DOI Seite / Zitierlink:
https://doi.org/10.11588/diglit.16205#0046
BRONZE TOOLS AND WEAPONS
Many of the objects shown on Plate IV are singularly modern in appearance; but they are all
of bronze, not a scrap of iron was found at Gournia. A long slender saw with fine teeth (No. i) has
the same proportions as our modern tool; even the tilt of the handle must have been the same, to
judge from the rivet-holes. In a fragment of a larger saw (No. 3) the teeth appear to have a slight
set, but this point is hard to determine. Chisels are of many styles; some are broad and thin with
a flaring edge (Nos. 9-11); others are narrow, of a thickness nearly equal to their width, bevelled on
both faces to the cutting edge (Nos. 12-16). Axes are always double, with a central shaft-hole and
both edges in one plane (Nos. 22-24). F°ur specimens have grooves on one side extending from
the socket toward the cutting edges, for holding a wedge of wood that kept the axe-head from
flying off its handle (Nos. 22-24). N°s- 28-30 were probably used for cutting hides; three
specimens shaped like No. 30 have no rivet but a tongue rolled into a ring-handle. No. 31,
shaped like a celt but extremely thin, is a 'scraper.' Certain blades of rounded outline with a bent
tang may be grouped as spatulas (No. 27). Tweezers are very common; in addition to the usual
type (No. 32) there is one with a knob at the end. Curved knives, with the concave edge
sharpened and either a rivet-hole or a bent tang at the butt, are usually listed as strigils, but also
suggest sickles and bill-hooks (Nos. 33-37). One seems to have been made for a left-handed man
(No. 36). Long needles have eyes of two sorts. One was cast (No. 39); the other was formed by
looping the metal, first drawing the end out thin, then turning it back, pushing it into the body of the
needle, and smoothing the metal over it while still hot (No. 38). Hooks shaped like crooks must have
been used in textile work (Nos. 40-42; cj. Swiss Lake Dwellings). The fishing industry is well represented
by fish-hooks of various sizes, barbed like our own (Nos. 44-47)^ lead sinker for a line (No. 43) and
net sinkers of stone (Plate III, 6, 20). Two of the fish-hooks have bits of bronze wire still wound
about the shank, by which the hook appears to have been attached to the line (see No. 44). The lead
sinker has two notches and two eyelets for threading the line. Three pairs of shallow circular pans,
each having four suspension holes in the rim, and two short lengths of chain, made of fine bronze wire,
looped and wound with turns of the same, belong evidently to balances (see No. 63 A, B). A tripod kettle
shows excellent workmanship (No. 72 A in the scale of c. 1: y/2). The body is of copper, hammered
1 Saw in two pieces: point broken. Three rivet holes. L. 45 cm. Th. 0.2 cm. From F 18. Reg. No. 570.
2 Three fragments of a large saw, whose length was approximately 56 cm. Gt. W. 8.3 cm. From G 1. Reg. No. 572.
3 Fragment of a coarse saw, showing a slight set of the teeth. L. 28.8cm. Th.o.4cm. From Hill House 8. Reg. No. 571.
4, 5, 6 Fragments of very fine saws. (4) L. 5.4 cm. Phila. (5) L. 5.8 cm. Reg. No. 578. (6) L. 5.7 cm. Reg. No. 602.
Two of these three specimens are from E 16.
7 File; flat surface for rubbing; rounded back. L. 9.2 cm. W. 1 cm. Th. 0.7 cm. From E 6.
8 Long round bar; hollow at one end (lower on Plate) with eyelet through one side only; the rest solid, flattened and
pierced at other end. L. 2.3 cm. Av. D. c. 0.5 cm. From G 23. Reg. No. 945.
9-11 "Broad flat chisels, with flaring edge, bevelled on both sides. (9) L. 31.5 cm. Th. 0.8 cm. From F 18. Reg. No. 559.
(10) L. 26.7 cm. Th. 0.8 cm. From F 18. Reg. No. 561. (11) L. 27.5 cm. Th. 0.8 cm. From Court n. of Ba or F 19.
Reg. No. 560.
12-16 'Narrow chisels with square section, tapering to an edge that flares slightly. (12) L. 27 cm. Section 0.8 cm. sq.
From F 18. Reg. No. 564. (13) L. 18.5 cm. Section 0.5 cm. sq. From F 19 or Court n. of Ba. Reg. No. 565.
(14) L. 7.5 cm. Section 0.4 cm. sq. From house-ruins n. of Palace. (1 5) L. 20.5 cm. Section 1.6 cm. sq. From F'18.
Reg. No. 562. (16) L. 15.5 cm. Section 1 cm. sq. From F 18. Reg. No. 563.
