer fifty years since in his Anfauge der Kunst1 from one of Cades' … clude, by the same engraver, was later acquired by me at Athens from its … The bovine types on these two parallel seals themselves suggest an

444

On the other hand, the upraised tail of the … into the field, rather recalls the scene on Cup A.

445

stones themselves on which these representations appear. They were in be:ui' … daemons, with their mostly prominent spouts, fit on to the motives of a -L-M-I<1 … From the hasty execution of many of these intaglios and their conven- … sylvania Museum, Anthropological- Piiblica- eagle. A ship type of this class is also from … P. of J/., i, p. 672. (No. So, PI. 7), a sepia appears on one from … specimens are in the Collection of the British from that site, one apparently a conventional-

446

by a conical cover. Examples of both types are given in Fig. 370, a, b, c*- the … A cornelian lentoid with two upright branches on either side of the … c we see the chalice surmounted by a conical cover. On a specimen in the … from models in silver plate, attention has been already called in this work. … site of Goulis (Fig. 370). a I purchased on s In the British School, Athens.

447

Fig. 370. a, b, c. 'Kantharos' Type on Talismanic Bead-seals from Eastern Crete. … From the Seventh Century onwards the kantharos appears as the … handled cup on two of the H. Triada tablets of … with a curving spout rising from the body like that of a coffee-pot (Fig. 372).

448

448 HIGH-SPOUTED EWERS ON T.ALISMANIC BEAD-SEALS … the silver, teapot-like vase from the Byblos tomb,1 had continued in use on … rises from within the vessel. In c this is supplemented by a similar … vase of faience from the Central Palace

449

BEAKED EWERS ON TALISMANIC BEAD-SEALS … Fig. 373. a-c, ' Beaked ; Ewers on Bead-seals. … appears by itself on a face of a three-sided prism-seal of a M. M. Ill class, … seen on the adjoining face as an … above or between the two peaks. On a Cretan lentoid in the British Museum

450

style of the motive seen on the other face of the stone—a bull struck by a … with a branch between, on a lentoicl … <*, b, Lentoid from Crete. … reflect variant examples of such vessels, traceable in Crete from the earlier … from … Presumed Rain-bringing Ceremony on Signet Types of Knossos … sufficient indication of this object. The design on Fig.370,<z, indeed, with tne … proffered to the Goddess on certain signet scenes. On the other hand ti

451

RITUAL POURING FROM EWER INTO JAR … here enter into the ritual. As the liquid contents were poured from the … In the fuller representation engraved on a gold bead-seal of flat Ritual … gesticulatory action, is a second female personage, who, from the presence … tion of some fragments of clay impressions from the ' Area of the Daemon … See A. E., Ring of Nestor, cW. (Mac- a vine that occurs on the gold signet from

452

Here we see a seated figure on what appears to be a wooden seat of the … Genii in jj„ j-jjg neac|s 0f households or communities in a rustic ritual. On the … antiquity of the Thisbe bead-seals—from which treated, and compare Fig. 460 a. … itself is inseparable from the rest of the series, not forthcoming this deficiency—unavoid

453

seen, from the serviceable Hippopotamus Goddess of Egypt, now appear as … signet-ring from Tiryns … Even when, as on a sar- … haematite example ' from … Specially informative, too, is the onyx lentoid from the Vapheio Tomb, … Genii on … green steatite conoid from Cyprus of rough

454

Fig. 379 a, b. Impressed Glass Plaques from Mycenae Tombs showing confronted … water and poured it on the steps of the fountain,3 whereupon rain fell … as we learn from the fresco, actual 'jets d'eau ' were in vogue. … from a ' tholos' known from it as the ' Tomb of the Genii' at Mycenae,5 where

455

tripod cauldron set over a baetylic column. On a dark steatite lentoid from … On another impressed glass plaque, Fig. … On an impressed glass plaque from another Mycenae tomb2 (Fig. 380) … case the Goddess herself appears seated on a small pile of rocks,-' there … and on … On a green serpentine lentoid: A. E. … A.G., p. 37, from an imperfect impression.

456

456 EWER-BEARING GENII ON BRONZE HYDRiA … From the repetition, moreover, of the … dria from the same site—which has not the … from Kurion.

457

Fi°'- 381) present on each side four figures of Genii of the lion-headed … Palace artificer of the L. M. I a Period, and dating not later than the latter … the elongated object that the Genii face on the handles of this vessel still crocodile

458

MINOAN GENIUS ON CYLINDER SEALS … on hae- … Ta-urt and the Minoan Genius on Cylinder Seals. … geneous elements on this class of cylinder. … and holds a spouted vase of the same kind as that repeated on the bion-

459

beside the Genius on the gem … Crete and Mainland Greece at this time is established by several examples,

460

46o GENII MINISTERING TO GODDESS ON TIRYNS SIGNET … above,3 is seated on a folding-stool, which below resembles those ot … ' G. Karo, Arch. Am., 1-916, p. 143 seqq., of those from Thisbe (A.E., Sing °J

461

different fashion from those of the seated votaries of the ' Camp-Stool … flying down or actually alighted on the … On the platform above this frieze … on a lentoid from a tomb of the lower Town of Mycenae, where a Genius … on … Guardians of Divinity seated on

462

attacking a lion is a variant of that depicted on the gold bead-seal from the … together on its sheath. The assailant's attitude exactly corresponds with … who,however, relies on his sharp blade rather than on simple brute strength. … lalysos, in the latter case sloping upwards to ' From P. of M., iii, p. 125, Fig. 7S \r … gether placed on a double architectonic base, copied in his own fashion by a Greek en^ ' ^

463

The same geste is recorded on the Mycenae seal, but we now know that … It will be seen that in a series of examples of the strange daemonic

464

464 EARLY NILOTIC INFLUENCE ON MINOAN RELIGION … these astronomic schemes had left their mark on the Minoan seal types in … i,"CrfI?, Horus, while on the other hand, there is sufficient evidence of the reaction … Valley. of this Goddess or of Wazet, with whom she was assimilated, on the Minoan … from'6 conclusion adopted in this work,2 that the invasion of Menes had actually … copies of such vessels already known from the Mesara graves.

465

the tiara occurs on the head either of the Goddess or her youthful consort, … (said to be from Orvieto Tomb) in Ann.4ltdeuJ Instituto, … who apparently lays his hands on their forelocks, appear on an agate lentoid

466

Lentoid from Phigalia ; … stretched hands on the … crystal from Phigalia'1 (Fig. 390) shows two opposed … hieroglyphic series, and of lions, bulls, and stags on bead-seals and signets. … On the banded cornelian from Hydra6 (Fig. 391) we see the scheme … consequences are drawn from this.

467

Ewer-holding- Genius with Young Male God, on Bead-seal from Kydonia. … on the East side of the Knossian Palace, showing marks of cutting for … o-oat, not, as on a Zakro impression, a winged goat-man, but in its way a … -was there reproduced from an unsatisfactory Monsieur Gillieron, fils, was able to execute … toid from Site of Kydonia.

Fresh discovey of a chryselephantine

468

this kind found in relation to Palace Sanctuary of Domestic Quarter; Rite … time a suggestive light on the ritual usage of hair-offering connected with … light on that of the little boy-God already described and here reproduced in … "■ See above, p. 29, Fig. 14. of on tiptoe.

469

Back View (from Facsimile) with Gold Plating of Loin-clothing and Diadem added

471

flat-footed instead of on tiptoe, must in both cases be added the base- … from the hip to a little below-the knee, while the toes are … This, apart from the tiara, was about 13 centimetres

472

On the evidence now before us the

473

above the hips on either … the hips, besides another behind on the same

474

sion FROM HeiROGIATHIC … ring, who, as shown on a seal-type, … came from the same Anatolian side.

475

but—as will be. seen from the en- … view of this gold covering, which from … Fia402. Side View of the Roman Pontiff himself ? From the early Middle

476

life and as a substitute tor human sacrifice,2 an idea humorously played on bv … thunderbolts, demands the cutting off of the head of a man, on which the … were after birth, on embarking on some special enterprise or on its successful … ' See on this, especially G. A. Wilken, Das from the top of the head, and that the cutting … "■ 'Summos, ait ille, capillos'. meriting on Lev. xix. 27. Cf. K°

477

the temple of the Zephyrian Aphrodite, for her husband's safe return from his … Minoan Knossos,7 it was customary for boys about to enter on the estate … accompanied by a cutting off of the 'childhood's locks', both on the front … For the classical examples, see especially

478

already dedicated from their birth—the first growth of the chins beino- … suppose that dedications of ' childhood's locks' on arriving at the age ot … it could be covered over by a small marble slab.* Inscriptions were cut on

479

on the contemporary imperial coinage of the neighbouring Stratonikeia … Carian God appears regularly on the early coins of the Satrapal period, … their prototypes on Hittite monuments.3 … ProcSoc.Bibl. Arch., x (1S8S), p. 432; see, divine pair of Asia Minor as seen on the

480

Steatite Ex Votes in the form of plaited locks from Knossian Sh ■ … tationsof recorded also in a glyptic shape. Pausanias relates that on the 1 ? … son Achilles should he return from Troy.1 On the other hand, a votive mo

481

AFFIX OF PLAITED LOCKS FROM KNOSSIAN SHRINE 481 … was referred to, fitting on to these, which showed part of a plaited end This … was their starting .on a voyage. Fig. 403 Bar. el Sag!, by Messrs. E. Pottier, Maurice … from

482

locksfrom contained a whole series of relics derived from a shrine of the Min … from … and part of a ' Miniature' fresco depicting the fajade of a sanctuary on … classof this kind receives moreover an interesting confirmation from the occtu- … this kind, representing plaited locks of human hair, on the walls of Minoa

483

ivory boy-God, so closely akin to it, were derived from the same deposit, … tonsure and votive hair-offerings of boys on approaching mature years youthful … personage of about the same age is seen in attendance on her, such as the … otherwise seen on the lap of the Mother Goddess.3

Retrospect of minoan bead-seals an signet- rings

484

seals—Old type; Middle Minoan seal-types on hard stones, &c.—hieroglyphic … bead-seal; Predominance of lentoid type from close of L. M. Ih ; Almond- … but shape first copiedin L. M. I a / Haematite specimen from H. Pelagia, with … stone.0"11" wmcn harder materials were attacked. On these, the primitive picto0

485

figures developed, not only into the finely cut hieroglyphic signs, but, from … have been preserved in the great hoards of clay seal impressions from Zakro … examples of the gem-engraver's Art that enable us to carry back its history … selected specimens. It has been the result of … the years from 1894 onwards, devoted by me … of them presenting hieroglyphs) obtained from … specimens from the Siteia Province in the … also enabled me to add the Thisbe intaglios on

486a

Nilotic Sculptural Influences on Early Minoan Crete. … Proto-^ The ivory lions on a flat base, inherited by the earliest dynastic Art of … (Fig. 408), with a lateral perforation,3 suggest the similarly bored dove from … here engraved as for a seal. from an Athens denier. Said to

486c

• Doc, on Grfi. v q.,.,.

487

executed in relief on the steatite lid from Mochlos (Fie- 414), where, however, mon t0 … appears on the M. M. II a seal illustrated below.- There, too, we recognize … reliefs on stone vases,and of those who carved the ivory seal-tops, it is possible … seals0 was considerably restricted when, about the beginning of M. M. II, on'hard … ! From Hierakonpolis: in the Ashmolean relics from the destroyed Tholos tomb of Hagios … " See below, p. 523, Fig. 469, and cf. P. of To my own knowledge specimens from Hagios … ' This seal, obtained by me from Southern * See especially P. of M., i, p. 1 17 seqq.,

488

from East Crete,1 a metal common on the Anatolian class … for such inscriptions, is itself given up. On the later … pictorial subjects, seems on the other hand to have sup- … Crete depicts a pair of wild goats on a rocky peak (Fig- HJ)' Among … Flat-sided It is, indeed, difficult from impressions alone to distinguish such e … standing on a stepped base, is here reproduced (Fig. 418;r)." … ' We see on the handle an elo"^d Syria,i

489

designs both on the upper … device on … FROM … Priest from Little Palace.

490

490 LENTOID TYPES—FROM THE END OF M. M … on both faces. At the same … from the Hieroglyphic De- … bulk of the fantastic types on clay sealings from Zakro and elsewhere,1 the … (from Zakro). … Type Hieroglyphic De- Fig. 423. Sealing from Fig. 424. Flying a" … of a peacock butterfly, such as we see in a triple coil on a seal imp

491

CALF'S HEAD ON LENTOID INTAGLIO … stranded in a rocky pool, on ajvnossos sealing already referred to (Fig. 422). bird- … stirs flood water round. Fig. 424 showing a flying bird, on a seal impression … have largely to rely on clay seal impressions for our knowledge of this early … ■ , , . , . ,. & ., S TOID (M.M. III) FROM MlRA- … Contrasted Group of Three Water-fowl on Lentoid Bead-seal. … lb-, p. 697, Fig. 519. * Acquired by me, through exchange, from

492

resting on his back; another, below this, plunges … reproduced, the design, on a green jasper intaglio found on the si … In this case, Fig. 427, we see a group of three wild ducks on ^

493

tion and is well dated by examples from the last palatial deposits of clay … mature L. M. I a stage. By the close of L. M. I i, however, it was already type from … the form occurs on a larger scale among Sumerian relics of a date approach- … Out of 37 seal-stones from the Vapheio represent either the 'elongated' bead-shaped

494

examples, … picted at full gallop, as on some fine seal … and the herd of Cretan goats on another … the impressions of bead-seals of this class from … 3 On a cornelian bead-seal from Lappa, in

495

part of L. M. I a. On the earliest specimens of this class, … As, for instance, on those showing the … transitional amygdaloids. For gold examples

496

Nile Valley—could not be without its effect on primitive usage throughout … branch-like designs1 indicate derivation from types very characteristic … engraved figures are on the upper and lower faces instead of being r … below from the Hagios Onuphnoii*■- … where its dissimilarity from me S

497

new stream of influence from Eastern quarters in the time of the First … of them from Eastern Crete (Figs. … artist (Fig. 436). A female figure is seated on a cantering animal, which, … m Cyprus, and it may now be added, on the Syrian and Cilician coasts—led … from H. … head with sprays on either side recalls a three-

498

on … 49S CYLINDER FROM HARBOUR TOWN, KNOSSOS … on cylinders referring to … Examples of such have … some years back on the site of the harbour town of Knossos, near the river- … Minotaurs, and similar fantastic creations on Cretan lentoids.6 There is … fils, from an impression obtained by me at the … on a Late Minoan Cornelian lentoid founoj … 1 man-bull' or Minotaur is seen on a

499

Sphinx—to detract from the Cretan character of this cylinder.1 … of this form outside the Island, either on the … outline. The intaglio design on this is much … impression from Zakro, presenting hieroglyphic signs of Class B,4and by an … p. 30, Fig. 39 (J.H.S., xiv, p. 299) from an … from … examples. … of which it is cut was stored in the Palace … P. 118, Fig. 87, 9 from Tholos A, Platanos,

500

EXAMPLES OF 'FLATTENED CYLINDERS' … from … by me from Rethymnos, and here … two perforations, and on orounds … covered—as were small reliefs on vases in the same material—with thin ^ … a deer (Berl. Cat., No. 51) came from the

501

THE 'TUMBLER' GEM FROM KNOSSOS … Palace period. It is mounted with plain gold bands at the two ends— … belonging to the time of the destruction of the Palace at Knossos. (See … relief, on the Palace walls. It is, perhaps, for that reason that several of … Recent discoveries have produced two fresh examples of this class of … dony from … may best be regarded as a .supiyal. from the

503

manship.'2 This class of cylinder is quite distinct from the well-known … of striking conformity between figures there represented and those on early- … figures on … And on

504

TUMBLERS ON MINOAN SEAL-STONES … on long stalks, rise … Fig. 444. Tumblers on … This triplet of sprays is itself repeated in a degenerate shape on the … from the top of the performers' heads. … From the slight widening ot ^ … animals—Cretan wild-goats, for instance. On the other hand,

505

Fig. 44S, with a few supplementary touches, the Table prepared on the basis … indeed, that the rude horned personage on the Nilotic AND Star on Black … the usual early dynastic Egyptian types. The 'buttons', which fit on to … It must at the same time be recognized that the cylinder type on which … plan ' or ' Palace' sign. … from … Cretan 'maze' or 'labyrinth' pattern from … Mmoan Art, as they are on the Fifth-Century &~c, Serif/, p. 367.

