DOI Seite / Zitierlink:
https://doi.org/10.11588/diglit.16632#0017
XIV
History of Garden Art
PAGE
open—The emperor's villa on the Lake of Albano—Hadrian's villa at Tivoli—Old Italian and Greek
houses—Pompeii: the house of Sallust, of Epidius Rufus, of Pansa, of the Silver Wedding, of the Vettii, of
Diomedes—Balcony-gardens at Rome—African villas—Mosaics—Baths of Pompeianus—Women's
gardens—Villas in the northern provinces—Poem of Ausonius on the Moseile—Villas at Metz,
Ruhling, Ulrich, Teting—Villas on the Rhine: Wittlich, Welschbillig—Migration of nations into
Spain and Southern France—Sidonius's account cf the Villa Avitiacum—Growth of the burgus from
the villa—Italy: Ravenna.
CHAPTER V. BYZANTINE GARDENS AND THE COUNTRIES OF ISLAM . . . .135
The imperial palace at Byzantium—Triconchos—Anadendradion of the Magnaura—Mesokepicn of the
Lausiacus—Balcony gardens—Mesokepion near the new church—Byzantine fountains at graves and in
love-romances — Mechanical water-works — Tree fountains — Byzantine villas—Dastogard—Downfall
of the Persian kingdom—Chosroes and his carpet—Importance of carpets in Persian garden art
—Traditions of Asiatic art—Views of Ibn Chaldun—Place of the Arabs in garden art—-Samaria: founda-
tion and duration; Balkuwara Palace; caliphs'palace—Bagdad: Taj Palace on the east; Palace of Paradise;
Hasani Villa—The Byzantine Embassy—House of the Tree—The New Kiosk—Garden at castle of the
Tulunids at Cairo—Arabian description—Hellenistic-Roman influence—Court-gardens and garden
luxury among the Arabs—Spain under the Omiads—Abd-ur-Rahman I.—Villa Bussafa at Cordova—
Az-Zahra and Abd-ur-Rahman III.—Alhambra: former and present condition—Garden-courts: Myrtle
Court; Court of the Lions; Patio de Daraxa—The Generalife: Navagero's description; condition to-day—
Importance of water-stairs and water arts—Water-stairs in the Park of Sahum in Egypt—Other pleasure-
houses at the Alhambra—Sicily: La Zisa; Cuba—Later fate of Persian territory: Paradise of the "Old
Man of the Mountain "—Bokhara and Samarcand—Timur's gardens—The madhouse garden of Bayezid
II. at Adrianople—Persia under the Abbassids: Ispahan: Maidan, Tshehar-Bagh, Tshihil-sutun-Pavihon—
Palace surroundings—Pleasure-castle Ashraf: position of the garden, Bagh-i-Shah, chief garden—Shiraz—
Bagh-i-Takht—Garden houses—Garden in Fin-nahe at Kashan.
CHAPTER VI. THE MIDDLE AGES IN THE WEST........169
Beginnings of monkish life—Foundation of Augustine at Hippo—Ancient forms of the cloister—Paradise
of St. Maria Laach—Planted crossways—Plan of monastery at St. Gall—Love of flowers in early cloisters
—Plan of the Canterbury cloisters—Gardens at Clairvaux and Thorney—Hortus Deliciarum—Walafried
Strabo's Hortulus—Rhabanus Maurus' didactic poem—Rose-tree at Hildesheim—Carthusian monasteries
■—Early gardens of the laity—Site of town gardens—Earliest arrangement of lay gardens: walls, gates,
fencing, arbours, labyrinths—Animal-and tree-gardens—-Influence of the East—The Golden Tree and the
artificial voices of animals in the West—Gardens in the Romaunt of the Rose and its imitations—Illustra-
tions—Awakening of the desire for knowledge—Albertus Magnus and the gardens at Cologne—Town
gardens—Public places in the towns—Pratum commune—Gardens of Brotherhoods—Ascendancy cf
Italy—Villas—Petrus Crescentius—Boccaccio—Petrarch.