17 Awl, perfect; square section tapering to round point and, at other end, to flat edge. L. 16.7 cm. Section 0.8 cm. sq.
From B 9. Reg. No. 957.
18 Piercer, probably incomplete; point bent. L. 10.9 cm. Section 4 cm. sq. Reg. No. 569.
19 Thin knife blade with one edge and two rivets. L. 17 cm. Th. 0.3 cm. Reg. No. 601.
20 Palette-knife? Thin blade, very smooth; " thin as paper"; one edge, one rivet. L. 7.9 cm. Reg. No. 935.
21 Very small thin knife, with tang. L. 8.8 cm. From Ei. Reg. No. 940.
22 'Double-axe; short type. Socketed, with grooves on one side to assist hafting. L. 11.7 cm. D.of socket 1.8 cm. From
F 18. Reg. No. 555.
23 'Like No. 22, but no grooves. Edges battered. L. 13.1 cm. Th. at middle 2.5 cm. From stair n. of G 1. Reg. No. 554.
24 'Double-axe; long, slender type. Small socket with grooves on one side. L. 17.7 cm. D. of socket 1.7 cm. From A 23.
Reg. No. 553. [Same type, Troja u. Ilion, I, p. 394, fig. 377].
25 Nail with large round head. L. 10 cm. D. of head 1.2 cm. From Hill House 7. Reg. No. 976.
26 'Instrument with round section tapering to point; other end flattened. Piercer ? Ear-cleaner ? L. 9.7 cm. Reg. No. 959.
27 'Spatula with bent tongue forming handle; thin, flat, very smooth. L. 7 cm. Gt. W. 3.1cm. Reg. No. 587.
28 'Leather-knife or scraper, edge flaring slightly; two rivets. L. 8.6 cm. Th. 0.2 cm. Reg. No. 557.
29 Leather-knife with crescent edge; two rivets. L. 6 cm. Phila.
30 Leather-knife with crescent edge; one rivet. L. 9.1 cm. Th. 0.2 cm. Reg. No. 557.
31 Scraper. Flat, sub-triangular blade, very smooth; "thin as paper"; three rivet holes. L. 9.4 cm. From Hill House 7.
Reg. No. 279. [Cj. Myres and Richter, Cyprus Mus. Cat., p. 53.]
32 "Tweezers with broad blades, edges curving inward; good spring. L. 8 cm. Th. o. 1 cm. From F 29. Reg. No. 941.
33 Flat, curved knife; concave side bevelled on both surfaces to sharp edge. Rounded end; one rivet hole in tang which is
as wide as the blade. L. 16cm. Th. 0.4cm. From Fg. Reg. No. 599.
34 'Curved knife, bevelled like No. 33. Square end; bent tongue forming handle. L. 14.5 cm. Th. 0.4 cm. Reg. No. 597.
35 Like No. 34, but smaller. L. 10 cm. Th.o.4cm. From Fg. Reg. No. 598.
36 Like No. 34, but with greater distinction between blade and tang, which is bent back in opposite direction, as if for left-
handed man. L. 20 cm. Th.o.8cm. Reg. No. 596.
37 Like No. 33, but greater distinction between blade and tang, and end pointed. L. 19.5 cm. Th. 0.9 cm. From C31.
Reg. No. 938.
38 'Long needle with loop eye. L. 14.6 cm. From Hill House 7. Reg. No. 622.
39 "Long needle or bodkin with eye cast. L. 14.9 cm. From Hill House 7. Reg. No. 622.
40 Crook-shaped weaving-hook (cj. modern crochet hook); slightly bent. L. 11.7 cm. Th. 0.2 cm. From C 9. Reg. No. 955.
41 Weaving-hook; twisted. Very fine specimen. L. 13.2 cm. Phila.
42 "Large weaving-hook; square section. L. 17 cm. Th. 0.3 cm. Reg. No. 623.
' Preh. Antiq. Aryan Peoples, p. 164. 2 Zeits. j. Ethn. XXXVII I, 1906, p. 385 ff.
3 Collignon, Comptes Rendus de T Academie des Belles-Lettres et des Inscriptions, 1901, p. 810 ff. Plate [.
4 Troja, Mykene, Ungarn, Archdologische Parallelen; Zeits. j. Ethn. XXXVI, 1904, p. 608 ff.
* For trade-routes connecting Khorassan with the Aegean, consult E. Rectus, Les grandes voies historiques, Bull, de la
Societe royale belgique de Geographie, XXVIII, 1904, and D. G. Hogarth, The Nearer East.