506

irism. the hieroglyphic seals of Crete. It surely indicates a reaction from that … ON KARNAK PRiSn. AND ALLIED … on which have been shown, in the first volume of Scripta Mi/ioa,1 to nave … of the later wave of old Nilotic elements on the glyptic Art of Crete i ^

507

In the case of the 'tumbler' type, as depicted on the Minoan intaglio, … a reference in the acrobatic figure on the 'Nilotic' cylinder (Fig. 446). On … a clay seal impression from the Temple Repositories, Fig. 451,2 supplies a … sports on a Cappadocian cylinder of the latter … the examples of women acrobats given by … of a female acrobat appears on an ostrakon

508

example itself belongs must, on the whole, be assigned to the older native … type on … 450. Tumblers on Grey Marble … On the … These, in turn, in reversed position—as seen on a clay cylinder impres- … The tumbler type is also found on another cylinder, of the shorter and … This cylinder clearly fits on to the series above-mentioned, and hi … XII a. On the ivory knife handle the figure of

509

a Cretan wild-goat or agriml. The goat looks clown from a rock ledge, … flee from you over the level country, since you have … animals, one on the ground below, the other perched … little—from the East Aegean shores, and the class of fables in which fables- … Mu'#(,j Aicrw-ou, cxliii(iS42 edition, p. 120). the lyre. On a clay fragment from Dschocha is

510

every ' proper burial'.1 Figures of such women tumblers appear on the … landed at the 'holy haven' of Delphi, on his way to his new sanctuary of … sensa- the Greek banquets of later times, seem to have been taken from Egyptian … performing on the gem from Knossos. … Goat and An intaglio (Fig. 453 and Suppl. PI. LIV,,»-) on a seal-stone of the same … s Compare my observations in P. of M., ii, B It was acquired by me at Atne ^ … Karanos, where women acrobats make their collected on the spot by a native

511

origin of the Minoan form from a type of perforated bead for suspension, … It will be seen from the series given in Fig. 454 … type d. From two perforations in the loop of this ivory bead-seal it is … akin to the network often seen on M. M. II signets. Its date indeed can … typical Minoan signet-ring from a form of gold-plated bead-seal of ivory or … '■ From Tholos E at Koumasa. Xanthu-

512

WARLIKE SCENES ON MINOAN SIGNETS … From Hagia Triada. … sealings from Zakr'o and Hagia Triada and by the clay matrix of Knossos' … on grounds of style, … koned the well-known example from Mycenae, where the Goddess of the … design—combining similar ecstatic possession with a mourning figure on a … to the discovery of the ' Temple-Tomb of Minos '? On these latter examples … ' Ring of Nestor', indeed, it has warranted a coloured restoration on the lines

513

altogether wanting on Cretan intaglios of the transitional M. M. III-L. M.I a J£tm- … an arrow, apparently of the same martial class, occurs on another con- … from the Thisbe Tomb. … cylinders from the Fourth … from … x (a) and (b) his Father Laios on Gold

514

4 TRAGEDY OF ATREUS' HOUSE ON THISBE BEAD … On a sardonyx amygdaloid from the Third Grave, however, the combat … in the Iliad} On the other hand, … hero as a young prince, attacking Orestes, on Gold Bead-seal of Elongated … town on the Gulf of Cadmean … themselves looked forth on its ancient abode, the Sphingion Ores. May … But the third similar intaglio from the same sepulchral deposi … imitated on a Hellenistic ivory ring-bezel from … and Bead-seals from ThisM, Boeotia (N

515

same episode, as depicted, for instance, on a series of red-figure vases. But its … examined the originals—to throw doubt on the whole series of the Thisbe … authority on Minoan remains as the late Mr. R. B. Seager.2 But the genuine-

516

5i6 SIGNS OF IMPACT ON BACKS OF JEWELS … Fig. 'ItiO. Back View of Bead-seals and Ring from Thisbe Find showing the Effects^oi i … of gold plate on which the intaglios were executed, within which is a

517

on the bead-seals illustrated in Figs. 458, 459, does in fact refer to the … about the time of the appearance of the envoys of Keftiu on Egyptian Aigisthos. … illustrated by the siege scene on the silver ' rhylon', itself in keeping with Minoan 5 … reflection of greater works existing on the Palace walls. In the preceding

518

on signets were … compositions on the … Fig. 461. a, Jasper Lentoid from Kydonia showing … maidens at her side. From the short pillar—of baetylic significance °

Indigenous sphragistic tradition

519

cats on pole—later version, trussed lion ; Hunting of Cretan Wild-goats— … It is important to observe that—apart from the influence of larger Sphra- … traced of the Minoan ring-type from what was originally a pendant bead-

520

Primitive back of the primitive prototypes themselves, foreign influences from beyoi 1 … belong to the disturbed Egyptian phase that follows on the Sixth Dynasty1 … intermediate forms from the same Nilotic source. … with on some of the ivory seals we may certainly recognize a reflection of … in a crouched attitude which, on … Minoan phase from East Central … on the first face is probably an ass.

521

of the design from overlapping clay frag- … nature make their appearance betimes on p°aylng … portance in the island—carrying- their pots suspended from a pole. In … and Piece on E. M. Ill Ivory … again, is the potter—who, on another face of the seal-stone is seen … spondence, and the seal impressions found on

522

at work on a tall jar—seated beneath a tree and relaxing himself ' … Palace. The board … Lentoid from Crete : Mi- … on … types on seals. … from the scene. An interesting ' tabloid' bead from Mallia,1 however, … ble to cite a considerably later sphragistic example. This occurs on a c ay … there compared with the intaglio on a jasper sion.

523

Fin". 468, is here repeated, on which a Minoan Genius bears two lions on … Goats or other animals of the chase occur on seal-stones of the primi- … pearance. On the ivory 'half … is supplied by the somewhat later intaglio illustrated above,3 from Rethym- … leaping on the coursing wild-goat and bearing him to the ground.'1 On the … on the … * See P. o/M., i, p. 275, Fig. 204, <: On

524

524 HOUNDS SPRINGING ON WILD-GOAT AND STAG … not infrequent on bead- … of sacred animals such as we see them with their forelegs resting on … gazing on it while the fawn writhed with its legs in the vain effort to escape. … - On a grey steatite lentoid seen by me

525

leaping on Quarry. … This latter motive has from the Classical point of view been traditionally types- … by its occurrence on the flat-sided crystal lentoid, must go back at least to … The first entry of the lion on the scene among the sphragistic elements First … As noted, op. at:, p. 2S2, the ascertained hold on the quarry. 1). B. Monro {Odyssey,

526

LION TYPE ON CRETAN SEALS … sphragistic type—on the contemporary three-sided steatite bead-seals of … hieroglyphic signs of Class B on the other faces. … works from the beginning of L. M. I onwards.4 On the ' Ring of Nestor … - On a four-sided bead-seal of green jasper … originates a series of types on se*ston^ ■

527

MINOAN TYPE OF LION LEAPING ON QUARRY 527 … The coursing lion of Fig. i.7'2 may itself be regarded as the forerunner Lion on … on one of the hind-legs of his quarry. But in this case, too, neither leg- … of the dog springing on the back of ag'riml or stag. … F'g- "2. has his hind feet still on the ground. The same … A. E., P.ingo/'JVestor,6>'c.,'p. 9, Fig. 9, and from the Vapheio Tomb (,'£</>. 'Ap,\'-i 1SS9,

528

ing dogs leap down on the neck or back of wild-goats and bring them to … materials supplied by early Oriental Art—mainly from cylinder-seals but now … ductive of negative results.2 Evidence is lacking on that side of this scheme … slaught of lions on … glypticArt. It is seen on two gem types' … the front of a stag's neck from ov<

529

on Early Sumerian Cup. … on the inlays of Queen Shubad's toilette box1 (Fig. 474). The lion, here … where, as on … ditions go, of setting the lion full on the bull, the cylinder type is in the … vorous beast leaping on … might be supposed to have his hind feet on a higher ground level. His … type on

530

530 JASPER LION-WEIGHT FROM TELL-EL-AMARNA … bull on … long, but the lion still rests on the ground (Fig. 477). This cylinder belongs … and bull from Tell-el-Amarna, at one time erroneously claimed to be of … on the bull, but as a matter of fact, the bull is as much above the hon; … ter of the lion's whiskers-visible on one … Mr. F. Anderson, from which Figs. 478 a, b,

531

LION LEAPING ON QUARRY … It is clear that exceptional examples exist among Minoan designs, both in … the group is that in which the lion makes his attack by leaping on it from … on … on quar-

532a

532 M1N0AN TYPE OF LION LEAPING ON QUARRY … From the palmation, here … lion's legs rests on the hoof of the … down Fallow Deer : from Athens. (§-) … springing on Horned Sheep : Yellow Agate, … 1 From a cast kindly supplied me by Dr. R. ' See Imhoof-BIumer und K<= e1'

533

CYPRIOT & SYRIAN EXAMPLES OF MINOAN ORIGIN … Much the same scheme recurs on a strongly incised amygdaloid … back, while the other rests on the bend … before us on to ivory reliefs, a good ex- … above, rest on the ground. These appar- … colonial plantation at Ras Shamra on the Syrian Coast, so successfully … on … Fig. 484. Lion springing on Bull ; … on Syrian … 1 In my Collection, from Central Crete. … 402 and 872 u, and see pp. 31, 32. From … XXII Dynasty). In my paper on the same … those of the invaders from Western Asia on

534

had also existed on the Cilician Coast, to which, indeed, the Hi … a lion springing on a bull … on As- … It is a far cry from such rude reminiscences of the old Cretan type as … Of the influence of such Minoan offshoots on Assyrian Art i'" … remains to be elucidated. Such positive facts as the discovery on … of the chariot on the Enkomi draught-box

535

similar vessels from Enkomi, will be found to have a much wider context. … religious connexion is clear by its later emergence on the coins of Byblos bull type

536

536 CYPRIOT GREEK AND IONIAN EXAMPLES … Greek repertory from Cypriote or Phoeni- … ing is an intaglio depicting this motive on … from Beirut. … founded by settlers from Crete or Rhodes in 589 B.C., and its Eastern … rendering of the design on the early tetradrachms of Akanthos5 (Fig. 494) … waslongsincerecognizedbyMonsieurSalomon On the lion and bull group of Akant 0 , … ' Furtwangler, A. G., PI. VI (from Thebes): … other relics) from the cemetery of Costa della … refers to remarks of mine on the ac'uaVns 0„

537

The attack of lions on bulls is a commonplace of the Homeric poems, … Amongst the high reliefs in poros stone brought to light on the Athens Early … primeval force. When fresh from the earth and with the colours still unfaded … bull's body is a deep blue (in places turned to green) and from the holes torn … A record of the source of the relief is pre- on recent discoveries on the Akropolis at … gorging on its blood and entrails. restores the group as a pedimental composition … R. Heberdey, Allattische J'orosskulptur on the elongated bull, here prone. The Geneva

538

painted plaster had found their place on the Walls of Knossos&? It ■ … on the Palace walls. It is further to be noted that the conventional re … On the Cretan side, the group of the lion seizing its quarry uea • … ments from the ' Corridor of the Procession ' … Palace Angle, Knossos. … fragments from the S.L. 1

539

THE MINOAN TYPE ON GREEK GEMS AND COINS 539 … on which the masterpieces of the Assyrian Empire were now reacting, while, … ance of variants of this design where the lion seizes a bull by the neck, as on … characteristic whiskers, of remote Sumerian descent. It also survived on … the lion leaps on a stag, of which Minoan version … the fine later rendering- on a didrachm of

540

taneously developed on the soil of Minoan Crete at a still more remote

541

Wounded lion on Shaft Grave bead-seal; Comparison with Assyrian reliefs … Much evidence has already been adduced to show that from an early Wounded … L. M. I a} Thus we may assume that on such beads strength was secured … have brought with it swiftness. The fish and squids on other beads no doubt … promoters of vegetation. The Double Axe as a solitary type on these … have brought good sport to the huntsman. On a three-sided cornelian bead … explored by Miss Edith Hall (Excavs. in • Obtained by me from the site in 1S94.

542

class of engraved talismanic beads was from the first accompanied by mor … Fig. 495. Three-sided Cornelian Bead-seal or M. M. Ill Class : from Central Crete … often set forth by themselves on the talismanic series pass into the ^ … Fig. 273). The linear marks on Fig. 497 do gation of the horns seems to place 111s

543

toid bead-seal of milk-white chalcedony from the Knossos district (Fig. 498).:i … Here a calf, with horns just sprouting, singled out, we may suppose, from the … Fig. 498 is from a drawing by M. E. … Mr. IS. J. Forsdyke for his Hertz Lecture on

544

design to a circular field. This, however, is still sufficiently removed from … vogue in the Minoan World is shown by its recurrence on a mottled … where the stricken animal tries to withdraw the arrow from its flank, we see … trans-' t0 an indigenous quarry transferred to the lion, from the First Late Minoan … to about the same date. The same wounded lion scheme is seen on a U i … is thrown farther back. As on the example, M 'E(J>. 'Apx-j 1889, PI: X, 8. l'u! * *' '

545

draw Arrow from Jaw. (I) … the lethal shaft from his jaw.1 On somesealings of the same series the subject

546

a suggestion for a study of a dog scratching himself (Fig. 504). On … lion on … Wounded Lion on Shaft Grave Bead-seal. … this occurs on the gold flat cylinder … On the signet (Fig. 507 bis)5 … her. On a lentoid bead-seal the … to extract arrow from shoulder: gold … From a drawing by E. Gillie'ron, fils. … 5 From a cast in my possession.

547

The wounded lion scheme above described is also adapted on lentoid Wounded … The actual attack on a lion, thus … attitude of a lion on the fine onyx lentoid … representations on seals. … parts from the walls of the Palace of Nimrild—datinaf some six centuries reliefs- … A variant of this design occurred on a p. 124, Fig. 7G.

548

Nimrud : Palace of … blood pouring from … artist, in reality detracts from the dignity of the … trated by the lion relief from the Palace of Kuyunzik … model of the kind on the intaglio (Fig. 511) > can p1™'„N Onyx Sard"' … 1 A.E. Collection, formerly Greville. the same position on scarabs o - 0f

549

nnt without their reaction on the East Mediterranean shores, go back to ted from … result deducible from the whole mass of seal-stones and signets brought to … gold ' flat-cylinder' seal from the Third Mycenae Shaft Grave, Fig. 507 … sought in its original Island home. An antecedent stage for it on the Main- … oblong outline. Furtwangler (A.G., PI. XV, on that side.

550

from … The culture reflected in the designs on the intaglios from the Peloporm … derived from-the same source—the Goddess and her youthful consort the … slight modifications remains Minoan, and, where, as on the Thisbe jewels, … Behind all this there is nothing but a blank on the soil of Hellas itself. … A certain parallel may perhaps be drawn from the introduction for the … It must at the same time be observed that from quite eai y … later date, we may fairly call ' Mycenaean' Greece. On the sar

551

have equally fitted heroic names to the warriors of the scene of combat on … days, as it is recorded to have done on the Macedonian side over a thousand … extract the lethal shaft, still fits on to the earlier Cretan tradition. … great Minoan centres on both sides of the Gulf to a considerably later date. … cylinders' ofgold, Fig. 507 from the Third Shaft … 481, p. 532 above (Suppl. PI. LV, e), was from … Fig. 511 bis. Combat Scene on Gold Signet. Grave IV, Mycenae.

552

Syrian Goddess; Influence of Minoan version on Arslan Task ivories- … recurrence of stepped base below ; Large sealing with Cattle group from N. … on faience … from Cast. … Cow and The parallel design, on other faience plaques from the san .jtely

553

On w^ … gistic illustration—in a duplicated form—is on … o-athered from the fact that on a late … another from Mycenae, see 'Bc/>. 'Apx-, iSSS, … on Chalcedony Ring,

554

From its long history the type itself has a special importance.2 Tl … had already begun to react on the land of the Pharaohs. … Mmoan reached Crete, as it did the Syrian coastlancls, from that source. That, from

555

repetition on ring-stones and signets may itself be taken to imply a protec- ° dess' … thetically repeated—as on the Minoan ring (Fig. 515)—on each side of a … and the head of a similar ivory cow from Nimrud set by it in Fig. 517, ivories, … Fig. 518 5—to that of the Arslan Tash ivory (Fig. 516) and to another from … But the Arslan Tash ivories themselves, with fine reliefs of the cow and from … remarks on the Syro-Phoenician versions of ■ lb., p. 512, Fig. 369.

556

abundantly forthcoming from Nimruc!,1 in large part at least 1 … riv«l from … Ivory Cow: Nimrud. … who is making a special study of the Nimrud

557

eiently.show how closely the Nimrud ivories representing the Cow and Calf … oroup of ivory carvings belong should surely be sought on the North iS""at … than one of the schools represented by the Nimrud relics—as, now, by … from Ionian signets—spread early in the Sixth Century to the archaic coin- c01n iKS- … " For one of these, said to be from Kurion, dence following the death of Periander of … No. 109, and PI. III). The inscription is temporary with that of Corcyra is found on

558

558 MINOAN COW AND CALF MOTIVE ON GREEK COINS … motive found on Fifth- and Fourth-century coin-types (see Fig. 520). Such

559

when exposed by his mother on the steeps of … scheme, as on Fig. 522, … are stretched downwards, as in the scenes where he leaps on the back of his … leaps on a lion's back (lb., PL X, 17).

560

on Coin- … have had at least a suggestive influence on certain … Hinder Hoof on Cow … licking its hinder hoof revived in a literal shape on silver statei … from Central Crete.

561

of this—with the addition of a calf below'—on with hoof. … scratching itself, which in turn fits on to the type … like the Cow and Calf motive, it recurs on a … late sixth-century silver pieces 01 Eretna (rig. on Coin- … Bull with its Head turned against its Side on Seal Impressions … ' From the de Clercq Collection, ii, PI. V, Figs. 2 and 4. … been found in the neighbourhood of Antioch. 9 and p. 7, from the Greenwell Collection.

562

qfAT.-TYPE FROM ISOPATA TOMB … ing on a Minoan seal-stone is afforded by th … ;n of the skaros fish on Fig. 430, p.

