DOI Seite / Zitierlink:
https://doi.org/10.11588/diglit.16205#0040
HOUSEHOLD OBJECTS
In the houses and streets of Gournia were found many objects of general utility which are repre-
sented by typical examples on Plate I.1 In every case the material is clay. Our account of the ex-
cavations has made repeated mention of the important part played by brick-clay in building. The upper
walls of most, if not all, of the houses were built of bricks, laid in mortar of the same substance. 'So
brycke was their stone and slyme was their mortar.' These bricks (No. i) are longer than our own, and
of greater width in proportion to their length; their thickness is about the same. They were sun-dried
and the holes are still discernible from which the chopped straw used in binding them has been burnt
out by the fire that destroyed the town. Many specimens are firm and compact to-day, and the
bright red color they received in their accidental baking misled the writer, during the first exca-
vation season, to suppose they were genuine kiln-baked bricks. This error was corrected by Dr.
Dorpfeld on one of his visits to Gournia. Another use of brick-clay was as a coating for reeds,
which formed the ceilings of the ancient houses, as they do of many modern cottages in Greek
lands. Precisely the same ceiling was found at Vasiliki (c. 2500 B. C, p. 40, infra), but in the second
prehistoric city at Phylakopi, Melos, contemporary with, or even a little earlier than Gournia, there
is this noteworthy difference, that the coating was "of very good plaster with plenty of lime." Frag-
ments such as No. 2 show the flat lower side of the ceiling, and on the upper side grooves which are
impressions of the reeds.
Gutters like No. 5 were found in all parts of the site, and in such positions as to convince us that
they served both for draining streets and as house gutters. They were used in the 3rd Middle Minoan
as well as the 1st Late Minoan period. A supply of straight gutters was left stacked against the wall of
a storeroom in the Palace (G 24). A much smaller specimen of the same shape (L. (inc.) 23.2 cm.,
W. 6.9cm., Th. 1.2 cm.) was found in D 46, and is now in Philadelphia. Round drains were not so common.
No. 22 is one of several pieces, practically entire, which were unearthed in a cellar (C 2), where they ap-
peared to have been placed as a reserve. The mouthpiece of each tube has a slight stop-ridge and is
well shaped to fit into the butt end of the succeeding tube, but the Gournia drain is not such a finished
product as the one of Knossos. In C 26,27, there remained in situ portions of a round drain that must
once have led into the Valley Road. Room 27 had a hard floor of plaster, laid partly over shale, partly
over stamped earth. We easily uncovered the drain, for it lay in a depression, c. 13 cm. wide, cut in the
shale. Towards the upper end it was fed by a flat open gutter, which in turn drained from a hollow in the
plaster floor. Troughs like Nos. 3, 4, and 15 were used chiefly in connection with tubs and vats in house-
hold processes. In our inventory of house furniture there are serious gaps, which were doubtless filled
by articles of perishable materials, such as wood, cloth, reeds, and skins; these are not preserved in Crete
as in Egypt. Wooden shelves, stone benches and platforms (one possibly intended for a couch) have
received mention in our account of Town and Buildings (pp. 21-26). Tables will be discussed later
(pp. 30,42, infra). 'Ring-stands' as a class have no counterpart in modern life, although Museum stands
for unstable vases such as the Greek aryballi, brazier-stands and stands for chafing-dishes serve like
needs. (Any object may be called a 'ring-stand' which has a ring or round rim intended for the support
of some other object.) 'Ring-stands' large and small are found in Egypt and appear frequently in wall-
paintings which illustrate the furnishings of Egyptian houses. Those from Gournia figured on Plate 1
are either pipe-shaped (Nos. 6, 7) or flaring at the base (Nos. 8, 16), and are always hollow.
