Frobenius, Leo: Prehistoric rock pictures in Europe and Africa: from material in the archives of the Research Institute for the Morphology of Civilization, Frankfort-on-Main (New York: Museum of Modern Art, 1937)

we have the small, lively compositions from the rock shelters of
Eastern Spain, mostly monochromes which deal with human beings
and which, when they show animals at all, show them in action.
Movement and a feeling for composition are the main charac-
teristics of the East Spanish or levant paintings. The levant and
francocantabrian schools are contemporaneous, the products of two
cultures which existed side by side for thousands of years, each with
its own customs, its own weapons and its own style. The stone arti-
facts of the levant culture are African, those of the francocantabrian,
Central European. The levant paintings are often hard to tell apart
from those of the Libyan Desert. On the other hand, in Africa, we
find elements of the francocantabrian schools in the monumental rock
pictures of animals in the Sahara Atlas, while elements of both cul-
tures are to be found in the engravings of Fezzan (Central North
Africa) and the paintings of the South African Union.
In Northwestern Spain, in the province of Galicia, there are rock
pictures which fit into neither the francocantabrian nor the levant
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