563

As will be seen from the section, the clay nodule shows a projection … ' Palace Style' pottery found within the Tomb. It closely corresponds, in … character. The running" spiral already, as we have seen, appears on facades … of the Palace. A spiral frieze similar to that of Fig. 530 is seen beneath … World generally that from the later phase of the First Late Minoan Period !™eltt]e … recumbent ox, seem to be excerpted from a group by some well-known

564

564 BUCOLIC SCENES ON MINOAN SIGNETS … Design on Impression, probably of Gold … Fig. 534. Boy milking Cow : from … a cattle show, in which the owner complacently gazes on his prize ox,

565

associations seem actually to have formed part of the decoration on the … couchant oxen, in reversed positions between two vegetable shoots,2 on an … Among compositions of this class, one which, from its constant repeti- … lh.it on the left appears to be a much … ance. On this type cf. P. o/M., i, p. 695

566

Fig. 638. Part of Cattle Group on … Fig. 539. Two Oxen on 'Gradu- … cases the group rests on the ' stepped gradation', itself suggested by an … clear.2 In Fig. 540—a haematite lentoid from … gradation' beneath the design on lentoid … haematite intaglio from the Knossos district—preserving it in the secon … A version of it is already found on a clay sealing from Hagia Triac a, … example of this design on a threw

567

on seal-stones of this class, as may be gathered from its duplication among … Middle Minoan phase as may be gathered from a … above3 on an amygdaloid gem of M. M. Ill— … tural work—prominent perhaps in some Palace … from Temple Reposi-

568

on either side of this are two bull's heads (Fig. 512 a).1 … Ox with Bucrania on

Hunting and other animal types on Late

569

S 107. Hunting and other Animal Types on Late Minoan Seals: … Spearman and archer on Kydonia seal—lion hunt on dagger-blade compared; … cylinder types, Gilgamesh and Eabaui ; Frequency of Lions' Gate scheme from … Among-st animal types on signets already illustrated in this work the Cretan … hibiting the animal, a seal-type from the clay impressions found in the … 1 Seei>. of M., i, pp. 684-5 (from which

570

tion may be now supplemented by a sealing from the 'Archives Dep0 V … of the close of the Palace Period, Fie. 544, c, where a horned sheep is … itself derived, through preceding intermediary forms, from the hierognp1 … from the Vapheio Tomb (Fig. 545) ' where the Goddess appears actua )

571

offertory ram, and the motive reappears on cylinders of the late ' Cypro- … Fig. 546. Horned Sheep on … a 'flat' cylinder (Fig. 546) found on or near the site of Lyktos.3 In … engravers' Art. Another good example of the animal is to be seen on the … Minoan seals on the prism seals of the Early Minoan Age. When, as on

572

sealing from Hagia Triada (Fig. 54S),2 beneath figures of two lar<re swj a … and on a haema- … on the other side … important item in Minoan stock is shown by the Palace inventories. … on a table like that upon which in other cases sacrificed oxen are set. … design on both sides of this lentoid rests on … representation of stone work on La … on the walls of the 'Throne

573

Haruspicial Incision on Boar laid … On the other hand we have also to deal Hunting … infrequent. On a chalcedony lentoid from … itself. A similar scene recurs on a cornelian amygdaloid from the Pelopon- … I he fine relief of a steatite vessel, originally gold plated, from … as Fu'"t«ngler pointed out: from the De

574

Use of On the fresco we see the boar driven into a net, as in Horace's Italy. … illustration of such scenes, Fig. 554, from a seal impression in the same … Other kindred types already illustrated, such as that on a beac-se. … On another sealing from the same noa … ling from the same .^^

575

LION-HUNTING SCENE ON GEMS AND DAGGER-BLADE 575 … stroke. On a … riors on a seal- … pears on the … ment in the siege scene on the Mycenae ' rhyton'. Contrary to statements … full illustration from the spirited composition on the dagger-blade from … Fig. 557. Section of Inlaid Dagger-blade from Fourth Shaft

576

which turns on the pursuers—an incident that, as pointed out … archer those of this painting in metals were actually drawn on by Minoan seal … little eminences on each side of the lion's leg seen on the intaglio are … painting on a palace wall. … Hums- The Cretan hunter on the agate lentoid from Mirabello,4 reproc lie … '- This, like the preceding, Fig. 555, is from obtained at Canea. _ . ,24.

577

huntress. of matronly proportions, who appears on a Late Minoan cornelian pU'™„ing … from ' Archives De-

578

impression from the late Palatial 'Archives Deposit' at Knossos,3 Fio- 5m … with the ' sacral knots', but wears a quiver, suspended from her left shoulder. … eiaft/ms).6 The fallow deer, which is well represented on Cretan seal-types, … "- See my Ring of Nestor, cVc, p. 22, where n. 1. The only object from Mycenae t a … who, doubtfully, regarded the object (at that vessel from the Fourth ShaftGrave. ^ '" … ' See on this Imhoof-Blumer und Keller. ■ On the Tiryns fresco these are ^ … For references to representations of deer on

579

Two heads of gold pins of Cycladic type from … Gold Pins from IVth Shaft … Chariot in a Rocky Glen. Gold Signet-ring from

580

on Tiryns dappled deer seen on a fragment of a painted frieze - near the neighbourin … on leash by grooms in Mainland dress, are clearly greyhounds.4 … haired and smooth, but on the other hand, the tail has a well-marked fringe … a clay seal impression, unfortunately incomplete below. On this, the … back against the side of the neck. A constantly recurring design on seal … On the green jasper lentoid from Central Crete (Fig. 569),

581

ph Collared Hound from Stag-hunting

582

behind which he stands—lays his hands on its collar. It is a collared bit I … accompanied die Goddess when, bow in hand—whether on foot or in her … motives t|ie extencled dominion on the Mainland side, and it is a noteworthy circum- … seals. stance that pari passu with the popularity of the King of Beasts on signet … of the Palace period, however, good examples of these are still to be foun , … pieces. On a lentoid from Mycenae5 we see a pair seated in a palm grove, … that on a chalcedony 'flat cylinder' depicting ' On a common seal-type of the a ^y … with the lion type. » Of sardonyx, from a cham

583

of the ' elongated amygdaloid ' type (Fig. 570) from Central Crete,1 they are … Minoan intaglios set forth in Suppl. PL LV the finely engraved lentoid2 on … Fig. 572* he holds the whole animal up, like a monster retriever, as also on … Acquired by me in 18S8. ' On a green jasper lentoid shot with red.

584

above. Beside this, on the Plate are set the pair of closely related' des ' … Examples of Oriental Cylinder Designs reflected on Minoan Seal-types. … Signet-ring ; Mycenae. From a Drawing by Museum. … that in certain cases there are undoubted examples of reaction 01 cy 1 … p. 6 (1926). The 'sacral knot' too (fully 21, from drawing by St. Elme '^'j,, from … " Tsountas, Mwrijmi, PI. V; 5 and p. 160, over from the Oriental prototype. WaIl)i

585

animals or monsters, several good examples have been given in which the ?L™^.of … from the Vapheio Tomb where the two Genii pour libations before a … association with the late shrine on the Central Court will at once occur to … such designs occurred too among the clay seal impressions from the latest … the head with a body on either side, at first sight conveys the idea of one … Lions Gate motive. Examples are given for comparison from Mycenae … op. at., p. 66, No. T64. from a chamber-tomb of Mycenae (Tsountas, … ' J-D. Beazley, The Lewes House Collection " A sard also from a Chamber Tomb;

586

traditional schemes of bulls and lions on … Minoan class, such as the crossed hounds on … come from Mycenae,2 on which two anti-

587

On another lentoid gem two lions are seen, one seated left, the other … specially adapted for the lentoid form which from the … In Fig. 581 we see an ingenious example on … In the Cabinet des Medailles, from a cast kindly supplied by Monsieur David. … Goat's Heads on Haema-

588

illustrated by the horned sheep on the flat cylinder … in with papyrus sprays.2 This later work, dating from … now of constant repetition. The lion of the crystal lentoid from near

589

itself, as has been shown above, fits on to a design of an acrobatic figure

590

From the clay seal impressions of the late palatial deposits at Knossos,

The late palatial deposits of clay seal impression at Knossos

591

dary's workshop of L. M. Ill dale ; Hoard from Central Shrine (B); The … on Cornice of Portico; Origins of guardian lion types on Minoan seals— … needs, quickened by the knowledge of foreign models from more than one seal- … Zakro, in a room of the little Palace of Hagia Triada, and at Knossos in L' M'J "■

592

exceptions, to pass on to the large though scattered deposits of such ob- … From the outset, however, it is necessary to understand a difficulty … wWhIocu- Palace officials themselves that, whereas in the days of the ' Middle Palace', … " The clay chest containing tablets found the West Palace section lay, however, on the

593

—such as papyrus imported from Egypt—for the documents themselves. … contained them. They had all been precipitated from their original place Sellings … The opening of letters or other documents written on such materials … carefully sifting all the earth from areas where these or other fragments of … spaces in the South-West Palace region, extending on each side of a wide … level and the ' Chariot Tablets ' belonged pressi.on representing a chariot and horses with

594

from a large signet-ring in precious metal, impressions from which occurred … a similar type on a Zakro sealing,3 clearly carries back the original design

595

been cut on a roughly rounded grey … carbonized beans of a kind still imported from

596

from … of the little shrine on the West side of the Central Court.1 The signet- … (see Fig. 597 a, e). The Goddess is imaged as standing on a peak … from an upper repository. The breakage in this case may well have been due … tion owing to the collapse of the floor of the room above. On its Eastern

597

on that side. … where String for attachment passed ; c, apparently pressed on Wicker-work. (iJ) … Palace—a document of 24 lines includ- … in Deposit A,3 seemed to have been overlaid on wicker-work. Nodules

598

from the occurrence of numerous specimens depicting a Minoan Genius> … The fragmentary impression from this Deposit, Fig. 593, clearly be- … the left recurs in the case of a worshipper on … Palace to which their precipitation was due. On the whole, therefore, they … belonged to the epoch immediately preceding that historic landmark. On

599

DEPOSIT OF SEAL IMPRESSIONS IN LITTLE PALACE 599 … and beyond its blocked entrance on the landing of the Grand Staircase, borders. … impressions had been precipitated from one or more store-rooms or … Deposit E: from Little Palace. … to & & fc> E, from … with that represented by the signet-types from the Central Shrine of the

600

lated debris. It will be seen from the … Pugilistic Scene and Parallel Relief from … ing Overthrown Champion, from … of an object of contemporary date made on … as in several examples known on 'signets' and 'rhytons', the defeated … Vessel (probably ' Rhyton '), from

601

exception of the Series C from the Central Shrine—were, as already … peated from Ii., p. 766, Fig. 497.) … 7- Crouched lion, from abraded lentoid, apparently the same as that used for 'Armoury '.

602

n, Man leaning on fence surveying bull. {See above p. 564, Fig. 532, 'At the … 1. Restored impression of signet-ring. Goddess on peak with lion supporters: Shrine … before Goddess : much abraded. Probably from … :"i 12.' Two.'sacral knots' antithetically set on each side of a palm-tree. (Amygdaloid type.)

603

,-. Minoa.n Genius with man-lion and animal's leg. (Remains of iS specimens; from … 25. Lion seizing bull by neck, from above. … 31. Lion springing on deer and gripping its neck : naturalistic foliage. (Several.) … 35. Lion springing on bull. … 40. Head of horned sheep, surrounded by spray and superposed on a cross-barred object. … a palm-tree and small shoot between. (Fig. 597 b, ?n.) Perhaps from gold bead

604

59. Dog springing on stag and seizing it by neck. (As Fig. 471, p. 524.) … r. Several impressions from the clay matrix representing the seated Goddess. (As A. 1 … 3. Goddess, seated on folding-seat, reaching forward to receive food from attendant. … 4. Male figure—probably young God or Minoan Herakles—his hands placed on two … P- 317, Fig- 208, and cf. Fig. 209 from ' Chieftain's Grave'; similar from Gortyna.) … 9. Recumbent ox to left with head turned away from the spectator. … rr. Two couchant oxen in reversed positions. (Several examples.) … 15. Lion leaping on bull. … 19. Sacred tree of papyrus-like appearance, between two wild-goats. Oval: perhaps from

605

E. ' Little Palace ' Deposit. … Two doves seated on altar-block with incurved sides. … on altar-block with incurved sides. Between the dogs' heads a star, and 5 globules … n. Facing head with two barley-corns in field. (Haifa clay impression from an almost … 22. Man leaping on forepart of bull: in field i\, sacral knot and shield.

606

27. Lion springing on stag's head. … Selected Types. … fragments, as was notably the case with the signet, Fig. 597 a, e, from the

607

whelmingly predominant, some of them, as will be seen from Fig. 597 b, e, … substitute for an actual signet,1 it is clear from the shape of the field and gold … themselves to the Central Palace cult, of which so complete an illustration su Jecs' … on which the Goddess stands with her lion guardians was, in fact, the … guardian lions. On h, she is replaced, in a similar attitude, by a figure in

608

7 Fig'597a. Select Examples op'LArr p

609

■clG. 597 b. Select Examples of Late Palatial Seal Impressions (continued).

610

6io SUBJECTS ILLUSTRATING CENTRAL PALACE CULT … o9S. a, Gold Signet-ring ; b Agate Lentoid : both from Mycenae illustrating … to the capital) on a gold signet-ring from Mycenae, together with an agate … Type on Cornice of Portico.

611

„,, pnrh side of the peak on which the Goddess stands, as seen on the class on … the guardian hounds on Fig. 597 a, g, set their forefeet on a sacred peak … fronted lions with their forefeet on a sacred object—here a baetylic cairn … be observed, moreover, that this scheme of confronted lions is at home on … a, 6, c). Later, as in Fig. 599, c, they set their forefeet on the base—in the … b is drawn from another Zakro sealing, a s D. Levi, op. at., p. 33, Fig. 70. … on Mi-

612

612 EVOLUTION OF LIONS' GATE TYPE ON SEALINGS … Design on Cornice of Portico reflecting Sculptural Group of … Considering the position in which the group is placed on the seal-type … on the cornices of either the greater or the lesser Palace, little light … of a colossal wooden statue of the Goddess from the Great East Hall,2 … small reliefs on vases and the exquisite cutting of their architectural friezes … cycle as the bull reliefs of painted stucco from the Portico of the Northern

613

Entrance of the Palace, were imported works of a Knossian sculptor work- … excellence both techni- … in stone a special creation of some intrusive Northern genius on that side … senting the Minoan Goddess : their Feet on a Double

614

back at least two generations on Cretan soil. … Fig. 601. Ceiling Pattern restored from Decorative Group of Double Axes … of a Palace Shrine (Fig. 601). In k, above a running spiral band that

615

3, 602. Large Sealing from … 597 is. e, and a closely parallel specimen from the Armoury Deposit, Fig. 602,1 … toids.but from the obvious dependence … The two bovine animals on a seal impression already illustrated,4 standing … arranged and closely packed designs, like other seal impressions from … examples.

616

Graffito Some of the clay seal impressions, both from the above-mentioned … marks on … associated. These signs had been incised into the reliefs of the designs on … we see a survival of this practice on two of the sides, where graffito

617

titles as seen in Fig. 604, a, 6, the throne sign, [j—the mark of a Palace … Fig. 604. Clay Sealings with Scenes from Bull-sports, counter- … building described as the ' Armoury', North-West of the Palace.1 The con- … See A. E., Knossos, Report, 1904 (B.S.A., a ground floor space here had fallen from an

618

in the South Eastern quarter of the Palace, near those relating to hoards of … se'alings remains of deposits of inscribed tablets fallen from storerooms or offices … examples of the gem engraver's skill throughout the days of the highest

Later phase of West Magazines

619

Discovery of Standard Weight—' Balance ' and ' Ingot' Signs on … survival of' Medallion ' type among later pithoi; True ' Medallion' pithoi on … VII-X—remains of painted dadoes; Discovery of'standard Palace weightwith … 'Balance' sign on libation vase of hard stone with boustrophedon inscription ; … Uomestic Quarter of the Palace (where they were to a large extent derived ings from

620

tatedwith All these remains had been in a similar manner precipitated from an … Fig. C05. Revised Plan of Upper Palace Section above Part of West Magazines and the

621

as store-rooms, but the remains of tablets of Class B precipitated from them … terials derived from … imported from Alexandria. According to an account, moreover, given me … destroyed at the Fire on the occasion of the

622

found at the same level, these grains had fallen from the floors above. The … Millet from De- … belonging to the Palace lords was mainly stpred in … 'Loom-weight Basement' on the East side, containing … zine of the Palace on that side seems clearly,1 from … from the Upper Magazine D, … Rooms. Amongst the materials precipitated into this area from the upper

623

624

ance on … as a vegetable sign, rising from its sum- … animal being seized on above by two heraldically opposed Griffins. … Palace official charged with the superintendence of a granary depart-

625

EARS OF BARLEY ON TABLETS … to a drink made from it. … From the wavy outline of the ears, and the constant division of the stalk … On several tablets (Fig. 609, … On a series of these both varieties are followed by the *[* sign, also … Fig. 612. Ear of Barley on Tablets. (Num-

626

626 BARLEY CORNS ON SEAL IMPRESSIONS … ley Corn on Sealing. … Fig. 616. Grains on … on a series of con- … of corn, were found in the Central Deposit of the Little Palace, while … Fig 617. Sealing from Hieroglyphic Deposit showing on

627

BARLEY SPRAYS ON IUGS … on M. M. Ilia Vase. … been already frequent on sealings … are moulded in high relief on a class of jugs belonging to the earlier j^™LSf°"

628

brewed from barley malt was drunk in Minoan Crete from a very early … from its grape-like bunches. … seen from one side, of the … Dwellings,1 and which, on the … from Swiss Lake Station (Rohenhausen) :

629

OAT-LIKE SPRAYS ON JUG … flection on an Amisos … here the sprays on the … analogy of the barley on … 'e Palace. That a smaller amount of such stores, for which place was found

630

had fallen from a store-room above. The heap of burnt millet in the b … But liquid produce in the shape of oil had, from the earliest palati 1 … It has been shown above that the Magazines of the West Palace … huge ' knobbed' pitkoi? of which examples are still to be seen in the East … 'Kasdles': attained their greatest wealth, a whole block of the West Magazines—from … was space on the borders of the ' Kaselles ' were of the slimmer ' Medallion … p. 232, Fig. 174, from Phaestos).

631

Fig. 621. Part of West Section of Palace showing ' Enclave of Kaselles'; togethe … These cists are marked as B in the Plan (Hid., opp. p. 452) as distinguished from the

632

Gallery, by the occurrence, on the surface of the earth and rubble deposit … predomi- M. M. Ill enclave were done away with, and free access restored from the … into which the oil could be tipped from them when nearly empty.2 The … last epoch in the Palace history, which, as already shown, was brought to … of restoration that followed on the great catastrophe at the close of M. M. Ill-

633

Palace lords, from this time onward, had perforce to content themselves … Revised Plan C) in near connexion with the Central Palace Shrine. … motive dating from the earlier part of that Period. A curious discovery … Room of the Great Pithos', from a large jar of the 'Medallion' class, i1!1!"1 … the jar. Further excavation on one side brought out the fact that it rested

634

covered TO 15E STANDING ON EARLIER FLOOR LEVEL. … on its horizontal bands, but … on the normal 'Medallion' tithou

635

rosettes on the ' Medallions ' themselves, which are here more bossed. On … On the whole, in spite of the earlier traditions here represented, it … Palace that had contained the fittings of its Snake room.3 This rested on … The 'Medallion'/z'AW of the West Magazines themselves stood on the Tme … 20-25 centimetres beneath that on which the great store-jars were found at zinesfrom … by side with the later class, the prevailing type of which fits on to a L. M. I a … On the original floor here were found ' It is just possible, indeed, that this vessel

636

636 PLAIT-WORK BANDS ON 'MEDALLION' TYPES … Beaten Bands) on M. M. … on them a … pattern are, indeed, frequent on the later fiitlioi of the Magazines, and the

637

The repeated 'herring-bone' bands on the late ' Medallion' pit/ios … to the scheme that already appears on some of the painted jars of the early … starting-point was a mere bowl with either one or two handles on its rim. … early Iron Age ceramic types on the Italian side, as at Crespellano and in … See above, pp. 231, 232. a E.g. the suspension basket from Kordofan,

638

curred on a slightly higher

639

relief as on the more archaic M. M. II class. … other cases graffito inscriptions of the Linear Class A appear on these … In the West Magazines at Knossos no examples occurred of this … Influence of L. M. I Painted Designs on Pithoi: Plant Decoration. … them, and representing the last ceramic element—L. M. II—on the upper designsos … For the continuous history of this late Palace section the data supplied … related to the ' octopus' series of the ' Palace style' jars. The remains here

640

64o INFLUENCE OF PAINTED DESIGNS ON PITHOI … on the painted < pithoicl jars ' of the L M T l "— -^ **' ^

642

642 INFLUENCE OF PAINTED DESIGNS ON PITHOI … of these and of the painted jars and amphoras of the ' Palace'style'. The … derived from overlapping ' ears' of clay, of which bands are moulded on … Further Motives derived from Vase Painting: Looped Ornament … painted decoration on vases may be recog- … stance on a stirrup-vase from Grave I of … 1 The impressed rings with central boss on

643

out the dot or dash—on two … latest phase of the Palace style3 … that they are conventional derivatives from the blades of the sacred weapon. … A typical specimen from the Third Magazine is to be seen in the British … and obtained by him in 1S78 from that area.