1 Brick. Coarse pebbly pink clay. Probably sun-baked. L. 48 cm. W. 36 cm. Th. 9.7 cm. Reg. no. 3174.
2 Brick stuff for plastering ceiling, bearing impress of reeds. Frag. L. 14.5 cm. W. 9 cm. From F 39. [v. Phylakopi, p. 50,
fig-40-
3 Curved open gutter with vertical sides. Coarse pinkish yellow clay. L. (inc.) 28.5 cm. W. 12.5 cm. Reg. no. 3172.
4 Open spreading trough with flaring sides. Coarse pink clay. L. (inc.) 33.5 cm. W. 30.5 cm. Reg. no. 3173 [v. Palaikastro,
B.S.A. XI. p. 289, fig. 16, a, c]
5 Straight open gutter with vertical sides. Coarse yellow clay. L. (inc.) 55 cm. W. 10.5 cm. Reg.no.3171.
6 ' Ring-stand'with two handles opposite. Coarse pink clay. H. (inc.) 43 cm. D. 9-12 cm. From Fc. Reg. no. 3162.
7 Large'ring-stand,'broken. 2 pairs of handles. Coarse clay, rudely modelled. H. 81.7 cm. D. 20 cm. Reg. no. 3163.
8 Lower part of large ' ring-stand,'flaring at base. Coarse red clay. H.4ocm. Base D. 23 cm.
9 Ill-proportioned amphora, small base, elliptical mouth. Coarse pinkish yellow clay. H. 44.2 cm. From C 29. [v. Palai-
kastro. B. S. A. IX, p. 324, fig. 24.]
10 Amphora, Middle Minoan type; elliptical mouth. Coarse red clay. H. 29.5 cm. From H 10. Reg. no. 3156.
11 Amphora, type of preceding. Gash at top and base of each handle. Coarse red clay; black body-paint. H. 41.4cm.
12 Amphora, Late Minoan type; round mouth. Medium coarse pinkish yellow clay. H.42CIT).
13 Portion of vat with upright tube attached to one side. Coarse brick-like clay. H. (inc.) c. 31 cm.
14 'Oil-separator'with flaring sides; two handles attached to open spout. Coarse red clay. H.36cm. From A21. Reg.no.
3152 [v. Praesos, B. S. A. VIII, p. 268, fig. 35.]
15 Open spreading trough, sides flaring slightly. Small drainage (?) hole. Coarseclay. L.29cm. From F 29. Reg.no.3170.
16 Upper part of tripod'ring-stand.' Coarse red clay. H. (inc.) 22 cm. Rim 0.15.5 cm. Phila. [cj. Palaikastro, B. S. A.
IX, p. 282, fig. 3, 24.]
17 Round-bodied amphora. On opposite sides, a circle and goat's horns in rude relief. Coarse pinkish yellow clay. H. 25.8
cm. From A 13. Reg. no. 1849.
1 The lists which describe the objects shown on our monochrome Plates have been made exceedingly brief, in order to
enable the reader to consult them and the general remarks concerning the Plates, without turning pages, so far as possible.