CHAPTER VII. ITALY IN THE TIME OF THE RENAISSANCE AND THE BAROQUE STYLE 205
Leon Battista Alberti—Rucellai's Villa Quaracchi—Colonna's Sogno di Polifilo—Pontanus' De Hortis
Hesperidum—Careggi—Poggio a Cajano—Poggio Reale—Bembo's Gli Asolani—Soderini—Scamozzi—
Deer parks—Filarete—Hermitages and ruins—Gardens of statues—-Terraces—Boccaccio—Beginnings
at Rome—Bramante's court in the Vatican—Villa Madama—Palazzo del Te—Other buildings of the
Gonzaga family—Villa Imperiale at Pesaro—Other villas of Urbino—San Vigilio—Botanic Garden at
Padua—Villa di Castello—Palazzo Doria, Genoa—Villa d'Este, Tivoli—Villa Pia—The Vatican Hill—
Farnese Gardens—Villa Papa Giulio—Villa Lante, Bagnaja—Caprarola, castle, casino—Villa Campi at
Signa—Pratolino—Giardino Bcboli—Importance of nepotism in Roman Gardens—Papal gardens on
the Quirinal—Villa Medici—Sixtus V. and Villa Montalto—Villa Mattei—Villa Corsini—Frascati—
Villa Falconieri—Villa Aldobrandini—Villa Ludovisi (Tolonia) Villa Lancelotte—Villa Muti—Villa
Belpoggio—Villa Mondragone—Villa Borghese, Frascati—Villa Borghese, Rome—Villa Ludovisi.. Rome
—Villa Pamfih—Isola Bella—Villa Collodi—Villa Albani.
CHAPTER VIII. SPAIN AND PORTUGAL IN THE TIME OF THE RENAISSANCE . .351
Mudejar style in Spain—Alcazar in Seville—Charles the Fifth's palace at the Alhambra—Charles V. at
San Yuste—The Escorial—The Castle of Madrid under Philip II.—Casa del Campo—San Jeronimo—
Aranjuez under Philip II.—The house of Pilatus at Seville—Castles of Duke of Alva: Alva de Tormes,
Lagunilla—Foreign influences in Spanish gardens—Cosimo Lotti at Aranjuez—Hunting-castles round
Madrid: EI Pardo, Torre de la Parada, Zarzuela, Buen Retiro—Portugal: Philip II.—Portuguese
Crusades—Penha verde—Quinta di Bacalhao—Bibafria—Villa Bemfica—Quinta da Ramalhao—Queluz
—Staircase of the "Stations" at the Bussaco Monastery, at Bom Jesus do Monte, Braga, and at Lamego-
History of Garden Art
PAGE
open—The emperor's villa on the Lake of Albano—Hadrian's villa at Tivoli—Old Italian and Greek
houses—Pompeii: the house of Sallust, of Epidius Rufus, of Pansa, of the Silver Wedding, of the Vettii, of
Diomedes—Balcony-gardens at Rome—African villas—Mosaics—Baths of Pompeianus—Women's
gardens—Villas in the northern provinces—Poem of Ausonius on the Moseile—Villas at Metz,
Ruhling, Ulrich, Teting—Villas on the Rhine: Wittlich, Welschbillig—Migration of nations into
Spain and Southern France—Sidonius's account cf the Villa Avitiacum—Growth of the burgus from
the villa—Italy: Ravenna.
CHAPTER V. BYZANTINE GARDENS AND THE COUNTRIES OF ISLAM . . . .135
The imperial palace at Byzantium—Triconchos—Anadendradion of the Magnaura—Mesokepicn of the
Lausiacus—Balcony gardens—Mesokepion near the new church—Byzantine fountains at graves and in
love-romances — Mechanical water-works — Tree fountains — Byzantine villas—Dastogard—Downfall
of the Persian kingdom—Chosroes and his carpet—Importance of carpets in Persian garden art
—Traditions of Asiatic art—Views of Ibn Chaldun—Place of the Arabs in garden art—-Samaria: founda-
tion and duration; Balkuwara Palace; caliphs'palace—Bagdad: Taj Palace on the east; Palace of Paradise;
Hasani Villa—The Byzantine Embassy—House of the Tree—The New Kiosk—Garden at castle of the
Tulunids at Cairo—Arabian description—Hellenistic-Roman influence—Court-gardens and garden
luxury among the Arabs—Spain under the Omiads—Abd-ur-Rahman I.—Villa Bussafa at Cordova—
Az-Zahra and Abd-ur-Rahman III.—Alhambra: former and present condition—Garden-courts: Myrtle
Court; Court of the Lions; Patio de Daraxa—The Generalife: Navagero's description; condition to-day—
Importance of water-stairs and water arts—Water-stairs in the Park of Sahum in Egypt—Other pleasure-
houses at the Alhambra—Sicily: La Zisa; Cuba—Later fate of Persian territory: Paradise of the "Old
Man of the Mountain "—Bokhara and Samarcand—Timur's gardens—The madhouse garden of Bayezid
II. at Adrianople—Persia under the Abbassids: Ispahan: Maidan, Tshehar-Bagh, Tshihil-sutun-Pavihon—
Palace surroundings—Pleasure-castle Ashraf: position of the garden, Bagh-i-Shah, chief garden—Shiraz—
Bagh-i-Takht—Garden houses—Garden in Fin-nahe at Kashan.