644

C TYPICAL LATE PALACE PITHOI (lM.IB-LM.I|) … that often occurs on … over from another … pear on M; M. Ilia … Besides part of the Third Magazine, a small were brought out on this occasion were, how-

645

-BOTTLE-SHAPED' JARS DERIVED FROM BASKETRY 645 … later examples are marked by a flattening of the top, a feature to be also … 'Bottle-shaped' Class of Jars derived from Basketry. … the waving rope ornament is absent from the horizontal interspaces of their … The handles near the base and above the shoulders on jars of this … analogy on the African side. In Kordofan—between the Libyan Desert … ic is numbered i in Fig. 633. Its divergent from those of the normal pithoi of

646

and are hung up on branches. A specimen from the Pitt Rivers Museum … 1 lis height is 5S cm., the outer rim being 25 cm. in diameter, from a photograph kmc )

647

111 this amount are reckoned 12 previously extracted from Magazine III, and p0™[j;orl° … series from the Third to the Thirteenth inclusive, or eleven in all. There … as will be seen from Suppl. PI. LX1, completely packed with pithbi in … Balfour. Such vessels were provided with where the plait-work is certainly copied from

648

from … containing rows of pit/wi, like those of the late Palace Magazines, near the … catastrophe. On the pavement of the ' Room of the Throne', close to its … 1 This calculation was arrived at from a typi-

650

65o DISCOVERY OF PALACE WEIGHT … entrance of Magazine XII (Fig. 634), also interesting from the fact that th … on the opposite wall of the Long Corridor, and remains of similar painted … the time of the final catastrophe of the Palace. … standard evidently fallen from an area of the upper system near the North-West … Octopus from a rope. Upon both of its sub-triangular faces is an octopus in relief, … Transitional Age, such as the' ambushed' octopus on the steatite ' rhyton 01 … ' Palace

651

It is also probable from … seen on the 'flatcylinder' … Fig. 312 e (Gournia) and d (Palaikastro). On

652

652 COPPER INGOTS AND 'INGOT' SIGNS ON TABLETS … It further appears that the Palace Standard of which we have here the … Ingot Signs on Tablets of Class ] … Palace of Hagia Triada, five of them presenting incised signs (Fig. 636). … grammes, the amount scaled by the Palace weight from Knossos. … end of the Long Corridor. That even in the latest Age of the Palace there

653

the recurrence of the ingot signs on the clay tablets of Class B (Fig. 037). … From the repeated cancellation on the ' Chariot Tablets', illustrated … Disk-shaped Weights from Knossos: of Egyptian Gold Standard. … Palatial lamp of the same material, N.E. of the Palace, is exceptionally graduated

654

Fig. 638. Graduated Stone Weights from Knossos in shape ov Flat Disks.

655

level of the East Magazines has a single small ring on its upper surface … clusively established. This might in itself be expected from the close … from Tell-el-Amarna, it is … bullets slightly cut away on

656

'BALANCE' SIGN ON EARLY LIBATION BOWL … Rock with Calcite from N. of Palace Site, … Fig. 642. Inscription of Class A on Steatite … Palace site at Knossos and hitherto unpublished (Fig. 641). The material … Amongst all dedicatory inscriptions engraved on such stone vessels

657

OFFERTORY SIGNS ON LIBATION VESSELS 657 … Fig. 643. Part of an Inscription of Class A on … mation from an inscription … the same sign of the bent arm holding a ball is succeeded, as on the Knossos … by the bent arm and 'ball', running, as normally, from left to right. … shape of the character seen on the Knossos jeds from the Palaikastro Excavations,1902-6, … recurs on another libation vessel from that

658

Fig. 644. Transcript from H. … Fig. 645. Transcript from … It would appear that on the offertory bowl from Knossos the 'balance' … This interpretation, moreover, is supported by two tablets from Hagia … tion and terminates in the ' facing head' sign "01, from which in Fig. 645 … This earliest representation of the ' scales' or ' balance' as seen on a

659

from the days of … Cypro-Minoan ' Krater ' from Enkomj Swedish … Homer and Mycenae (Fig. 56) from a photo- … though—from the point of view of Religion,

660

'SCALES' OR 'BALANCE' SIGN ON TABLETS … hold the beam. This is clearly depicted on the tablets (Fig. 649 a, c d … sign on … Fig. 647. Tablet from ' Temple … Appears we have seen, had already occurred on a tablet of the earlier linear Class A, … tomb of Beni Hasan the verticality of the From a drawing by Howard Carter.)

661

•SCALES' OR 'BALANCE' SIGN ON TABLETS 661 … Fragmentary Tablets from Knossos showing the 'Ingot' … on the other hand, the figures attached to the ' ingot' = 6o show a certain … is attached to a series of other signs on tablets balance from that interment are restored. Cf., … on tablets.

662

Conventionalized Ingots on ' Banner' Signs as Marks of Value. … pellets engraved on its lower surface and weighs 220 … A parallel form showing the incurving- on all its Face 01? ,Za1^?° … sides, like the ordinary ingot pictographs, occurs on two GIA Triada Tablets. … / „r n,°_ A ' On the Hagia Triada tablets, Nos. =3 aI

663

INGOT' SIGNS ON TABLETS … Fig. 051. Tablet of Class B, Knossos, showing 'Ingot' Signs superposed on … latter amounting to six of the former—is clear from the respective numbers. … Here, and again in Fig. G51 b, the conventional ingot appears on the … It diners in fact from the ' balance' sign, such

664

cedes this compound character on both tablets … catastrophe of the Knossian Palace. A silver F|[. 65] B Feagmeht op … Old Salamis of a date which, from the general evidence … myself at first mistaken the silver 'dump' from Knossos

665

from a quite recent find made on or near the site of … of an ivory seal from the primitive tholos B of Platanos,3 … from … range from 8-812 grammes (136 grains) to

First Discovery of large hoards of clay tablets in advanced Linear Script (B)ts

666

stored on the upper floors; 'Chariot' tablets in basement closet with remains … and Synopsis of Class A —transitional examples fit ling on to the Hieroglyphic … Already, in describing the sealings from the late Palatial deposits dealt … In describing the clay sealings, a series of examples have been noted … in a similar manner. In touching on the Upper West Magazines and con-

667

hitherto accumulated had been derived from early seal-stones.1 This crown- … said to have come from Sparta. Subsequently, … them derived from Crete, and—as a result … characters, picked up by peasants on the site

668

preserved on this seemed to be of so advanced a character that it was … First Discovery of Hoards of Clay Tablets on Site of Knossos. … from above. In a closet under a small staircase a little North of this … on them including ears of corn, various kinds

669

STORAGE ON UPPER FLOORS 669 … of which was engraved on a tablet. … derived from a roof terrace where the)' had been placed for sun-baking. … contained them, having been probably set on shelves on the back wall of remains … lain on the floor of the little chamber had escaped this action, and proved … that came on in the night poured through our rotten thatch, and inundated … from Hagia Triada.3

670

'owing Original File. On Floor ok Magazine VIII.

671

I ittle Palace, were imperfectly sun-baked bricks. With the aid of a plaster … arrangement (Fig. (>55). From the fragments of decayed gypsum with

672

known from Orchomenos—throw a new light on a find that Plutarch3 … was brought to light in the Diktaean Cave,1 from the same offertory stratum … attributed to Diktys the Cretan, well known from what purported to be a … seqq (§ 13). '• See on this, A. E., Scripta Minoa, i,

673

version by John Lydgate, has been shown from the Tebtunis papyri to have in Nero's … the inscribed clay tablets should have been laid bare on the Palace site by … The brown, half-burnt tablets of the Palace themselves bear a distinct … Pt. II, 1907. The conclusion of the editors based on a late Greek version parallel with the … follows the original faithfully enough'. earlier date. On the general question see, too,

674

The elongated 'slip' type of clay tablet, illustrated by the series from the … Fig. 657.) A copy of the inscription on Fig. 657, c, which is of a broader

675

with special reference to the inner economy of the great Palace and the … the documents themselves, appearing often in a pictorial form on the margin … with some surprising evidences of its survival on the Mainland side. … that in the Palace itself it was in general use from the earlier phase of

676

fitting on … but the dependencies of the neighbouring ' Little Palace' of Hagia Triada' … early examples of the Linear Script A appear on clay bars of the same … Unpublislicd Objects from the Palaikastro Exca- … The signet impressions on clay documents with … Hieroglyphic class occur as graffiti on a … from No. 44 of Fig. 47G, and in a reversed

678

of the well-known class to which the gold example from the Fourth Shaft … The more or less ' monumental' group of inscriptions on stone … No. 92 seems to be a bow and arrow, 96 looks different type from Fig. 476, 62 (' manacles'),

679

'sistrum' signs, Fig. 661, very fully rendered in No. 9, on a tablet from … the objects referred to. It was doubtless on account of this that from the

680

appearance, is at times the cause of some obscurity. On the other hand, it is … Little Palace at Hagia Triada, which indeed give the best idea of the whole … two groups. The earlier A symbol for 10—inherited from the Hieroglyphic … inter" naval types and tablets of Class A from Hagia Triada, there may be found … 1 E.g, the 'throne' sign on the Trullos - See pp 716,717.

681

in Class A on a tablet from Tylissos.2 The 'loop' (No. 2) exactly cor- … that fit on to these, but are not here included, and are simply pictorial … of his on the Cretan script have also appeared. … Fig. ro (from my copy). … Tire ordinary form occurs on Middle Kingdom

682

the Palace. (4) An interesting ideographic series relating to overseers of … grams. as ideographs. A large number of examples of this double usage can be cited. … a certain advance on Class A. … are now omitted. Typical examples of these are given in Fig. 003, and it will … the 'lyre', No. 78. On the other hand, a series of wholly new types now

683

that of the late Palace tablets, fj, is found on the ' Trullos ladle'' in company … cannot be regarded as simply a later outgrowth of A. It is on the whole m … already fused into a compound shape from three separate signs of the

684a

from one another in the same … writing runs consistently from left … Fig. 665. Comparative Examples of Name- … are found in similar positions in name-groups. More will be said on this in

685

'leaf, <f), and the 'lily', "j, while on the animal side we find the 'flying … mediate forms, while the single-edged variety that now appears, *f, is on all

686

which so clearly reacted on a class of Cypro-Minoan cylinder types.1 … Supplementary to this is the parallel sign, *f or "t, derived from the single axe

687

Palace chamber. The crook … borrowed from Egypt, where … the sceptre. But, as noted above, on the inscribed stone ladle from Trullos … c On 50 of my series.

688

the first element of what may be regarded as masculine names.' On … The sign itself is of frequent recurrence on the whole series of Knossian … from the B series (No. 49), deserves special consideration in this connexion. This … on some of the Hagia Triada tablets of the A class, it already appears on … the same way on 1209. (A is in other cases

689

Its initial X is also taken over from … tion has a special importance from the … These examples, which stand at the head of the comparative series Hittite … of forms of more or less conical horned helmets on the Anatolian side … an 'animal's head' sign that recurs on the Mallia … Part of a clay bar from Palaikastro also … sign is copied from a class of objects variously … on the side). A section showing … earliest appearance of the sign dates from the

690

classical examples. The near … horns on either side, we see a … A feature of this design, the two strings for tying on the head-piece curling … Head - piece on … specially associated with the Shardana. On … 4 It seems possible that the dashes on the

691

inherited from the hieroglyphic system, the numeration in Classes A and. B class B … centages. On a usual type in the form of a clay slip, after what we may

693

A good example of addition is supplied on which numbers follow what, Signs of … ON EDQEl TV Q - = Total 40

Tablets of the Linear Script

694

parisons with hoards of metal vessels and relation to Central Palace Sanctuary ; … IH b ' stirrup vases' on clay floor above.

695

signs on their margins, and … was often, as will be seen from

696

rence. Solitary specimens from Knossos and Phaestos show a rectangular … and with the edges slightly rounded. This type, often on a considerably … on edge … a magnifying glass. Some idea of these niceties may be gathered from my … inserted on the edge of the tablet (Fig. 682, b). This docketing on the edge … 121. One from Knossos is about 7 cm. (2-| in.) at Malha.

697

698

never before were seen on any fraction of European soil. In the inscriptions … plified by the identical system of numeration adopted, different from that … class of exceptionally large tablets, sometimes inscribed on both faces, and … conclusion in the eighth line. Eight or nine characters are lost on the left

700

long triangular outline of the lower part of the ' woman' sign, on the other … crops there appears at the head of the inscriptions on the ' cereal' class of

701

pansons drawn from many personal … lists of names found on … largest example is that, reproduced on a somewhat reduced scale from my wit^lists

702

number of characters in the sign-groups varying from two to five. ' Including … What follows on line 2 is - , , t … On the other hand, it must be regarded as a remarkable circum-

704

on the lower border of the register. After the ' man' sign, on the other … distinction from one another and the careful addition sums. To these we may … of yesterday. A Minoan inscription, on the other hand, though its signary … of a) the registers become narrower. The whole inscription on this face

705

of from two to

706

is found with the ' man' sign attached on another tablet.1 The ' throne' … o.n Tablets, />, c). by the ' man' sign, including the legible … on the upper level of the XVth Magazine. With Report, Knossos 190.1, p. 43.

707

rs alone with the 'woman' sign on other tablets with a single cipher, … I he ' woman' sign is traceable thirty-eight times on this tablet, and we

708

frequently happens, a name recurs on more than one tablet, we are free … The addition formula here ■j"Kf is an abbreviation of that on the laro-p … It is specially to be noted that in the addition sums seen on this tablet— … two other groups 9R|, and Qfa , indicative of separate categories.2 On the … - In 1. 6 the second sign of the latter formula In earlier examples it has 4 ' posts ' (see J ■ J

709

On the other hand, the £ of the second formula can be shown to have Feminine … 5). On a fragmentary tablet,2 con- … tion of a cup of the Vapheio type on the inter- … representing children of both sexes are repeated on the exceptionally small … A detailed examination of the sisfn-groups on tablets clearly ' labelled ' Tl,e … As will be seen from the Comparative Tables, Fig. 693 a and is, which

710

With and The female examples, as shown in I'm'. 693 is, are not so abundant an t-l-,*. … the initial place on the tablets, are such as to warrant the conclusion that

711

connexion with the ' man' sign*—from two to five, rarely six, usually three … to Class B correspond in whole or part with examples taken from Class A, … From the point of view of language it is especially interesting to note Ideo- … also reproduced in Fig. 694, e,f two tablets on which the fore-parts of sailing … See above, p. 706. examples of the sign.

713

from its appearances with a cuneiform key to its phonetic value on the … borderlands,3 we have good warrant for concluding that the 'goat' sign on … names taken over from the older occupants of Hellas. … of the Hittite signs on the boss, Treats. Sue. {The Hittites, Schweich Lectures, III, pp. 57,

714

"ffc^C^ aDOVe> 's of interest from the comparisons that it suggests with … interest (Fig. 695, a). In a secondary shape rfi, on a vase fragment of L. M.

715

proprietorship—on the base of a … and fits in with the graffito characters on the rim of a pot from Thera

716

kind of rick on a platform- … Cypriote and East Mediterranean offshoot, the Cretan dominion on the … appreciably later than the fall of the Great Palace. … of the importance of the oil-production in the last Age of the Palace.

717

recognized as ' olive sprays' that recur on seal stones and clay documents

718

the export of oil from Minoan Crete to Egypt. The item on the present … It is clear that, throughout the whole of the Palace period,1 one of the … flowers, in clumps or rows, recur on the votive … to 60, on tablets of the A class from Hagia … of ladies performing a religious dance on one … her fugitive marriage—to be recovered later from the flames of Ilion ? … Plate IV. On the saffron in Minoan Art see

720

female names, while, on the same tablet and in h, sign-groups appear ending … unmistakable characteristic in its protruding and pendulous stigmas, from … relatively high numbers. On Fig. 704, e, we see 402, on/where this sign … karkom shows, was of Eastern derivation, was derived from some inter-

721

Q.ete__like Saffron Walden with us—bear names derived from the Italian

723

ventionally set—as B 92, 93—011 an upright stem, ^r\ B 91 on the other … horses, taken as the equivalents of the whole animal and set up on linear … numerous than the sheep and goats. Thus, on the examples given, their … The ' flock' and ' herd ' signs of the usual kinds, as shown on the

725

'Ingots' on a group of tablets of this nature have been already

726

Specimens of such are shown on the fragmentary tablets reproduced … somewhat resembles a lizard. That of e differs from the others inasmuch as

727

Palace itself or in its immediate surroundings have already given occasion Tablets: … and his fellows on the Palace frescoes J with those borne by the Minoan °^h! … associated ewer found in the North-West Treasure-House,3 from the artistic … These include two unfinished 'amphoras' of native alabaster from the … eyes, and those of marble-like stone in the form of a lioness's head from the … the tributary vessels from the Tomb of Men- ' lb., Pt. II, p. 527 seqq. and Figs. 330,

728

FiG. "10. Plan of Central Section of West Wing of the Palace showing … Pillar Shrine on the Central Court, where the seal impressions were found … archives situated on the North borders of this Sanctuary Hall. This, it is … of a basement wall on that side3 and which had served to collect part of the

729

remains when precipitated from a part of the neighbouring upper floor (see … fits on to the fabric of the clay documents of the Linear Class A, following … their way there from an upper floor. This … bearers from Keftiu on the walls of the Tomb … shown from the Tomb of User-Amon) and

730

On the fragment, Fig. 712,1 we see two small 'services' or sets of … bronze basins and ewers from … Ladle, and Jug on ' Vase Tablets '.