Many references to objects like our own found on other sites have been sacrificed with regret. In the lists a brief description
is followed by one dimension (or more, if the others cannot be computed from the illustration), the provenance by room
when this is known (there are few instances, I believe, of serious omission), and the number under which the object has
been entered in the Museum Register, at Candia. Phila. takes the place of the registered number ('Reg. No.') for those
They were used as tall standards for the support of bowls or lamps and could be moved easily from
place to place by means of one or two pairs of vertical handles. Such standards were unearthed in
many different parts of Gournia, e. g., in rooms E 19, F 19, F 33, and at the door between A 11 and A 12. '
Gournia houses were amply provided with large and small storage jars (Nos. 25-30), and with
amphorae and jugs (Nos. 9-12, 15-21) for the daily food supplies. Pithoi (Nos. 29, 30) are among the
commonest vessels found on prehistoric Aegean sites and their modern counterparts may be seen in
the houses and shops of Crete wherever oil and wine are kept to-day. Dr. Evans has nicknamed them
'Ali Baba jars.' At Gournia, as at Knossos, there are two principal types, the earlier being of greater
girth in proportion to its height than the later. Several pithoi from magazines of the First Palace
at Phaestos are painted with very effective Middle Minoan designs and a few pithoi at Knossos have
a simple decoration of painted rosettes or 'trickle' ornament, like our PI. VI 43, but, as a rule, jars of
this kind are ornamented only in relief, which imitates either the ridges and knobs of a metal vessel, or
the strands of rope by which these jars were lifted. Amphorae are also of two types, the Middle Minoan
or 'Kamares' form, slender and a little stiff, with elliptical mouth (Nos. 10, 1 i),and the Late Minoan
or 'Mycenaean'type, with fuller body, more flowing lines and a round mouth (No. 12). Kamares
tradition is conspicuous in No. 19, every detail of which is copied from a metal jug, whereas the only trace
of it that lingers in No. 21 is the metal ridge around the neck. Amphorae are to-day the usual vessels
for fetching water, but in Crete, as in Cyprus, they have acquired the name 'stamni,' which may be more
properly applied to jars shaped like No. 25, omitting the spout. In House Cf, beside the usual pithoi,
stamnoi, and amphorae, our eyes were amazed to see a vase (No. 9) which seemed to try to combine
all three shapes—handles of a stamnos, body large enough for a small pithos, neck and mouth of a
Middle Minoan amphora—a veritable monstrosity. As Gournia shapes in general are excellent, we
should be glad to have the permission of the British excavators to ascribe the manufacture of this
vase to Palaikastro, where an exact duplicate was found.
Oil presses must have been made of some stronger material than clay and very probably were
situated at a distance from the Town, but we have seen that the oil was washed at home. If we com-
pare our vat from D 30 (Fig. 11; now in Philadelphia) with the one from A 21 (No. 14), we note the same
inferiority in point of form, but superiority in carefulness of manufacture that in general distinguishes
the possessions of the earlier inhabitants of Gournia from those of their successors. Two huge spouts
belonging to other oil-separators were found in the course of our excavations and three tubs with
flaring sides and horizontal handles, but no spout; one stood in F 29 (H. 34.2 cm., Rim D. c.65 cm., Base
D. 42-7 cm., Th. of clay 4.2 cm.), and with it was a trough (No. 15).
A curious pan with hollow leg (No. 24), which was found in the room north of D 30, could be used
as a funnel or as a dipper for transferring a given measure from a large jar to a smaller one, the hole
being stopped by hand or plug in the process. So far as I know, it is unique. Dairy pans like No. 23
were not uncommon; in Cyprus, also, they are characteristic of the low-lying Bronze Age settlements.
Jars of the type of No. 25 would serve the ends of a barrel with spigot, whereas a jar with spout close
under the rim, No. 26, could be emptied only by tipping or dipping. This type of wide-mouthed,
bridge-spouted jar with side handles has a long history of development from Early through Middle
to Late Minoan days.
18 Tall slender jug with bill mouth (schnabelkanne), constricted by inner ring of clay, 11.5 cm. below the top. Hand-made.
Coarse pebbly pink clay. H. 54.5 cm. From Cs. [cj. for mouth, Troja u. /lion, I, p. 261, fig. 126.]
19 Schnabelkanne, a Middle Minoan shape; metal prototype. Two small ear-handles. Coarse dark gray gritty clay. H. 40
cm. From B 12. Reg. no. 2769.
20 Oenochoe, squat form. Medium coarse red clay; black body-paint. H. 14 cm.
21 Schnabelkanne of Late Minoan shape, with survival of metal tradition in ridge at base of neck. Buff clay. H.22cm. From
Fd. Reg. no. 1853.
22 Round drain-pipe with stop-ridge. Hand-made. Coarse reddish brown clay. L. 41.5 cm. D. (large end) 17 cm. D. (small
end) 13cm. Th. 1.9cm. FromC2. [cf. Knossos, B. S. A. VIII, p. 13 ff. fig. 7].
