Graham, Alexander: Roman Africa: an outline of the history of the Roman occupation of North Africa ; based chiefly upon inscriptions and monumental remains in that country (London [u.a.], 1902)

Roman Africa

provinces during the last three reigns demanded increased
security and better military organisation. It was to these
points that the Emperor directed his attention. Outposts were
increased, and Lambaesis, the headquarters of a Roman legion
established there by Hadrian, was no longer a mere entrenched
camp, such as he had inaugurated, but was assuming the appear-
ance of a permanently constructed and well-ordered town. The
history of Lambsesis is the key to the history of the Roman
army in Africa. In the third century, under the firm rule of
Septimius Severus, it became one of the most attractive cities in
the country ; and even now, after the lapse of seventeen cen-
turies, its monumental remains and the wealth of inscriptions
discovered on the site bear ample testimony to its importance
and prosperity, and to the loyal allegiance of a large population,
both civil and military.

The Roman army, at the time of the accession of Marcus
Aurelius, consisted of thirty legions, distributed in various parts
of the Empire. A list is given by Marquardt, inscribed on a
column of this period, now preserved in the Vatican Museum.1

Place.

Number.

Names of Legions.

Lower Mcesia and

4

I. Italica, V. Macedonica, XI. Claudia,

Dacia .



XII. Gemina

Upper Pannonia

3

I. Adjutrix, X. Gemina, XIV. Gemina.

Britain

3

II. Augusta, VI. Victrix, XX? Valeria





Victrix.

Upper Moesia .

2

IV. Flavia, VII. Claudia.

Cappadocia

2

XII. Fulminata, XV. Apollinaris.

Syria

2

IV. Scythica, XVI. Flavia.

Upper Germany

2

VIII. Augusta, XXII. Primigenia.

Lower Germany

2

I Minerva, XXX. Ulpia Victrix.

Africa

I

III. Augusta.

Egypt .

I

II. Trajana.

Hispania .

I

VII. Gemina.

Judaea

2

VI. Ferrrata, X. Fretensis.

Phoenicia

I

III. Gallica.

Lower Pannonia

I

II. Adjutrix.

Noricum .

I

II. Italica.

Rhaetia .

I

III. Italica.

Arabia

I

III. Cyrenaica.

1 M. R. Cagnat, VArmee Romaine d'Afrique, Paris, 1S92. This is an exhaus-
tive treatise on the whole subject of military administration in Africa under the
Emperors. The author acknowledges his great indebtedness to M. Cagnat for much
information on the subject.