731

Fig. 714, c the compound sign rises from … Vessels and 'Cuirass': Vase of the usual type. On anothei fragment, A

732

marked, as on the handled bowl, a, with the W—a frequently recurring siwri on … Comparison of ' Labelled' Vessels on … signs superposed find a close parallel on … the connexion of this sign with water was not conventionalized cuirass as seen on that series,

733

sio-n, f, as naturally, refers to the contents. The groups on Fig. 717 are … tions than the fine Palace Style specimen with the octopus and early three- … fallen—belonged to the Palace system superposed over the filled-in, 'deep-

734

served of them given in Fig. 719, to stirrup vases, which, from the laro-e … on Tablet. … seen that two single items on % ' KS> I II i ^~J <^ … the same ¥ that recurs on a … sign •?, *j, derived from the single-edged weapon. As representing the sacred

735

Fig. 720. L. M. Ill ' Stirrup Vases' and Strainer from Floor of Re-occupation

736

and two-handled pots of about the same size on a plaster floor, about … ON BASE OF VESSEL OF BLACK

Knossian Script B in Mainland Greece

737

Script B in Cyprus : Occurrence of Script A on Votive Figurine at … propagate their script on Cilician side ? Relics there of an L. M. Ill Ceramic … catastrophe, of the old Palace, do not convey the idea of any abrupt break

738

738 PAINTED INSCRIPTION ON L. M. Ill SHERD, KNOSSOS … on any … indeed—a painted sherd—was brought out from a later deposit within … from … Painted L. M. Ill Sherd with Sign-group of Class B from Palace Site. … only example from Knos- … like decorations on either … L. M. HI class. On the other hand, the superior quality of the glaze here … The inscribed vessel clearly dates from the early phase of the In- … answering, in a slightly accentuated shape, to the ' rudder' seen on a table

739

The occurrence of a ' stirrup vase' from Orchomenos with a linear inscribed … senting one or more signs, derived from menos. … examples, given below. Its collective value, … from Orchomenos. … thirty large 'stirrup vases' with inscriptions on the shoulders or body." … 'legs' of V. It is also found on a Tylissos … the great work on the German excavations

740

74o INSCRIPTIONS ON THEBAN 'STIRRUP VASES … escoes on the walls of the contiguous

741

INSCRIPTIONS ON THEBAN 'STIRRUP VASES' … Fig. 724 b. Painted Inscriptions on Clay ' Stirrup Vases ' from Store-room of … from excavations at Tiryns and Mycenae there preserved were supplemented … from

742

reproduce seven complete groups together with three single signs on vase … 725. Sign-groups and Single Signs on 'Stirrup Vases' from Tiryns (7/.), … acter on … from Orchomenos, they occur on the body, shoulders, or neck of ' stirrup … Apart from the overwhelming elements of correspondence in the painted … placed above or beside them, some with the characters inscribed on then

743

INSCRIBED 'STIRRUP VASES' FROM TIRYNS 743 … the 'cross' -J- (originally a stellar emblem), seen on L. M. Ill 'stirrup … by itself—inwhite on a dark ground,1 … vases by a series of sign-groups, of which two completed examples, in both … '27. Single Signs on the Theban

744

pots from tour sign-groups, including in one instance (P ig. 724 a, I) thirteen characters … examples. The initial pair of 1. 2, [• ^f, recurs among Knossian name-groups … Palatial Age at Knossos. The correspondence of the signs on the vessels … 1 'Apx- AcAtioi', T931-2, ]laj)ij.pri)jj.at p. 23, by incomplete examples. The equivalent

746

746 PRESUMED EXISTENCE OF CLASS A ON MAINLAND … on the Cretan side. … known'" cu'tural realm of what to the other was the highest mark of its progress on … Linear Script A was introduced at this time on the Mainland side, and the … have now the evidence on a special class of objects belonging to the initial … Ceramic The intrusion at this time on the Mainland side of this specifically … relief in an earlier Section of this Volume.8 It is there shown from the

747

Century before our era, the brilliant though strictly conventionalized ' Palace … of their true history apart from the relics of a later re-occupation. At J?'"'™- … tradition then existent is largely broken by the entry on 'the scene of a Knossos. … or on the Boeotian side. Its special concomitant is a series of decorative … motive, the evolution of which from the ' three Cs', a geometrically arranged … profiles of kylix fragments, p. 17, Fig. 8, from

748

constant recurrence on the painted pottery belonging to the closino- phase … Fig. 729. Fragments of L. M. Ill Kyi.ikes from Tomb 505 (dromos), … from Later Palace, … In all these cases, as in contemporary examples from Cyprus and,

749

Fig. 731. On Late Palace Bowl: Knossos. Fig. 732. On Si-ierl : Tell-el-Amarna. … el-Amarna. There have been recorded, indeed, on that site one or two frag- … general diffusion of a L. M. Ill class largely dependent on it must for … See below, § 117 and Coloured PI. XXXV. zontal lines taken from octopus tentacles, and

750

Fig. 733. a, Inscription No. i from Thebes; l>, Transliteration into Normal … separated from the other by only a short interval of time. … The groups themselves—consisting, as in the other case, from two to … occupying prominent places on the late palatial tablets of Knossos.

751

SIGN GROUPS ON … SIGN GROUPS ON … A from Tiryns is repeated in an identical form on two Knossian

752

on the large tablet from Knossos containing the lists of men. The terminal … of the very limited number recorded—on the ' stirrup vases ' of the Boeotian … They may, indeed, be looked on as direct evidence of the former diffusion

753

ents we are bound to suppose had taken place on this side, pari passu, … definite impress of the latest Palace culture of Knossos.

754

sign, found both at Tiryns (where it recurs on several … times forked at the end, as seen on a Theban vessel (see … At Tiryns, where this sign is found on at least five … Historical Significance of Diffusion of Late Palace Script of Knossos … the fall of the Great Palace is itself an arresting phenomenon. Its

755

SUGGESTION OF SIGNS OF SCRIPT B ON ASINE JAR 755 … occupants on the Peloponnesian side in some sort take over the Minoan … Persson of the Swedish Mission at Asine, on the Argolid Coast not far graffiti' … Double Axes in the most elegant of her Palace sanctuaries.

756

The arrangement of the cult objects themselves on an altar bench … from Knossos,'1 apparently from some very late shrine. Her flat-topped … the larger head from the Asin£ shrine really belongs to a female divinity.

757

GRAFFITI ON JAR WITH SUGGESTIONS OF SCRIPT 757 … Minoan) from Knossos … on Asine … simple Curved Decoration. be gathered from … Signs of Script B. (From Sketch by A. F.)

758

based on the ' whip' of the later Palace script ^J. There follows what see … Beyond this it is impossible to go : the graffito signs cut on the rim of … intra- is reflected on the ' marine style' relief of the bronze ' hydria' from Kurion.3 … In number, the published examples are very limited * and are, indeed, … seqq.) to read off the marks on the jar in ' See my Scripta Minoa, i, p. 3° seiW'

759

confined to inscriptions on clay balls from Enkomi, or Old Salamis1 … 741. a, Inscription on Limestone Fragment, Enkomi … ment, from a looted … From my tracing of this, Fig. 741, a, it will be seen that the first four … may be looked on as terminals, and this fact is of some interest since both … on Sherd. … The tomb was situated on the limestone

760

names on the Knossos tablets of Class B.1 … Casts of Inscriptions on Clay-balls, Enkomi, Cyprus. … Fig. 7J3. Copies ok Cypro-Minoan Inscriptions, a-e, On Clay-balls ; f, g, Cylinders. … to both Script A and B. Together with those on the limestone fragments … It is noteworthy that while the terminal sign on the ring (No. 9 of the … 1 See above, p. 714. Persson in his paper on Some Inscribed Ten"'

761

of a facin°' ox-head, which in Crete is common on the hieroglyphic seal- … Crete the name of the votary was inscribed on certain offertory relics such … names on the Knossos B tablets, often succeeded by the 'man' sign.

762

ber of signs selected … on for such compa-

763

Hit* f ft t'ie c'ate °'" t'le Minoan plantations on that side. scripts. … t- -,- i«„.....„„, cylinder of green steatite from a Copper Age tomb of ~° e?rlier … Knossos, as seen on seal impressions. … To what extent the 'Men of Keftiu' on the Cilician side introduced indepen- … described above. But the evidence is accumulating on the Mainland side

764

MINOAN CONTACT ON PONTIC SIDE … on vases … Influence and a Graffito from Amisos (Samsoun): … and we see an ivy leaf on a single stalk.3 … geometrical motives—appears on a series of bulls' head 'rhytons' of the … 3 The ivy-leaf pattern also occurs on a sherd Museum has also lately obtained an excep- … examples, had brought down the Cappadocian

765

SACRAL IVY SPRAY ON HITTITE POTTERY … '4G. Comparative Examples illustrating Evolution of ( Sacral Ivy ' Motive, … from Ain-Tab,1 and fit in with the naturalistic tradition visible in faience … For the faience vessels from Enkomi see … South from Boghaz-Keui to the sea, see es-

766

766 MINOAN DECORATION ON AMISOS VASES … Fig. 747. a, Painted Bull's Head ' Rhyton' from E.ski Samsoun (Amisos) showing … over and above the natural point of contact on the Cilician side, the sea- … indeed carried still farther afield on that side to the upper system of the

767

MINOAN DESIGNS ON H1TTITE POTTERY … The fioure of the Minotaur on the earliest coinage of Colchis may give … cereal type seen on the

768

from … Fig. 749 a, I?. Votive Clay Ram from Samsoun … actually established on the site of … tained from Eski Samsoun what … (Fig. 749, a, b), and showed on its … dred alphabets, there is no question. F]G m f> Graffit0 lNSCRII,rl0N on, … - An O-like incision appears on the lower days. In his MS. description it appears as a

769

MINOAN INSCRIPTION ON AMISOS RAM … ; from right to left, while'Minoan usage with regard to Nos. 6 and 7 … points to the second line running from left to right. But this divergence … painted pottery also largely dependent on the palatial traditions of Knossos. … clay tablet from Toprakkalch, on the Arme-

Supplementary of preceding

770

Tombs; Mouthpiece of faience ' rhyton' from Assur of L. M. I a fabric; … than a merely commercial plantation from Late Minoan Crete. … Minoan Classical times,1 the White Haven—Minet-el-Beida—from its low chalk cliffs … opposite accounts for the early preponderance of imports from that side, … The fact itself has great importance in its general bearing on the

771

and by the Library site on the neighbouring akropolis of Ras-Shamra afford, details of … was recognized by their excavator.5 There, too, we see, on a somewhat … Ras-Shamra, are from the Ishtar temple, reputed Fig. 5). The evidence, however, of the

772

reached it from above by means of a shaft … ult, only second to the last in dimensions, which rose beside the Library on

773

on virgin

774

Ser.es, and contained vases of the finest ' Palace style'.

775

1 From a photograph kindly supplied me by Prof. Schaeffer.

776

Palace style, a fine gold-mounted intaglio, and the gold signet-rino- depicti … palmy days of the last Palace period … Shamra should be sought on Cretan … Although the bulk of the relics found in or near the tombs on the … element, while it differs in style and details from parallel examples found at … - In The Tomb of the Double Axes, &c, p. 9, • From photographs kindly supplied me by

777

a decided relation to the fluted stone vessels of the kind from the Central … animal's head is supplied by the earlier L. M. I a rhyton, from Palaikastro3 … similar head rising from the top of a vessel

778

(Fig. 757) represents a Minoan creation—derived from a painted Middl … Fig. 758 b. Inscription on … 1 See on this my observations, J3, of M., i, … 3 From a photograph kindly supplied me by

779

FAIENCE IMPORTS: A ' MOUTH-PIECE' FROM ASHUR 779 … Fig. 759. Evolution of Minoan Pedestalled Vase of Painted Clay from Egyptian … the first half of the Fifteenth—by the time, that is, when the envoys from … P. of M., iii, pp. 402, 403, and Fig. 267 ; of this class by successive stages from earlier … from

780

7S0 MOUTH-PIECE OE FAIENCE ' RHYTON ' FROM ASHUR … from … specimen from Ashur, Fig. 7GO, a, bears … model from which this faience object was … 'woman's head' goblets from the same site, which, like the similar relics from … Vessel from M. M. Ill b Stratum,

781

Palace, from which it seems to have intruded itself.1 … The actual settlement of men of Minoan stock on the coastal strip … The Library found on the Tell here contains cuneiform documents, not

782

seminated as far as Cyprus, was still far from approaching the alphabetic … interesting to observe, as a possible reaction from- this side, the adoption of … own method of writing might itself be assumed, though the materials on … wtthsilver border on the finely built Library of Ras-Shamra, there was found, placed

783

scru'Tion on Votive Sil- beyond its stem on the left side. There follows … cb-like character, of which examples are known on … 4- -- „_ 1_ \Vif sign-group of this inscription recurs on the first … seen inscribed on the votive silver bowl. … followed by numbers = 2. On another … The ^ is not found either among' the Mainland examples of Class B … (From 'Chariot Tablet'

784

784 MIN.OAN DEDICATION ON RAS-SHAMRASILVER BOWL … inscription on the bowl as, generically speaking, Minoati of Class B It … a suggestive phenomenon. On the one hand we see the highest formal

Deposits of tablets depicting chariots

785

Formulas on 'Chariot Tablets'; Throne and bisellium signs; Numbers … Fresco ' winding clown from story to story along the descending walls of its

786

in its scale, on the walls of the later Palace at Tiryns.1 … Northern Coast, from the neighbouring Tylissos to Nirou Khani and … On the other hand, the military parade visible in the continuous frieze … This was situated on the Northern border of the paved ' Via Sacra' leading … cannot be clearly ascertained from the existing remains on that side. But

787

CHARIOT TYPES AND FORMULAS ON TABLETS 787 … rathered from Fig. 763, all of them showing the later, bowed appendage formulas'" … (Fig. 763, m), which is from the Northern Entrance Passage, a part of the … at the beginning of m, recurs on several more fragmentary specimens of the selliura' … in the documents given below, the complete chariots on the class of tablets chariots … though we should naturally suppose it to represent a pair. The ' cuirass', on

788

BLETS FROM ' CllARIOT TABLETS ' De

789

the chariots depicted, such as the cross-lines visible on its flank in a,ea.ndg, … recall the dagger-like projection behind the Chariot on the stela from … The rich deposit from the Armoury greatly supplements our knowledge Body and … or corslet. On the other hand, the inscription itself is much fuller. The

791

Egyptian relief from Thebes (Fig. 765),1 of Amenhotep Il's time, c. 1450 B.C., … Fig. 765. Manufacture of Egyptian Chariot on Theban Relief, c. 1450 u.c. … often terminate above it, or are prolonged below it, as on many of the

793

the expenditure on wheels entailed by this.cause on its chariot-driving lords, retl"'red- … connexion with a port on the Libyan Sea, and the traces were noted of a … of the Palace on the North-West with the 'Little Palace'on the hillside … Crete, from Dikta to Ida and from Ida to the White Mountains. Ignorance … But it is evident from the activity of the Wheelwright Department of

795

THE CHARIOT WHEELS ON TABLETS … from the Northern Entrance Deposit, is reproduced in Fig. 768. It contains … R-like form of the fc on Fig. 766, a, must not … proper (see above, Fig.763, m) appears on Fig.

796

vehicle on … earlier date appears from a fragmentary tablet of Class A, from Tylisso … six and eight spokes to their wheels. It seems that from this time on- … Pulasati, Akayvasha, and their comrades from Anatolia, and perhaps even … 1 From my copy in J. Hatzidakis, TuAto-os Cyprian oawrfioc in the British Museum

797

the Ae°ean world. It is true that the rude cars and wagons on the Dipylon … and the Balkan and Danubian lands dating from the close of the Bronze … The ' Saw' on the ' Chariot Tablets' as Carpenter's Sign. … Hieroglyphic series (Fig. 770, a).i It is in fact copied from … it is far removed from the much more modern type of … Hawes) from a tomb near Kavusi (Am. J. A., … Bronze and Early Iron Age, was supported on

799

which appears on some of the tablets, we shall see that the order was in … The horses' heads, so constantly recurring on the ' chariot tablets' Horse's … off with a few rapid touches which imply a certain skill in drawing on the … Minoan, and are well shown on a fresco fragment depicting a horse's head

800

before the hinder part of the wheelless framework of a chariot on tl … So, too, on tablets of

801

'FODDER' SIGN ON CHARIOT TABLETS … domestic animals—oxen, sheep, and swine—listed on these clay documents.1 … On the tablets of the present series, connected with chariots, type c is … last sign of which—only found on this tablet—somewhat recalls the … from two to four (Fig. 776, a-e).

802

802 'FODDER' SIGN AND 'CORN ON THRESHING FLOOR' … nating the corn on the threshing floor, and so ' corn' generally.1 In jts … From the association of the Minoan sign with cattle, and on the present … among the duties imposed on the ' knights', … 'fodder' sign (fjfQ). On a specimen where the inscription seems to … Sign (Corn on … in the same way by a ring of stones set on

803

CORSLETS OR BREAST-PLATES ON 'CHARIOT TABLETS' 803 … or breast-plate of a simple form. As may be gathered from … leather, covering the body and suspended from the shoulders … in the last days of the Palace.

804

804 CORSLETS ON TABLETS: COMPARATIVE EXAMPLES … upwards on the lower part of the abdomen, and … cuirasses figured on the tablets is six.