23 Large'dairy-pan.' Coarse pinkish yellow clay. H. 11.2cm. D. (as restored) 44 cm.
24 Shallow pan with pipe attached, probably used for transferring liquids. Hand-made. Coarse pinkish yellow clay. Rim D.
22.6 cm. L. of pipe 7.7 cm. From D 29.
25 Small storage jar of stamnos shape. Two pointed bosses and two horizontal handles on shoulder; two small handles at-
tached to tubular spout at bottom. Coarse red clay covered with black smear. H. 35.2 cm. From E 39.
26 Small storage jar with channel spout at top; approximating a Middle Minoan shape. Originally two horizontal and one
vertical handles. Yellow clay. H. 31.5 cm. From C 60.
27 Small storage-jar of stamnos shape; eight vertical handles. Two ridges and a rope moulding encircle base. Coarse red
clay. H. 30.5 cm. From A 16. Reg. no. 1831.
28 Large amphora, a Middle Minoan shape; metal prototype. Coarse red clay. H.65cm. From B 8.
29 Pithos, ovoid body; a Middle Minoan shape. Four vertical handles on shoulder, four around base. Plain ridges encircling
jar and in four pairs of half ellipses on shoulder. Coarse red clay. H. 94.5 cm. From D 34.
30 Pithos, ellipsoid body; a Late Minoan shape. Four vertical handles on shoulder, four around base. Rope mouldings en-
circling jar and in four pairs of circles on shoulder. Coarse red clay. H. 1.23m. From G 23. Phila.
objects which are now in the Free Museum of Science and Art, Philadelphia. Some arbitrary abbreviations have been adopt-
ed in order to save space, e. g., 'inc.' for incomplete; 'p.-buff' for pink-buff, the usual clay color of our vases; 'bl.' and ' br.'
for black and brown; 'horiz.' 'vert,' 'conv.' for horizontal, vertical, conventional or conventionalized. Under the same
constraint, numerical figures are sometimes used in ways which mar the typography. Indulgence is asked for these blem-
ishes, and for errors which may remain in spite of our efforts for accuracy.
28
In the houses and streets of Gournia were found many objects of general utility which are repre-
sented by typical examples on Plate I.1 In every case the material is clay. Our account of the ex-
cavations has made repeated mention of the important part played by brick-clay in building. The upper
walls of most, if not all, of the houses were built of bricks, laid in mortar of the same substance. 'So
brycke was their stone and slyme was their mortar.' These bricks (No. i) are longer than our own, and
of greater width in proportion to their length; their thickness is about the same. They were sun-dried
and the holes are still discernible from which the chopped straw used in binding them has been burnt
out by the fire that destroyed the town. Many specimens are firm and compact to-day, and the
bright red color they received in their accidental baking misled the writer, during the first exca-
vation season, to suppose they were genuine kiln-baked bricks. This error was corrected by Dr.
Dorpfeld on one of his visits to Gournia. Another use of brick-clay was as a coating for reeds,
which formed the ceilings of the ancient houses, as they do of many modern cottages in Greek
lands. Precisely the same ceiling was found at Vasiliki (c. 2500 B. C, p. 40, infra), but in the second
prehistoric city at Phylakopi, Melos, contemporary with, or even a little earlier than Gournia, there
is this noteworthy difference, that the coating was "of very good plaster with plenty of lime." Frag-
ments such as No. 2 show the flat lower side of the ceiling, and on the upper side grooves which are
impressions of the reeds.