CHAPTER VI. THE MIDDLE AGES IN THE WEST........169
Beginnings of monkish life—Foundation of Augustine at Hippo—Ancient forms of the cloister—Paradise
of St. Maria Laach—Planted crossways—Plan of monastery at St. Gall—Love of flowers in early cloisters
—Plan of the Canterbury cloisters—Gardens at Clairvaux and Thorney—Hortus Deliciarum—Walafried
Strabo's Hortulus—Rhabanus Maurus' didactic poem—Rose-tree at Hildesheim—Carthusian monasteries
■—Early gardens of the laity—Site of town gardens—Earliest arrangement of lay gardens: walls, gates,
fencing, arbours, labyrinths—Animal-and tree-gardens—-Influence of the East—The Golden Tree and the
artificial voices of animals in the West—Gardens in the Romaunt of the Rose and its imitations—Illustra-
tions—Awakening of the desire for knowledge—Albertus Magnus and the gardens at Cologne—Town
gardens—Public places in the towns—Pratum commune—Gardens of Brotherhoods—Ascendancy cf
Italy—Villas—Petrus Crescentius—Boccaccio—Petrarch.
CHAPTER VII. ITALY IN THE TIME OF THE RENAISSANCE AND THE BAROQUE STYLE 205
Leon Battista Alberti—Rucellai's Villa Quaracchi—Colonna's Sogno di Polifilo—Pontanus' De Hortis
Hesperidum—Careggi—Poggio a Cajano—Poggio Reale—Bembo's Gli Asolani—Soderini—Scamozzi—
Deer parks—Filarete—Hermitages and ruins—Gardens of statues—-Terraces—Boccaccio—Beginnings
at Rome—Bramante's court in the Vatican—Villa Madama—Palazzo del Te—Other buildings of the
Gonzaga family—Villa Imperiale at Pesaro—Other villas of Urbino—San Vigilio—Botanic Garden at
Padua—Villa di Castello—Palazzo Doria, Genoa—Villa d'Este, Tivoli—Villa Pia—The Vatican Hill—
Farnese Gardens—Villa Papa Giulio—Villa Lante, Bagnaja—Caprarola, castle, casino—Villa Campi at
Signa—Pratolino—Giardino Bcboli—Importance of nepotism in Roman Gardens—Papal gardens on
the Quirinal—Villa Medici—Sixtus V. and Villa Montalto—Villa Mattei—Villa Corsini—Frascati—
Villa Falconieri—Villa Aldobrandini—Villa Ludovisi (Tolonia) Villa Lancelotte—Villa Muti—Villa
Belpoggio—Villa Mondragone—Villa Borghese, Frascati—Villa Borghese, Rome—Villa Ludovisi.. Rome
—Villa Pamfih—Isola Bella—Villa Collodi—Villa Albani.
CHAPTER VIII. SPAIN AND PORTUGAL IN THE TIME OF THE RENAISSANCE . .351
Mudejar style in Spain—Alcazar in Seville—Charles the Fifth's palace at the Alhambra—Charles V. at
San Yuste—The Escorial—The Castle of Madrid under Philip II.—Casa del Campo—San Jeronimo—
Aranjuez under Philip II.—The house of Pilatus at Seville—Castles of Duke of Alva: Alva de Tormes,
Lagunilla—Foreign influences in Spanish gardens—Cosimo Lotti at Aranjuez—Hunting-castles round
Madrid: EI Pardo, Torre de la Parada, Zarzuela, Buen Retiro—Portugal: Philip II.—Portuguese
Crusades—Penha verde—Quinta di Bacalhao—Bibafria—Villa Bemfica—Quinta da Ramalhao—Queluz
—Staircase of the "Stations" at the Bussaco Monastery, at Bom Jesus do Monte, Braga, and at Lamego-