805

CORSLETS ON TABLETS OF 'KNIGHTS' EQUIPMENT 805 … ' corslets ' on the ' Chariot tablets … and 20 of tin, from which Helbig concludes … erased, but on two examples the ' in- … an ingot set in its place, or on the

806

IDEOGRAPHIC SIGNS ON 'CORSLET' … Signs on … Ideographic Signs on the ' Corslet': Badge of the Royal Cup-bearer. … Trj, of which examples also … Court official. On the corslet, it may well be regarded as the badge of the … The appearance of the 'fodder' sign on the series of corslets already

807

'WHIP' SIGN ON 'CHARIOT TABLETS' … as we learn from the ex- … two thongs on the Avdu … originated under much more favourable conditions on the Mesopotamian … published objects from the Palaikastro Excava- … from Pa-

808

Model Clay Wagon from Palaikastro, with M.M. I a … commentary on … On the early polychrome car—itself of the domestic class—from … M. M. I a and may, very likely, be as early as intervals on the, presumably, sandy ground. … boat painted on a wall of a tomb at El shows a two-wheeled chariot, the predecessoi … the New Kingdom (J. J. Tylor, Qu, 1900). far as can be gathered from their P»ml

809

next example of a Cretan four-wheeled cart is found—Longo iutervallo—on … more or less on a level … model from Kish {Fig. … protection, and attached to it there appears on several of these clay models … 3 In the Ashmolean Museum, from the useful information regarding the present … running out from Floor-level.

810

on War … in action may be gathered from the cylinder, Fig. 789, from the ' prediluvian' … The chariot type on this early … found in this region in a wild state. On the 'mascot', indeed, of Queen … entered on the scene, its arrival being generally connected with the

811

CHARIOTS OF UR, ON MOSAIC 'STANDARD' … On a projection at the back of these chariots stand warriors holding … the pressure on the pole and to secure a better balance for the car. … from Khafaje, in the B.M., where a chariot

812

(Type B): Royal Sumerian Examples. … materielle de la Stele lies Vautours (Le'on … with the pole running out from the level of

813

Fig. 792. Royal Sumerian War Chariot drawn by Four Asses, from Ur Relief … The practical identity of these examples—one from the Northern … Type B on

814

one of them from a tomb of that date at Ur, depicting chariots reluctantl • … two reliefs on … In these examples the pole of the … Another Hittite relief of more or less contemporary date from Sendjirli … from Malatia, showing Chariots

815

what later, on an eighth-century … rising from the base of the … epoch to which the Hittite examples belong- and some mav well be dated '"Aegean … On an amygdaloid sard bead-seal in the British Museum2—an early … angular appendages) rises from the summit of the car-front (Fig. 795). These … So, too, on many of the chariot frames of the tablets where there is a … and material, from the Vapheio Tomb,3 shows a more rudely executed … p. ri, cites another similar intaglio from the

816

Fig. 795. Chariot of Type B on Amygdaloid Bead-seal, from Knossos. … Sphinx : on this we recognize him in the ' Cleft Way ',3 attacking his father, … 1 See above, pp. 513, 514, and compare Sepulchral Treasure from Thisbf (/-"• ■'

817

CHARIOT TYPE B ON GOLD BEAD-SEAL, THISBE 817 … of violent action. On this the horses have been brought to a sudden stop … yoke. Here the pole, though we may suppose it to have run up from … Complete abstention from any engage- … on me as a condition of progress with this tion of the whole find. A simple statement

818

chariot of the Ur relief. From this point the two elements that now co … Oriental tradition. As in the case of that given below, from a Vapheio … Horses' Tails crossing, on Cypro-Minoan … from the base of the car, and is joined to the … omitted, and does not occur on the early … same festoons that hang from the pole on the … by Minoan examples (e.g. Fig. 797 a). The … conforms to this. On the contemporary chariot … responsible for these observations should not … specimens from the hoard, shown in the figure-^

819

structure of some of the early Sumerian chariots and recurs again on those … The same arrangement of the pole running forward from the top of … in Fig. 797 6, c. In b wisps or festoons hang from the pole. On the parallel … to Upper Part of Front: Common, later, on Assyrian Monuments. … sented on our ' Chariot tablets', the car-front with the pole and its supporting … source. Still the intensive Minoan penetration on that side—daily becoming-

820

of C on … appearance on the Aegean side as early as B. The … occurs on the sardonyx bead-seal from the Vapheio … lattice work on its side, affords … L. M. I b example, with dolphins, from Pseira. … Homerischc Waffen, p. 143, Fig.' 17 a, from

821

Type C on Tablets—Associated with Later,' Dual' Form of Chariot. … Typical Examples of ' Dual ' Class of Chariot, of Type C : on … which, like that on the Vapheio gem, are as a whole to be referred to the … evidenced by the 'krater' from Efikomi showing the scales-holding steward,3 … his otherwise useful work on ' The Chariot in … sentations of this; dual' type of the 'Chariot occurs on the Ur standard. But such repre-

822

we notice the intrusion on that side of a special Syro-Egyptian adaptatiri … and from which came also the curved back of the Minoan type. A typical … Cretan wild-goats in place of horses (Fig. 803). This.version appears on an … unintelligible, but his description (based on … purchased by an American Collector, from its strong, pure style.

823

CHARIOT OF TYPE C ON AVDU RING 823 … on H.

824

8H CHARIOT TYPE C ON TIRYNS FRESCO … Chariot of Type C with Posterior Bow, as on the Knossian Tablets. … seen on the Knossos gem, Fio-. 79

825

convero-ing method also found in later Assyrian and Persian examples. … Knossian Palace. In other respects this illustration, taken from the stag- Dua! … on the tablets and by that on a Mycenae grave stela. The spring of the pole … sented in the two-wheeled class of the Greek Geometrical Period. On ?fTyPeC … Triada, PI. id (Man. Ant., xh). 140, 141 and Fig. 34 (chariot of Zeus on the

Armature in the Last Palatial Age

826

Sea-transport of the thoroughbred horse; Large sealing showing horse on … tion from dagger types; Kidney-shaped and oval openings of hi It-plates; … sivord with agate pommel and gold-plated hilt; On each hilt-plate two

827

ing from Little Palace, Knossos (f). (See, … Shelter : on Clay Sealing found … engraver as indicative of its cargo on a vessel provided both with sails and … absolute uniformity of some of the Cypro-Minoan chariot types depicted on … Entrance Passage of the Palace. As in the former case, its archaeological

828

horses on … Palace'. … recalls the Egyptian form from Queen … on the transport vessel in Fig. 805, a good … from the Hagia Triada … example of the chariot of Type C. From its associa- … A characteristic feature of these horses, repeated on … Fig. 808. Clay Sealing from H. … Clay Sealing from

829

nlumes that, from Amenhotep Ill's time onwards, decorate the backs of the … Ill exam- … a-"> a distinctively Minoan fashion. It reappears on the Cypro-Minoan

830

Tiryns we see the same. On the sarcophagus the horse, as, elsewhere on … animals on the Sumerian monuments shows that the practice was of remote … Crete or Mainland Greece.2 As we have seen above,3 even on the proto- … Geometric seal impressions, and even on a jug of 'Phaleron' date from … horse from the earliest beasts of draught—oxen 422 seqq. and PI. III. … Europe coincides with the advent in the ' On a kantharos from Grave IX of the … Asiatic side. In Iliad xix, 1. 393, we already Ath. Mitth., 1S93, PI. VIII, 2). On a seal of … detects one on a chariot horse of Rameses II. naively indicated with his body somewhat … gests (Asien und Europa, p. 301, n. 4), refer to liallstatt examples, see Hoernes, Gesch. fl-

831

Iliad1 and Odyssey2 are both taken from similes and are not used as … taken as evidence of their warlike destination. Hunting on wheels in the dons.'11" … their military use is also illustrated. Chariot scenes on the Mycenae tio.nof … Early Introduction of the Horse on the Mainland Side: Galloping … Mycenae, on which chariots and horses appear for the first time in the … Period. Of still greater value are the fine low reliefs on a sword blade Galloping … v- 37T- ° Fig. 812 is based on a section of the fine

832

332 HORNS OF WILD-GOATS ON 'ARMOURY' TABLETS … Fig. 812. Galloping Horses in Low Relief on Sword-blade from Fifth Shaft … Tablets from ' Armoury' Deposit relating to Manufacture of Horn-bows … Amongst these, a group from which selections are given in Fig. Slo, … bringing out the characteristic protuberances, is given in Fig. 814. On the

833

found occasionally on Ida'2 and, more frequently, on the Lasithi ranges … "nits 1 and 2. It is specially interesting to note that on the tablets "*

834

goatherd's flock on the steep of Dikta, near … though animals capable of leaping up from … as we see from a considerable number of … cunning, as we see from the intaglio designs, he was actually able to … in the Iliad, who, on the steeps of the Trojan Ida, smote one at close quarters

835

example of this has been illustrated on the ivory half-cylinder showing … Minoan World. On the bows held by the two combatants in the chariot … Zeleia, lay on a foothill of the Trojan Ida. 173. … obtained by Pashley (Travels in Crete, ii, especially H. Balfour, On the Structure and

836

Clay Sealings and Documents relating to Arrows, from ' Armoury' … was a couchant lion, on some specimens counter- … Chests at a distance of 3 metres from one another. These … . ,111 • • 1 1 from 'Armoury'Deposit(en- … the Sixteenth-Century Cretan mountaineer signet and coupled with graffiti on the 0

837

Concluding Section of Tablet from 'Armoury' Deposit … the deposit, of which the latter half was preserved, Fig. 817, on which were … round numbers of both lots on the Knossian tablet may also suggest that

838

in number, from the contemporary ' Tomb of the Double Axes '.3 Fifteen … may be gathered from the occurrence of a specimen (unfortunately much … (P. of M., ii, Pt. I, p. 48 seqq.), one of the one from the similar grave, No. 6, 0 … suggested (Tsountas and Manatt, Myc. Age, this type from the ' Hunter's Grave' (•**■ ;'

839

known from … among a score of bronze plates from the ' Tomb … average length of the stemless class from 3-5 to 4 centimetres (c. if to … (Archaeobgia), 1932, p. 1S7) that a barbed on the same page (£. S. A., he. cit., p. 78), that … »Pa.t from this, the idea that this form of … metres. One from the Kalkani cemetery

840

On the other hand, the two small holes visible just above the fork of the ba 1 … What, from its relatively short shaft, must be regarded as a javelin or

841

ranks of foot soldiers on ' Miniature' fresco … On a miniature fragment of the same Spears … work on the Mycenae Tombs,5 and in this place it may therefore be sufficient

842

Types of Bronze Spear-heads in Vogue at Knossos in the Last Palace … Fig. 82). Bronze Spear-heads from Grave XX, Mochlos : M. M. III. … seen on many later examples as well as the encircling ring, which sometimes … 2 From Gillieron's restoration of this spear-

843

Fig. 822. Bronze Spear-head from Grave VI at Mycenae. … known as ' burning on '. (See Sir John Evans, … small frieze of lilies of M. M. Ill date from

844

butt end of the socket of a spear-head of similar type from a more or less … lance-head from this intermentl gives a good example of the more imperfect … slight facets (see Fig. 825). On the whole this must be regarded as a very … Cyprus), but these seem to disappear from … on the other hand, the incipient socket also

845

Of the three principal sword-types of the last period of the Palace, here … Bronze Dagger from Psychro Cave. … relation to a thick-stemmed dagger-type, of which a late version from the … of Middle Empire tradition to date from the earlier phase of M.M. III. … must, from certain interrelations visible with New Empire Egypt,2 come … examples.

846

Fig. 827. Remains of Bronze Rapiers (a, li) and Inlaid Brown Limestone Bowl from … represented by the limestone pot from the dromosol the ' Atreus' Tomb.4 It … 1 From a photograph kindly sent me by

847

tern of this class from Shaft Grave V (Fig. 828 a). … Fig. 828. Rapier Types from Shaft Graves, Mycenae. (See A. E., Shaft … tang, occurred,2 resembling a specimen (No. 771) from Grave V at Mycenae, … guard. It is sometimes nearly a metre long—one from the 'Chieftain's swcmis.

848

from dag- … margin of the blade such as the example from the smaller Tholos at … ger-blade from Lasithi … Fig. S30. Sword from Fifth Shaft Grave, Mycenae : Transitional to ' Horned ' Type. … to the fully developed 'homed' type is supplied by Fig. S30 from the Fifth … hilt-plate from Grave V (Fig. 831) gives a good illustration of this feature in … for the inlaid dagger-blades from Mycenae see

849

teer on the early stela from the … cernible in scenes of combat on … The first actual specimen of the kind from Knossos occurred in an … on seal- … ' E.g., the gold signet-ring from Grave IV … years since from their owner, are now in the … from … from Zafer

850

Fig. 833. ' Horned' Type of Dagger from Sixth Shaft … Papoura, belonging to about the close of the Palace period > (Fig. S34. a, 6, c).

851

The most characteristic of the late Palace sword-types is that to which 'Cruci- … given from the pro- isticof … Fig. S35. Sword Type, L. M. la, from Gournia: … The ' cruciform ' type is not represented among the swords from the Not found … general type as that represented by the early inlaid dagger from Lasithi,3 but … swords—in the Shaft Graves of Mycenae, makes its appearance on that site form ty|)e … "is there classed as the typical'short sword', from the Gournia plate, but from a bad

852

Among- many interesting relics from this interment—including n0U … stage of the ' Palace Style'. … is specially important from its … The pale faience of the hilt-blade itself answers to the Palace fabric, … 1 Palace Style' Amphora. … their place at the head of the ' Palace Style' … on the acropolis of Mycenae, but the evidence

853

Apart from the evidence supplied by this sepulchral group, and one or 'Cruci- … Fio-. 836, as well as on the ' Sword Tablets' themselves.4 … chests, and had evidently been precipitated on to the level on which they … (with pommel), No. 42, p. 59 seqq., 1. 58 cm., s The form of the ' man' sign on this

854

were found from a store-room immediately above, overlooking the Sour] … plaster floor, on which these … from the Deposit beneath the later pavement of the Eighteenth Magazine,- … may be gathered from some fragmentary remains found at about the same

855

Fig. 838. Specimens from Deposit of ' Sword Tablets'. … the 'cruciform' type. As in the case of the faience example from the

856

INSCRIPTIONS ON 'SWORD TABLETS' … ancl^', found with the others, it will be seen that the inscriptions fit on t … On the other hand, we must clearly recognize in the group -F V in … types on … Types of Swords represented on Tablets. … In two varieties of Type is, on the other hand, the blades of which

857

SWORD TYPES ON TABLETS: LEAF-SHAPED FORM S57 … It may be observed, however, in this connexion, that a dagger blade from … Sword Types on Tablets. … Such stores of arms that may have rested within the Palace at the … " See my remarks, Preh. Tombs of Knossos, lets found in the ' Little Palace' were inscribed … inclined, chiefly on the ground of the leaf:

858

from the quite unique Temple Tomb and the corbelled vaults in the style … regions, as, notably, Cyprus, from the earliest metal age. … i, pp. 522, 523. The unfavourable action of on which occasions the more valuable ret

859

Fit;. 841. Group of Swords and Daggers from the Zafer Papoura Cemetery, Knossos. … later tombs of Mycenae. A group of swords and daggers from this cemetery … of the I ripod Hearth ' at Zafer Papoura which, from its size and stores of

860

examples of this class (Figs. 842, 843), that … cut—were laid, as shown in Fig. 844, on a … richly embossed gold-plates on its hilt.

861

military rank—seem to have been looked on as being immovable as the … we already see an illustration on the engraved Middle Minoan blade.1

862

Sword. gathered from more than one pictorial and sculptural record. 1 he Priest- … on the Hagia Triada Cup.2 In the case of the Chieftain's Grave the neck- … Crete and on the Mainland side- The … referred to p. 852, n. 1 above (cf./ //. 5., xxiv, is taken over on to plaques of glass paste.

863

•Domestic Quarter' of the Palace." exa™Ple horn a fneze of the … Fig. 59. » The longest sword from the Mycenae

864

from Fig. 819, a, i, … asimilarweapon from … examples of the ' horned … from 'Chieftain's Grave', showing Gold-

865

compartments. On these are successively … available on either side of its more or less … On each … Sword from Shaft Crave,

867

It is to be noted that on the 'Armoury' tablets, … sign which, in a semi-pictorial form, already appears on inscribed clay bars of … Fig. 856; Sf.aling from … which are the lineal predecessors of the helmet seen on the porcelain relief … is seen on a, Zakro sealing (Fig. 854) beside a fantastic'female bust with

868

and Horse-hair Plume. On … sentations of helmets—already occur on another … the head-piece seen on the Zakro sealing, Fig. 854

869

BOARS' TUSKS ON HELMETS … of these Late Minoan helmets from Mycenae2 is … Boar-hunting itself, as we see from the en- Sections of BoarsTusks, … if on the Island the quarry there pursued, with highly perfected weapons, … frequent, including the Tiryns fresco, and ' pig-sticking' episodes on seal … the boars' teeth so clearly represented on the other example. … very closely dependent on those of the ' Palace

870

870 HELMET SET WITH BOARS' TUSKS FROM MYCENAE … rior's Head from Mycenae, show- … Tusks Section from … indeed, examples of incipient intrusion of Minoan fashions among the

871

HELLADIC FASHION BORROWED FROM MINOAN 87, … that time available, rightly insisted on the … Fig. 863. Painted Goblet from Tomb 5,

The Latest Palatial Age of Knossos (L.M. Ib-L.M. II)

872

Seismic catastrophe towards close of L.M. Is.; Palace restored in … X VII IIh Dynasty derivatives; Ceiling fragment with, lotus relief from … character of New Rdgime; Signs of destruction on other Cretan sites and … by the rise of the ' Palace Style' out of the much more widely distributed … L.M. la. Rebuilding' that had followed on to the still greater ruin in the mature stage

873

In the Palace, as now restored round about 1500 n.c, the earliest Palace … intimate—it is necessary therefore to glance at the Palace as it had taken … M. M. Ill b Period was drastic in character, and the interior plan of the from … for the later ' Stepped Porch', leading up from the Court to the Central features

874

874 SURVIVAL FROM ' GREAT REBUILDING' OF M. M. Ill b … western part of the slope from the viaduct beyond. … reliefs. Palace, certain splendid features in its decoration, executed in relief in … Portico, and those, belonging mainly to agonistic scenes, from the East Hall. … spiral ceilings, with their ' rosettes', derived from the conventional facing lotus … examples * … Orclio- -pne transference of similar schemes to stucco friezes painted on the … Hall' reliefs. The other, somewhat more Minoan reaction on Egypt, it does not seem … of New Empire influences on M. M. Ill * Art ' Tiryns, ii, PI. V, and p. 47 seqq.