Gutters like No. 5 were found in all parts of the site, and in such positions as to convince us that
they served both for draining streets and as house gutters. They were used in the 3rd Middle Minoan
as well as the 1st Late Minoan period. A supply of straight gutters was left stacked against the wall of
a storeroom in the Palace (G 24). A much smaller specimen of the same shape (L. (inc.) 23.2 cm.,
W. 6.9cm., Th. 1.2 cm.) was found in D 46, and is now in Philadelphia. Round drains were not so common.
No. 22 is one of several pieces, practically entire, which were unearthed in a cellar (C 2), where they ap-
peared to have been placed as a reserve. The mouthpiece of each tube has a slight stop-ridge and is
well shaped to fit into the butt end of the succeeding tube, but the Gournia drain is not such a finished
product as the one of Knossos. In C 26,27, there remained in situ portions of a round drain that must
once have led into the Valley Road. Room 27 had a hard floor of plaster, laid partly over shale, partly
over stamped earth. We easily uncovered the drain, for it lay in a depression, c. 13 cm. wide, cut in the
shale. Towards the upper end it was fed by a flat open gutter, which in turn drained from a hollow in the
plaster floor. Troughs like Nos. 3, 4, and 15 were used chiefly in connection with tubs and vats in house-
hold processes. In our inventory of house furniture there are serious gaps, which were doubtless filled
by articles of perishable materials, such as wood, cloth, reeds, and skins; these are not preserved in Crete
as in Egypt. Wooden shelves, stone benches and platforms (one possibly intended for a couch) have
received mention in our account of Town and Buildings (pp. 21-26). Tables will be discussed later
(pp. 30,42, infra). 'Ring-stands' as a class have no counterpart in modern life, although Museum stands
for unstable vases such as the Greek aryballi, brazier-stands and stands for chafing-dishes serve like
needs. (Any object may be called a 'ring-stand' which has a ring or round rim intended for the support
of some other object.) 'Ring-stands' large and small are found in Egypt and appear frequently in wall-
paintings which illustrate the furnishings of Egyptian houses. Those from Gournia figured on Plate 1
are either pipe-shaped (Nos. 6, 7) or flaring at the base (Nos. 8, 16), and are always hollow.
1 Brick. Coarse pebbly pink clay. Probably sun-baked. L. 48 cm. W. 36 cm. Th. 9.7 cm. Reg. no. 3174.
2 Brick stuff for plastering ceiling, bearing impress of reeds. Frag. L. 14.5 cm. W. 9 cm. From F 39. [v. Phylakopi, p. 50,
fig-40-
3 Curved open gutter with vertical sides. Coarse pinkish yellow clay. L. (inc.) 28.5 cm. W. 12.5 cm. Reg. no. 3172.
4 Open spreading trough with flaring sides. Coarse pink clay. L. (inc.) 33.5 cm. W. 30.5 cm. Reg. no. 3173 [v. Palaikastro,
B.S.A. XI. p. 289, fig. 16, a, c]
5 Straight open gutter with vertical sides. Coarse yellow clay. L. (inc.) 55 cm. W. 10.5 cm. Reg.no.3171.
6 ' Ring-stand'with two handles opposite. Coarse pink clay. H. (inc.) 43 cm. D. 9-12 cm. From Fc. Reg. no. 3162.
7 Large'ring-stand,'broken. 2 pairs of handles. Coarse clay, rudely modelled. H. 81.7 cm. D. 20 cm. Reg. no. 3163.
8 Lower part of large ' ring-stand,'flaring at base. Coarse red clay. H.4ocm. Base D. 23 cm.
9 Ill-proportioned amphora, small base, elliptical mouth. Coarse pinkish yellow clay. H. 44.2 cm. From C 29. [v. Palai-
kastro. B. S. A. IX, p. 324, fig. 24.]
10 Amphora, Middle Minoan type; elliptical mouth. Coarse red clay. H. 29.5 cm. From H 10. Reg. no. 3156.
11 Amphora, type of preceding. Gash at top and base of each handle. Coarse red clay; black body-paint. H. 41.4cm.
12 Amphora, Late Minoan type; round mouth. Medium coarse pinkish yellow clay. H.42CIT).
13 Portion of vat with upright tube attached to one side. Coarse brick-like clay. H. (inc.) c. 31 cm.
14 'Oil-separator'with flaring sides; two handles attached to open spout. Coarse red clay. H.36cm. From A21. Reg.no.
3152 [v. Praesos, B. S. A. VIII, p. 268, fig. 35.]