875

from the Early Palace, are closely paralleled at Mycenae l and again by i„ the … Palace at Knossos. Of these, Fig. 865 2 is almost exactly reproduced by the … (from Palace, Mycenae) of section of frieze: … earlier Palace at Tiryns, but possibly by the … pared with the Tiryns fragments that from

876

1 For a (from Tiryns) see Rodenwaldt', he. "- 'Phis strikingly confirms Rodenwaldts

877

wjth the initial stage of the Palace as restored towards 1500 B.C., and … Palace. … Fig. 8CS. Conventional ' Buds ' on Border Bands of ' Palmette' Friezes : … on the Avails of the basement halls and passages of the ' Domestic Quarter '. … and decorative sprays derived from lotus and papyrus had found their … have been part of the Palace as restored at the

878

Quarter' this slabbing had largely survived to the last clays of the Palace … system in which the painted designs started from the pavement level, as … That a very real catastrophe befell the Palace of the ' Great Rebuild- … with the terrace level below. From beneath the ' East Stairs', thus called

879

identical with that of the Porch leading up West from the Central Court to … vases of the mature L. M. I a class on an earlier pavement,3 and the same … deposits—extended over practically the whole Palace area with the signi- … Court on that side, which is shown by con- has, doubtless, destroyed important links in … of the ■ Great Rebuilding' of M. M. III/'. The ■ Sec on this Part I, above, p. 3 seqq. … have been some stepped approach on this side pottery was in a layer below the ' Sword

880

8So EGYPTIAN INFLUENCE ON LATER ART AT KNOSSOS … was wholly revolutionized, as will be shown, in the last days of the Palace … gem-engravers' Art, and as the examples of ' Palace Style' of Vase painting … reaction of influences from New Empire Egypt. … EgJ'P'- Grandiose conceptions, however, also came from that side, as is best … Hasan. In the L. M. I b Palace the direct relationship of the ' Procession … Pharaoh's officers, in the same manner as on the Palace walls they carry … L It is here assumed that the Miniature forms preserved in the reconstructed Palace … foundations of the new facade on the Central ' rococo' element in which is stressed, were

881

bv the opening of the Fifteenth Century B.C., to which date on various … and Propyiaea, but had extended to the whole of the piano nobile on that yCllAm?j" … placed a Processional scheme on the Grand Staircase. … Minoan 8-shaped shield with a spiral band already appears on a remarkable on L.M- … some painted clay braziers from Hagia Triada belonging to the latest … other L. M. I b connexions this form of shield was in fact common on the … 1 P. ofM., ii, Pt. II, pp. 736-S. • P. of Jlf., iii, p. 312, Fig. 200 (from … See above, Pt I, p. 355 seqq.and Fig. 301. fragment of a similar vessel from Phylakopi … fogia, vol. I.XV), p. 27,Fig. 37,«andcf. PI.IV. Was' motive 0CLMA6. It occurs on a

882

a fine 'amphora', now fully restored, from the borders of the ' North-West … In the well-protected basement chambers on this side the earlier … Signs of Religious Influences, Egyptian and Syrian, on the ' New Era ': … Ta-urt in her astral relation on a ceiling of Senmut's Tomb :i—otherwise so … robes of Oriental fashion that also characterize certain princely figures on … - Examples can be cited of earlier date … ' E.g. on the handle of the bronze hydrui

883

o-iberdine and borne aloft on his sedia gestatoria by priestly acolytes in … lution of the L. M. II.' Palace Style'. The detailed evidence that we possess s>'stem- … development throughout this latest chapter in the Palace history. From the on vases, … of another. 'It will be seen that the earliest examples of the L. M. II

884

' Palace Style' in vase-painting were simply evolved out of those of the … Deposit' South-West Corner of the Palace, and which seem to stand in relation to … growth. But from the selection of sherds shown in Fig. 301 3 it will be … examples that occur on tablets of Class A, and parallel with it as regards … The earliest specimens of tablets found in the Palace with inscriptions … the .decorative'designs seen on p. 282, Fig. 216, taken of the tablets which had suffered fro"1

885

SIGNS OF DESTRUCTION ON OTHER SITES 885 … qo chariot bodies, a consignment of fifty swords is recorded on another, … Contemporary rulers, either on the borders of the great Mesara plain … from the significant break that now reveals itself in the history of other 0,hcr … on the ship—an eloquent reference to sea-transport—is itself a highly

886

e Captain of the Blacks'-here reproduced in Fig. 869-which, from

887

PID 'MINOS IV USE BLACK TROOPS ON MAINLAND? 887 … iieo-ro bands were actually employed in Minoan military enterprises on the … at this time on the part of the Priest-kings in that direction. The intra- 3s to … ported from the opposite Tripolitan coast is of L. M. I. Good evidence of this, indeed, … p. 308 seqq. and Figs. 22S, 230.) eluding tabular and 'bi-tabular' examples of … paste ornament on the floor of the Beehive been shown above to have early associations,

888

WORK OF RENOVATION IN PALACE … in Palace. … despotic dynasty, by this time firmly established on the throne of Knossos. … hardly to leave a trace. A wholly new block was set up on -a, tabula rasa. … Quarter were found. The 'Lobby of the Wooden Posts' opening on the … just outside was chock-full of it. The plaster on the North wall of this

889

-unnin°" West from it, and again, in the ' Hall of the Double Axes', there … West Corridor, bordering the ' Hall of the Double Axes' on the North, in … fallen on the floor of this Upper Corridor, sinking with it below its

891

coves of the Island, often a few feet distant from the sea margin.

892

was superposed on a dado showing a coloured imitation of the veins of … than in the latest epoch of the Palace. Among works of this kind belong- … been now raised to the level of the restored pavement from which, as in

893

the bull rests on a low dado band depicting the waved striations of stone- Aens™' … ceramic motive on 'am- … rangement of a low dado copied from the grain of various stones in the

894

but an idea of the original effect is given in Fig. 873, from a sketch bv … field above, the fore-foot of a galloping bull, while on a separate piece, … fact that the painted panels alternated from brought out.

895

the Court, date from the latest stage of the building. In a more decorative … whether seen on dadoes or floors, whether found in Crete or the ' Main- … Jahrb. d. d'Areh. Ins/., 1919 (from notes taken the first layer round the hearth which shows

896

74. Painted Stucco Dado from East Palace Border showing … Here, on the upper level, only very slightly sunken and with its uppef

897

f rence (F.i°". 875 <z, <$). Its walls thickened from 6 cm. at the neck to 17 cm. … decorated on their outer sides with the same spiraliform band as the rim. … the more or less contemporary alabaster frieze from the vestibule of the … added may be inferred both from the apparently incompleted moulding- of … °f the same kind found beside it on the floor of the ' Workshop' (Fig. 876). amphora.

898

Fie 875 a. Alabaster < Amphora ' from ' Sculptor's Workshop '.

899

LARGE 'AMPHORA' FROM ' SCULPTOR'S … Fig. 875 b. Alabaster ' Amphora ' from ' Sculptor's Workshop ': Upper View. … the Palace precincts, such as has been already traced in the case of the

900

900 UNFINISHED 'AMPHORA' ON WORKSHOP FLOOR … The unfinished state of the stone ' amphoras' on the workshop floor

Last Palatial Age. The 'Room of the Throne'

901

Indications of existence of clerestory over basin; Relics precipitated from … from ' Loggia'; Crystal plaques of gaming boards and caskets—plaque with … extracting oil; Fallen casket 'with faience disks ; A Iphabelifor/11 signs on disks ; … drawn there is no parallel within the Palace area. The structures that here

902a

not here a question of engrafting on to an existing system or of raisino- a ne … that some data bearing on the chronological place of the new structure … distinctive. The general conclusion resulting from these finds is that the … fact that no vases or other relics of value were hit on, the work was broken on-

902b

Fig. 877. Ground Plan of Block containing Throne Room System and Service Suite together with Notes on Finds and Details.

903

the throne itself saved from probable deportation.

904

in the well-defined form in which it frequently recurs on the earliest ba … between this corner-piece of the old facade line and its continuation on the … wash on the pilastered face of the seat below. (Cf. Suppl. PI. LXIII-) … were also traces of the same ' marbled' band as that on the opposite wall, … the original Western Entrance of the Palace Fig. 102, and ii, Pt. II, p. 661 secjq.

905

s rested on horizontal wooden beams, since carbonized. … additional interest from the con- … (10 ft. 6 in.) wide, with walls projecting on either side—that to the left … accompanied on the adjoining threshold slabs by the actual marks of the … l The benches on this side were slightly "■ See P. o/M., iii, p. 320, Fig. 213.

907

the plaster coating of the wall, while on either side of this, after a short

908

Above this basin, on three sides, the surrounding wall-sections were covered … its Ante chamber beyond, taken from the South-West, immediately after … Both the ' Room of the Throne' itself and that above looked out on to the … tared precipitated from this upper ' Loggia ' into the ' Lustral Basin ' below at the … floors, so that the master of the house sitting there on his seat of honour

910a

herself and her divine associates on the altar ledge beyond, in the other … which its head was directed. As can be seen from the coloured illustra- … Both this and the pendent papyrus spray on the neck—more literally … '' From Mr. Theodore Fyfe's drawing.

912

chrome charcoal-burner from the ' Temple … of ovals on the tentacles of the Argonaut, as … In one technical detail the Griffin as here … on a flat surface (see Fig. 886 a, b). That this … ,..... _ . _ . Picture Fresco and Bands on

913

Fig. 88G a, b. Hatched Shading on Lower Contours of Griffin : Anticipation … From the point of view of the History of Religion the fact that the … is of a compound class very early known on the … scenes in which lions take part—on the gold- … reappear on a hawk-lion from Beni-Hasan of Xllth Dynasty date (Fig, S88, a). … headed Monster on Gold

914

on a Zakro sealing,1 had the crested head of a long-beaked eagle. … Griffin is the very symbol of swift motion, often expressed—as on the dagger- … male consort. On the 'Ring of Nestor',3 a couchant lion, tended by the

915

1 here a winged Griffin is enthroned on the judgement seat. … On the North wall of the Chamber couchant and composite Griffins The^

917

The details of this seat of honour can be best understood from … from … sloping slightly back from the level of the back of the seat, so that the

918

wash were also found on the front and … away from the centre in two curves adapted for the … out from the pillars on either side and which, seen … the seat on both sides, for the convenience of the … 1 Compare the fiutings on the alabaster vase from the Treasury of the Central ba

919

good examples of these in relief combine to … the benches on the North … of Altar-bases on either

920

youthful long-robed figure on the seal-types … Chamber with the painted stucco designs on its walls as restored, showing … curved Altar-Bases on either … opened out by the doorway in its West side on the altar ledge of the small … placed here, had disappeared. A silver armlet and some goldfoil found on … but void of contents—opened into it on the North side. (See Plan, Fig. 877.) … Basin, led to a Magazine, later blocked, belonging to the Earlier Palace

922

from the Central Court and specially devoted to ceremonial usao-e by ti … Piano nobile region, including ultimately the Palace entrances to the South … angle of an important insula of the Early Palace, gave access in the first … which they were originally lit. By this means, even when the opening on … The upper chamber—so easily accessible—from that of the 1 hrone, … The numerous relics—obviously heirlooms from M. M. Ill—which, … miniature painting of the charging bull on the back of a crystal plaque. :

924

A 'PALACE PICTURE GALLERY' … of fresco designs from the site that could not be replaced—as has been feasible … from an extensive basement suite, which, though not connected with them

925

Ouarter by means of a small staircase running up from one of its back … displaced, there came to light on the plaster floor what must be regarded … example on the Kitchen floor beyond (see below, Fig. 899), raised only about … a better executed intaglio from Vatheia, East of … About 1-50 metres from its West wall and 1 metre

926

The 'Room of the Stone Drum' opens on its Western side upon an … In front and on a level with the seat was a low table rounded at one

928

Basin' from ' Loggia' above. … divided from the others by a chronological gap. … from" above the balustraded part of the ' Room of the Throne' itself. They may … —both plain, g and/, and ribbed, s—horizontally arranged on such tables, … p. 472"), and see p. 471 "seqq. pi. CLIII, where ten from this grave are re-

930

like the others, had doubtless been overlaid on the bright blue kyanos … Crystnl To what purpose disks like/, bossed on both sides, had been apnl' I … ingbulf charging bull painted in bright colours on its lower surface,1 may have been … brought to light, either in the Palace or in any other contemporary site. … described below as containing outlying remains from the same rich deposit, … from the Treasury Room of the Domestic Ouai'ter.3 It is clear that … p. 503, Fig. 227. A crystal knob from the Gillieron's drawing). Dr. Kara (Text, p. 2S4)

931

STAL FABRICS IN PALACE ATELIERS … Clearly the Palace ate-

932

from … from the primitive tholos tomb of … on to the square-headed class out … Minoan exam- … From the archaeological point of view it is of interest to observe that t ie … in relief already occurs on the gold-plated hilt * E.g., Kavo, Schachtgraber von My&" •

933

disks linked by diagonal bands seen here on die dagger belt answer to … may be recognized in the fragments, Fig. 905, here illustrated, from the same Tridacna … early in this work, of a stud of this material from the Middle Neolithic stratum … on their slate palettes, but though palettes similar to some of the primitive … Tiryns, so closely dependent on that of Knossos, pounded malachite first

934

further which in this case had fallen more directly from the floor above, was dis' … faience, or porcelaine tendre, from its style certainly of Egyptian fabric … this part of the deposit lay having preserved it from the treasure-seekers … the history of Art—is inseparable in many of its characteristic forms from … heritance from the Great Age. If, as it seems, these were stored in this … Palace, they were still available for the delectation or use of the Priest- … present adaptation of the loggia, from which they seem to have been

935

The ' Room of the Throne' that forms the centre of the Late Palace Throne of … of Knossos—at least on his secular side—has, with great probability, to be Quarter. … Ante-chamber there was room, in addition to the presiding dignitary on the … the passage-way leading West from the North corner entrance of the purpie

936

have originally stood, was on … The discovery of this gypsum ' font' in fact fits on to that of two other … New light has been shed on such lustral functions by the evidence … proclaiming her secular power (Fig. 907).4 The ' Young Prince ' on the … also seen in relief on a M. M. Ill b sherd.0

937

Sprinkler : on ' Flat Cylin- … the North-West of the Palace. Remains of … of a rudimentary form, lay on or near the … from the Lustral Basin of the ' Room of the Throne ', but we are justified in

938

CLAY OIL-bLASKS FROM LUSTRAL BASINS … on the pavement where five more had habitually stood (see Plan, Fig. S77). … as seen from above, recalling the huge unfinished 'amphora' from the … present examples was exceptionally well executed—the foliate borders ol … For the extraction of the oil from these vessels (so formed that pour; … The curious specimen from Sedment, p. 268,

939

ALABASTRA ON THRONE-ROOM FLOOR … Fig. 010. Specimens of the ' Alab.astra' set on the Pavement of■ ■ Room of the … A ladle appears, with a set of metal vessels, on a tablet of Class B.

940

940 FAIENCE PLAQUES FROM CASKET: FLOOR DEPOSIT … main groups in the space bordering on the bench of the balustrade … examples … showing on the face four, or in some cases three, segments of … on dark ware of the last Early Minoan Period, long … later on, a regular feature of XVIlIth Dynasty decoration. Techni- … for Ointment (from Va-

941

CRAFTSMEN'S SIGNS ON FAIENCE INLAYS … executed. The still later specimens from … on one or other class of Cretan inlays, … On the faience disks from … for Inlaying from ' Room of the … signs on … on such paste inlays from the … tendency. The following examples of numeration are associated with such … Fig. ill3. Incised Signs on Inlays from

942

It would seem that preparations were on foot for some anoint' … had been laid, though in a much crushed condition, with the ritual vases on … and limestone ' amphoras' were left unfinished on the floor. … and again caused a break in the Palace history. The violent projection ol … the Palace lords, and the armaments of which we have the records not

943

Ensuing Conflagration: Significant Smoke Marks on West Facade. … Section of West Facade Wall of Palace showing Smoke Stains on its … On the gypsum orthostats of the Western facade of the Palace there … the traces of smoke are visible for a space of several metres, starting from … even leftanhin reddish deposit on house-tops and terraces, and on the Palace

944

Sequel to the Catastrophe of the Palace. … Palace had stood for. Old Civilizations die hard. A falling off compared … Little Palace, they seem long to have preserved their supporting function. 1" … ofleismS f°rmer overthrows from which the energetic spirit of the Palace lords had

945

SUPREMACY ON MAINLAND SIDE MAINTAINED 945 … existed a religious ban on any further attempt to renew the building on the … now have been transferred to the Mainland side. The occurrence of' Palace Seat of … of Knossos had gained a partial dominion on that side. It would seem, perhaps, … At Mycenae itself we have the most cogent evidence that the Palace Knossian … was transferred on a smaller scale to Tiryns, and the gift-holding votaries &c. … fall of the Great Palace. Pari passu, moreover, with the diffusion of its Knossian … outgrowth'of the ' Palace Style ' plays the leading part in cutting short the aean'

946

Survival Apart from these manifold proofs of the survival and extension if … a fitting Epilogue to the Palace story. … Haematite Bead-seal (from Vatheia, E. of

Epilogue: Part I. The Royal signet-ring

947

action : Reticulated convention of sea-waves; Goddess reposing on these in … South of the Palace, about a kilometre from the ' Caravanserai' on Discovery … up his father's midday meal, noticed a bright object on the tilled earth … hoop corresponding in every detail with that of the ' Ring of Nestor from identical … lhe ring was purchased from the finder's an oblique manner, is to ' lay up treasure' for

949

Fig. 916. Intaglio Design on … The parallelism shown by the arrangement of the design on the … same vivacious style, reminiscent of the seated ladies on the Grand Stand … design. On the other hand, the ' Ring of Nestor' exhibits more numerous … of the same L. M. I phase,3 with its fine earlier traditions, to which, from

950

Fig. 917. Intaglio Design on ' R,ng of Minos ': enlarged (c. f). … Suycof lhe object on ,he bezel of the rin.rm^lv.1 ' n . ••, ,1 … Se f' ^-on's Rawing, Fig. 917-SnlUtd '"] SUPPh PL LXV ^

951

later sanctuary to the left. On the projecting ledge tttar … refection from a small male attendant who has pulled … within a pillar shrine on the adjoining rocky knoll, … waves bears on its fore-part a higher and a lower … body of some kind of monster, clearly based on the little ' sea-horse' {Hippo- … on ' Ring op Minos ': en-

952

Fig. 919. Gold Signet-ring from … On a smaller gold signet-ring from … been noted on a seal type from the … 1 See P. of M., ii, Pt. I, p. 250, lug. 1-17 discovered signet. The scene on the Mochlos

953

oils of Skylla herself were certainly borrowed from it.1 Its contributions … that the bark on which the Goddess … we learn from the ' Ring of Minos ', … prow, is the design on another gold signet-ring found near Candia, Fig. 923,

954

and very probably from the harbour town of Knossos.1 Here the Goddess … one hand on the wrist of his flounced consort … on the above signets must be regarded as … before us there three separate scenes, in the resting on Edge of Altar-base, … , • . , ... ..,.„, . from Monsieur E. Gillierons … figure that appears on this, pulling down the branch for divine refection, may … legs on the edge of the sanctuary platform, and with the long tresses falling … similar shelter on board a vessel. No religious

955

„°„rf those from the late Shrine of the Double Axes on the Palace site,1 ant! … from much earlier images such as those of the Cycladic class. Elsewhere, … Amone the characteristic elements in the details of the intaglio on Reticu- … a reticulated aspect, like a pattern on the robes of the ' Ladies in Blue V

956

956 THE MINOAN GODDESS REPOSING ON THE WAVES … and wearing, it would seem, her triple tiara, on a seal impression found in an … shrine appears on the sea-girt head- … of Hagia Pelagia, had survived on … have selected no fitter design than that before us as the subject of the … Fig. 925. Seal Impression from

Epilogue: Part II.

957

the discovery of the Ring directly led on the site of Knossos. … Athens to select the captive boys and girls, on his return voyage had J^"^" … order to test the claim takes off his signet-ring from his finger and casts it … The story was illustrated in one of the paintings of Mikon on the … The main features of the story are here from the recently discovered papyrus (see Sir

958

Theseus 901s Vase', by Kleitias and Ergotimos. On none of the vase paintings … From the point of view of Ancient Religion the most suggestive … Minoan Britomartis) from the sea cliff. Certainly, from an artist's point of view, the … its material prototype in the Dove Goblet from the Fourth Shaft Grave at … elusion that the ring episode, on which is 3 A. E., Minoan, &°c, Element in Bedhnli

959

picturesque and finely engraved design on the recently emerged signet that … To him was due a long epic on 'Minos and Rhadamanthos' and, though … linear script came to light in the Palace archives at Knossos. What more

960

the central Shrine in the great Minoan Palace ? … t,on- the story of whose treachery in pushing him into a bath' of boilino- hot … another —that brought out at Isopata, at some distance from the Palace, on a height … The new light, indeed, thrown on the Isopata Tomb by the ' Royal … researches, from r<Sgr onwards, has itself been here an archaeological proof that there was in … my Prch. Tombs of Knossos (Archaeolo^ia, lix, " Diod., 1. iv, c. 79, 3. Later on (op. at., c. 79, … genous fabric, are derivatives from good s Diod., 1. v, c. 77, 5.

961

T nbs ' discovered by Professor Schaefer on the North Syrian Coast—the Hopes … tl at it was specially designed to stand in relation to a ritual cult on the S"^0' … covery in the glen above the Palace site (see Fig. 927) of an actual … The Eteocretan traditions on which the historian drew prove once

Epilogue: Part III. Discovery of the Temple Tomb

962a

entrance from paved roof terrace; Traces of red painted stucco on walls ■ … stone vessels from Knossos ; Religious connexion with Delta ; Knossos solitary … byfindino looked in succession by two rocky headlands, the detritus from these … knossos. decided me to organize a massed attack on the position for the ensuing

963

Fig. 927 te. Painted Sherds from Cache: L.M.I a. (SEEP.964.) … imitated on one or two of the gold beads, answers to a type that comes into

964

Paste Beads from Sepulchral Chamber … Palace, and, as shown below, … XVIIIth Dynasty burials, and which are themselves derived from an … type of paste beads which stand in close relation to the bead from the present

965

■ mediately beneath the rocky steep of the second headland. On sinking … on both sides, giving the outline of a quadrangular structure the upper part … in Minos' honour on the Sicilian shore.3 … roof basement. From the terrace of this, paved with green schist slabs, it … subsequent excavation, this roof terrace itself stood in connexion on one side from, … with an inner staircase leading down to the basement floor, and on the other roof

967

constructed of large roughly hewn blocks, having on its North and South … remains of which belonging to the lower pat of the str on

968

by the position on the hill-side all trace of this and of the upper part of the

969

Fig. 932. Isometric Drawing, looking downwards from the North-East

970

recovered from the clear-cut sockets visible at two levels in the surroundino- … were inserted in spaces left between blocks high up on the lower walls. In … the beams and rafters above halls and pillar-rooms in the Palace itself as … beams and shafts of columns in the Palace and elsewhere. … possible five metres in width from East to West and in the other direction … The pillars were just two and a half metres in height, and on that to the East … beyond gives access to the basement Entrance Hall, on the South side 01

971

ance on the faces of a large number of the blocks that formed the surrounding … religious character of which is here clearly denoted. Outstanding examples … on blocks:

973

Temple Tomb have been painted on the stucco facing of the pillars.1 … About 1 ■ 1 s metres from this the masonry of the North Wall showed a s,cin''~ … It was impossible to doubt that we had here hit on the counterpart to in Sicily. … resting-place of the Minos who had met his fate on the Sicilian shore. … the neighbouring Palace Sanctuary. … 'he axe on the pillar may have also been p. 3S6, and p. 389, Fig. 223.

974

seen from … 974 EXCAVATIONS OF ROCK-CUT CHAMBER FROM ABOVE … of the vault it would be necessary to open it from above. This method, now … Fig. 935 gives a view of the rock-chamber from above at the time … from disturbance by radiating struts. The upper edges of the gypsum … be gathered from Mr. Piet de Jong's plan and elevation (in cover). It … rested on the top of the pillar, crossing the vault from North to South, and this

975

Monument itself, dated from the closing phaseof M. M. Ill b, is attested by

976

976 M.M. Ill b VESSELS FROM ROCK CHAMBER … Fig. 93G. M. M. \\\b Vessels from Rock Chamber. … • L M '" C"k' *»* OMVK be t fti' • ' '■, ""e Pf *i last examples

977

the timber framework that minimized the danger of falls from the rock pillar … chamber above. As in the case of other Minoan examples, these ' Pillars

978

- SunL A^^^?^I^ Chamber seen FROm Entrance showing part

980

' Cupped Block ' of Igneous Rock from Temple Tome, of Prehistoric … white limestone from the late prehistoric deposit of Hierakonpolis … distinguished from the historic Egyptians by

981

the specimens from the Mesara ossuaries, e,

982

It will be seen from Fig. 940, c, that a parallel type in clay from … surface of the block, and this feature is repeated on the brown alabaster … grave of the same approximate epoch as that from … Cretan derivatives from this old Nilotic class and show … Egyptian fabric, older indeed in style than that from Hierakonpolis. … exemplified on the site of Knossos, of a vessel that may have largely owed … descendants of pre-dynastic types. From these resemblances—as indeed … No. 1877 : ' from Upper Egypt'. … '' That this influence extended from

983

the Libyan Sea had existed from a still more remote epoch. As singular EOT"an … on the Minoan signet scene where votaries bring offerings of reeds to the

984

betimes to Egypt, though itself on the Northern shore of Crete, is already … early dynastic type in the sub-Neolithic house referred to above. From the … The base of a porphyry bowl from this stratum shows a moulded base … not later than the Second Dynasty. Others, dating from the earliest … yet come to light either in the Palace sites of Phaestos or Mallia or in any- … a similar image from Naqada is set beside it. … 1 One was found in an Early Palace wall. … fragments were from the early ' dumping area ,

985

able from those discovered in the tomb of King- Sneferu of the IVth … especially when we have to deal with a whole series—dates from the epoch … p. 200 seqq., an article on Stone Vessels found … all the examples are of the round-bottomed … reasonable to claim as an import from pre- … palatial dumping ground N.-W. of the Palace … Egyptian models depends on a whole group

986

Was there an Early Settlement from the Delta in Southern Crete ? … The physiognomy of the earlier prince on the M. M. Ill seal impressions … solitary skull from the sepulchral chamber of the Temple Tomb itself shows … Dynasty, religious tradition from that side, to which the dual character of the Temple … on Minoan sites both of Crete and Mainland '■' Cf. P. of M., i, p. 7, and note 2, and

987

, 5iiephefd of the People', as we see from the signary of Class B now … Base below, of a Late Pre-dynastic Class : from Early Dumping Ground

Epilogue: Part IV.

988

Guardian from inner Staircase; Exterior connexions of Monument with … terrace vantage ground for spectators; Flower vases placed on roof terrace ; … Ivory comb; Cylindrical alabaster vase; Large globular vessel of 'Palace … toy vases); Skeletons originally on floor or in coffins; Pit for relics paralleled … from palm-leaves; Traces of Snake Cult—small ' milk-jugs' on roof terrace

989

sponds with that of a considerable destruction in the Palace itself, best … destruction, human remains were sedulously removed from within the … ' House of the Sacrificed Oxen'—as in that bordering on it, overwhelmed … s See on this P. ofM., ii, Pt. I, pp. 313, 314.

990

a section of the Palace. We may infer that in the covered parts of the … between this catastrophe and the setting on foot of the work of clearance … laid on the flat surface of schist slabs that had fallen from the roof terrace … Palace of the Rectors was destroyed at the - No walling was found between the Eastern … together with the Rector were killed (Appen- enclosed on three sides.

992

is shown by the socket that now appears on the inner face, but which was … Mia"™ "' 's ^me> however, to turn from the Pillar Crypt—shown in Fig. 934 … This and the adjoining Sepulchral Chamber were approached from a … from quarries at Rogdhea, West of Candia.1 … th Inner Hall was faced by its main entrance opening on a deep walled recess … ] Some lacunas have been made up from this source.

993

- vav as well as that to the left of the nearer doorway leading from the … door leading into it from the … was locked from within as … it on the inside. As this has the appearance of being the only access from

994

there then some means of access, such as a ladder and trap-door, from the … . 945. View looking out from Inner Hall on Paved Court and Column of Restored … PoSsi. leading to the inner staircase and thus to the Roof Terrace, since from this

995

loht have made his way out by this means, securing the door from … Fig. 946- Primitive Bronze Key or Locking-pin from Basement Entrance. … projecting bastions on either side … axe sign—there were still visible on … with the main line of communication both as regards the Palace and the nexions

996

St?' t'la,: a narrower anc' more private line of paved road led directly from the

997

BIRD'S-EYE VIEW FROM NORTH-EAST … visible, from which twelve steps, ^^^^^M *n oblong r«-

998

paved area stepping up to the roof terrace, on the West side of which three … from en- … Pavilion, which on that side looked out on the little Court. The Gallery

999

the extract given in Fig. 950 from Mr. de Jong's fuller Plan.1 Rock-cut … to the sepulchral side of the cults, the devotee descended left from the aridpaved … of this, looking East on the rocky steep beyond the Kairatos stream and … Court which it flanks on its Eastern side. The depth of this small Court,

1000

Fig. 951. The Pavilion, as restored, seen from the West, with 'Bridge' of … vault and on the occasion of memorial celebrations. It was well fitted for

1002

on roof … on fres- … Area' of the Palace. A general idea of these terrace-levels surrounding … Principally on the border near the 'entrance platform' there appeared … that, by the M. M. Ill Period, broad flower stands on a much larger scale … spring in the inlaid design on a Vapheio Cup, and which, to a Minoan,

1004

from Sepulchral Deposit. (|) … objects already well known from Minoan tombs both of Crete and of

1005

oain on an ivory comb from the Spata tholos,1 forming part of a rosette, … which also recurs in a similar manner on another from the Sixth Stratum at … another ivory comb, from the same beehive … provenance is more probable, from its female

1006

LIZARDS ON PALAIKASTRO COMB … Fig. 956. Ivory Comb with Two Interlocked Lizards, from Palaikastro

1007

Fio'. 959, already reproduced above,1 since it presents on its upper Large … be an intrusion from the vessels … to infer from the mature form of … eye on Fig. 960 as compared with the large … vase (c. 7 cm. high), the decoration on

1008

mains that came to light on the floor-level, just outside the entrance to the … Palace Style: Side View. Sepulchral Deposit … beside pit, fragments occurred on the surface level in the adjoining corner of the vault.

1009

walled partition described above, that had been formed on the South

1010

Fig. 961. Miniature Vases (Children's Toys) from Sepulchral … and the skull exactly corresponds with other skulls from the same Cretan … ship was different from that illustrated by the Zafer Papoura Tomb above … have eaten pretty hard tack at some long period they ate. One finds similar wear on the teeth

1011

INCENSE-BURNERS ON FLOOR OF TOMB ion … 01 Ule on floor or … certain vessels found outside the actual cavity on the floor-level had from the … sponds with one that still contained the charcoal from the Chamber Tomb, … The vessels from the 'Temple Tomb', however, though of the same lncense- … were both covered with an imperfectly fixed coloured decoration, found on painted … from which the oil of terpentine had mostly

1012a

tion on … apparently of floral designs > on the white ground wash of its exterior. … Fig. 962. Incense-burners with Polychrome Decoration : on Floor of

1012b

a and b :, 2, CEREMONIAL INCENSE BURNER, FROM ^K-CUT ^_EL_AMARNA

1013

teristic feature recurs on … scheme appears on pottery … the cattle sporting on the … from a rendering of palm-leaves that already appears in the polychrome foliage'

1014

fumes sweet as those of incense might be diffused from it. … small of other pillar crypts it would naturally connect itself with the Goddess on … West wall of the Palace. … which, springing behind from the rim, had in both cases only survived in … 1 See P. uf'M., i, p. 500. Fig. 358 is here '' Examples of these, slightly variant in the

1015

the Monument. as were used for feeding Household Snakes. From Roof … catastrophe of the Palace itself. An elderly man and a child are in them-

1016

highly probable. On. the whole it seems natural to infer that the persons … victims of the seismic ruin that closed the Palace story. … offertory vases dated by their style from the closing phase of L. M. II to … inner sepulchral chamber itself, on the floor of the space left open as a … remains were so abundantly forthcoming on the outskirts of what seems to … Palace itself.

1017

the final catastrophe of the Great Palace. Already there are marks of pro- … , Bowls, and Stemmed Goblets from 'Temple Tomb', belonging

1018

that this monument of ancient piety owes its rescue from the long Night of … Lentoid dating from the Earliest Phase of

Supplementary plates LIII-LXIX

1024

Pithos from Magazine VI of a Late Type

1025

with Basket-type from Kordofan

1028

Tablet inscribed on both Faces with Lists oi

1030

ON ORftKqE,

1031

noan), from Temple Tomb. … on Alabaster Slab of Sepulchral

1032

Fresco from Mansion at Amnisos, the Eastern Haven

1033

Fresco from Mansion at Amnisos, the Eastern Haven

1035

From the Excavations of Prof. K.

OCR fulltext

Information about OCR text

TYPE ADOPTED BY PHOENICIANS 535

formed of faience of the Cypro-Minoan class,1 and a vessel in the shape of
a woman's head,2 of the same fabric—probably even by the same hand—as
similar vessels from Enkomi, will be found to have a much wider context.

c. 486. Decadent Type of Lion
ing down Bull on Seal Impres-
: Little Palace, Knossos.

Fig. 487. Two Lions attacking
Bull: Seal Impression, Archives De-
posit, Knossos.

That the lion and bull type was taken over by the Phoenicians in a Minoan
religious connexion is clear by its later emergence on the coins of Byblos bull type
(Gebal),3 whose Adonis cult, coupled with the local Astarte, bears a certain ""j^"1'
relationship to that of the Minoan world.'1 A supplement to this is supplied from
by the much earlier example of this scheme, here for the first time repro-
duced, on a crystal scarab from Beirut (Fig. 48S).5 The prey in this case is
a cow, suckling a calf. The lion seizes the cow from behind, throwing on her
his full weight, and with one leg resting- on her hindmost hoof. The other

1 Andrae, Die arcMishe Ischtar- Tempel. in
Assur (S. 20176); Hall, J.H.S., xlviii (1928),
p. 71, Big. 5. It very closely approaches a
detachable form of ' rhyton' top that appears
in marble-like stone at Knossos in L. M. I b
(c. 1500-1450 B.C.). See P. of M., ii, p. 224,
lug. 129, 17. This is a remarkably early
starting-point for the Cypro-Minoan faience
series to which the Ashur specimen un-
questionably belongs.

* Andrae, Farbige, Keramik cms Assur,
U923), P- 1 seqq. and cf. Hall, The Civiliza-
tion of Greece in the Bronze Age (192 7),
pp. 225-7, Figs. 299, 300, and, for the close
connexion of this Ashur faience with Cyprus,

/■U.S., xlviii (1928), p. 64 seqq.: Minoan
Faience in Mesopotamia, q'he woman's bead
was found in the Temple of Ishtar of the time
of Tukulti-Enurta I (c. 1260-123S B.C.).

3 Babelon, Cat.de la BibliothhpieNationalc:
Perses Ache'me'nides, PI. XXVI, 12 &c. (Coins
of King Flpaal, c. 360 B.C.), his successors.
Cf., too, P.M. Cat. Phoenicia, Pl.XLI (Supple-
mentary).

' See P. of M., iii, pp. 473, 474 and my
'Frazer Lecture', 1931: The Earlier Religion of
Greece, pp. 41, 42.

' In my Collection since 1S94, hitherto
unpublished.

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