15 Open spreading trough, sides flaring slightly. Small drainage (?) hole. Coarseclay. L.29cm. From F 29. Reg.no.3170.
16 Upper part of tripod'ring-stand.' Coarse red clay. H. (inc.) 22 cm. Rim 0.15.5 cm. Phila. [cj. Palaikastro, B. S. A.
IX, p. 282, fig. 3, 24.]
17 Round-bodied amphora. On opposite sides, a circle and goat's horns in rude relief. Coarse pinkish yellow clay. H. 25.8
cm. From A 13. Reg. no. 1849.
1 The lists which describe the objects shown on our monochrome Plates have been made exceedingly brief, in order to
enable the reader to consult them and the general remarks concerning the Plates, without turning pages, so far as possible.
Many references to objects like our own found on other sites have been sacrificed with regret. In the lists a brief description
is followed by one dimension (or more, if the others cannot be computed from the illustration), the provenance by room
when this is known (there are few instances, I believe, of serious omission), and the number under which the object has
been entered in the Museum Register, at Candia. Phila. takes the place of the registered number ('Reg. No.') for those
They were used as tall standards for the support of bowls or lamps and could be moved easily from
place to place by means of one or two pairs of vertical handles. Such standards were unearthed in
many different parts of Gournia, e. g., in rooms E 19, F 19, F 33, and at the door between A 11 and A 12. '
Gournia houses were amply provided with large and small storage jars (Nos. 25-30), and with
amphorae and jugs (Nos. 9-12, 15-21) for the daily food supplies. Pithoi (Nos. 29, 30) are among the
commonest vessels found on prehistoric Aegean sites and their modern counterparts may be seen in
the houses and shops of Crete wherever oil and wine are kept to-day. Dr. Evans has nicknamed them
'Ali Baba jars.' At Gournia, as at Knossos, there are two principal types, the earlier being of greater
girth in proportion to its height than the later. Several pithoi from magazines of the First Palace
at Phaestos are painted with very effective Middle Minoan designs and a few pithoi at Knossos have
a simple decoration of painted rosettes or 'trickle' ornament, like our PI. VI 43, but, as a rule, jars of
this kind are ornamented only in relief, which imitates either the ridges and knobs of a metal vessel, or
the strands of rope by which these jars were lifted. Amphorae are also of two types, the Middle Minoan
or 'Kamares' form, slender and a little stiff, with elliptical mouth (Nos. 10, 1 i),and the Late Minoan
or 'Mycenaean'type, with fuller body, more flowing lines and a round mouth (No. 12). Kamares
tradition is conspicuous in No. 19, every detail of which is copied from a metal jug, whereas the only trace
of it that lingers in No. 21 is the metal ridge around the neck. Amphorae are to-day the usual vessels
for fetching water, but in Crete, as in Cyprus, they have acquired the name 'stamni,' which may be more
properly applied to jars shaped like No. 25, omitting the spout. In House Cf, beside the usual pithoi,
stamnoi, and amphorae, our eyes were amazed to see a vase (No. 9) which seemed to try to combine
all three shapes—handles of a stamnos, body large enough for a small pithos, neck and mouth of a
Middle Minoan amphora—a veritable monstrosity. As Gournia shapes in general are excellent, we
should be glad to have the permission of the British excavators to ascribe the manufacture of this
vase to Palaikastro, where an exact duplicate was found.
Oil presses must have been made of some stronger material than clay and very probably were
situated at a distance from the Town, but we have seen that the oil was washed at home. If we com-
pare our vat from D 30 (Fig. 11; now in Philadelphia) with the one from A 21 (No. 14), we note the same
inferiority in point of form, but superiority in carefulness of manufacture that in general distinguishes
the possessions of the earlier inhabitants of Gournia from those of their successors. Two huge spouts
belonging to other oil-separators were found in the course of our excavations and three tubs with
flaring sides and horizontal handles, but no spout; one stood in F 29 (H. 34.2 cm., Rim D. c.65 cm., Base
D. 42-7 cm., Th. of clay 4.2 cm.), and with it was a trough (No. 15).
A curious pan with hollow leg (No. 24), which was found in the room north of D 30, could be used
as a funnel or as a dipper for transferring a given measure from a large jar to a smaller one, the hole
being stopped by hand or plug in the process. So far as I know, it is unique. Dairy pans like No. 23
were not uncommon; in Cyprus, also, they are characteristic of the low-lying Bronze Age settlements.
Jars of the type of No. 25 would serve the ends of a barrel with spigot, whereas a jar with spout close
under the rim, No. 26, could be emptied only by tipping or dipping. This type of wide-mouthed,
bridge-spouted jar with side handles has a long history of development from Early through Middle
to Late Minoan days.
18 Tall slender jug with bill mouth (schnabelkanne), constricted by inner ring of clay, 11.5 cm. below the top. Hand-made.
Coarse pebbly pink clay. H. 54.5 cm. From Cs. [cj. for mouth, Troja u. /lion, I, p. 261, fig. 126.]
19 Schnabelkanne, a Middle Minoan shape; metal prototype. Two small ear-handles. Coarse dark gray gritty clay. H. 40
cm. From B 12. Reg. no. 2769.
20 Oenochoe, squat form. Medium coarse red clay; black body-paint. H. 14 cm.
21 Schnabelkanne of Late Minoan shape, with survival of metal tradition in ridge at base of neck. Buff clay. H.22cm. From
Fd. Reg. no. 1853.
22 Round drain-pipe with stop-ridge. Hand-made. Coarse reddish brown clay. L. 41.5 cm. D. (large end) 17 cm. D. (small
end) 13cm. Th. 1.9cm. FromC2. [cf. Knossos, B. S. A. VIII, p. 13 ff. fig. 7].
23 Large'dairy-pan.' Coarse pinkish yellow clay. H. 11.2cm. D. (as restored) 44 cm.
24 Shallow pan with pipe attached, probably used for transferring liquids. Hand-made. Coarse pinkish yellow clay. Rim D.
22.6 cm. L. of pipe 7.7 cm. From D 29.
25 Small storage jar of stamnos shape. Two pointed bosses and two horizontal handles on shoulder; two small handles at-
tached to tubular spout at bottom. Coarse red clay covered with black smear. H. 35.2 cm. From E 39.
26 Small storage jar with channel spout at top; approximating a Middle Minoan shape. Originally two horizontal and one
vertical handles. Yellow clay. H. 31.5 cm. From C 60.
27 Small storage-jar of stamnos shape; eight vertical handles. Two ridges and a rope moulding encircle base. Coarse red
clay. H. 30.5 cm. From A 16. Reg. no. 1831.
28 Large amphora, a Middle Minoan shape; metal prototype. Coarse red clay. H.65cm. From B 8.
29 Pithos, ovoid body; a Middle Minoan shape. Four vertical handles on shoulder, four around base. Plain ridges encircling
jar and in four pairs of half ellipses on shoulder. Coarse red clay. H. 94.5 cm. From D 34.
30 Pithos, ellipsoid body; a Late Minoan shape. Four vertical handles on shoulder, four around base. Rope mouldings en-
circling jar and in four pairs of circles on shoulder. Coarse red clay. H. 1.23m. From G 23. Phila.
objects which are now in the Free Museum of Science and Art, Philadelphia. Some arbitrary abbreviations have been adopt-
ed in order to save space, e. g., 'inc.' for incomplete; 'p.-buff' for pink-buff, the usual clay color of our vases; 'bl.' and ' br.'
for black and brown; 'horiz.' 'vert,' 'conv.' for horizontal, vertical, conventional or conventionalized. Under the same
constraint, numerical figures are sometimes used in ways which mar the typography. Indulgence is asked for these blem-
ishes, and for errors which may remain in spite of our efforts for accuracy.
28