• C. H. Read, Brit. Mus. Guide Antiq. Bronze Age, p. 9.
in one sheet without a seam; the handles and legs are cast and riveted. We note the graceful spiral
curve of the vertical handle, correctly represented in our drawing, 73 B; the trefoil outline of the top
of the legs is not so well given, but can be seen clearly in No. 71, owing to the larger scale of that il-
lustration. Odd pieces of bronze include: a long round bar perforated (No. 8); two hollow cylinders
with pairs of opposite holes (No. 66); handles for pots, pans, and jugs (Nos. 67, 68); a flat shank of
some tool like a shovel (No. 70); a 'flesh-hook' (No. 64); a file (No. 7); an ear-cleaner (No. 26).
The peaceful industry of Gournia is emphasized not so much by the preponderance in number
of tools over weapons among our finds (c. 3: 1) as by their great variety and serviceability. Weapons
were carried away by their owners or by those who sacked a city, whenever it was possible; it is there-
fore rare good fortune to have recovered from a town site types of sword, spear, halbert, and dagger.
The swords are of especial importance, as they determine the native type of that weapon; No. 49 is
the older form, for it has no hint of the guard which was to develop progressively from the slight be-
ginning seen in No. 50, into the strong hooked variety of the 3rd Late Minoan period, found at Knossos,
Mycenae, and lalysos. Comparison of our swords with the decorated blades of the Mycenaean shaft-
graves shows them to be of the same family, and helps us to distinguish the Aegean from the Northern
element in the mixed culture represented by the graves. [For swords, vide supra: p. 5, note 94; p. 11,
note 74; p. 12, note 88; p. 14, note 4.] The development of mid-rib in spear-head (No. 48) and sword
(No. 50) is a Late Minoan feature. Our discovery of a socketed spear-head at Gournia gives this type
a greater antiquity than was previously assigned to it; it may be doubted whether the tanged weapons
found in Cyprus were ever common in Crete. Of knife-blades we have three principal varieties: sub-
triangular (Nos. 51-53), leaf-shaped (Nos. 56-58), tongue-shaped (Nos. 59-61); the second is by far
the commonest. Nos. 51, 52 resemble weapons in the British Museum from Southeast Spain; No.
53 approaches more closely than any other to the old triangular form found at Vasiliki and other Early
Minoan sites (p. 3, note 41, supra). Although the three types were found together in a way that pre-
cludes any sharp distinctions of age between them, there is reason for believing that the gold-riveted
dagger (No. 61) shows the latest modification. In our catalogue, small numbers inserted before de-
scriptions give the number of additional specimens of the same kind discovered on our site.
43 'Lead sinker for fishing. Notch at each end and an eye c. 2.5 cm. from each end. L. 14.4 cm. From A i6or B 2.
44 'Large fish-hook, broken (cf. No. 47); four twists of bronze wire around shank. Scale c. 2:5. Reg. No. 617.
45, 46 'Fish-hooks, usual shape with barb. (45) L. 7.2 cm. Reg. No. 621. (46) L. 2.6 cm.
47 Large fish-hook, same shape as 45, 46; three twists of bronze wire around shank. L. 9.5 cm. From C 31. Reg. No. 946.
48 Spear-head with tubular socket slit down one side, and continuous with the midrib (unfortunately not seen in our
illustration). Two holes in opposite sides of socket, 2.6 cm from blade, for securing shaft. L. 29.5 cm. Th. of
blade 0.6 cm. D. of socket at open end 2.4 cm. From A 8. Reg. No. 558.
49 Sword blade, too much corroded for midrib to be seen, or form determined exactly; broken above rivets. Apparently
no guard; three rivets across shoulder (one gone). Rounded outlines. L. 36.7 cm. Th. 1.4 cm. From Hill House 12.
Reg. No. 930. [Cj. Text above.]
50 Typical short sword of the end of the First Late Minoan Period, distinguished by square shoulder, inceptive of a guard,
and by a short, sharp point at the end of a gradually diminishing blade. Midrib flat and wide; three rivets across
shoulder and one on tongue. L. 35.3 cm. Th. 0.5 cm. From F 14. Reg. No. 574.
51 Halbert; early triangular type. Sharp midrib; 4 small rivet holes. L. 17.3 cm. W. 6 cm. Th. 0.5 cm. Reg. No. 588.
52-53 'Halberts, slender triangular. Very low midrib; three rivets. (52) L. 17.8 cm. Th.o.6cm. Reg. No. 589. (53) L. 17.1
cm. Th. 0.5 cm. Reg. No. 583.
54 'Short halbert or dagger, low, broad midrib; three rivets. L. 11.8 cm. Th. 0.4 cm. Reg. No. 590.
55 'Short halbert or dagger; early triangular type (cj. No. 51). Very flat; two small rivet holes. L. 12.6 cm. Th. 0.1 cm.
Reg. No. 586.
56, 57 'Knife daggers, 'leaf-shaped,' wider in middle than at ends. Thin, with very low midribs; two small rivets. From
Hill House 7. (56) L. 20.6 cm. Th. 0.2 cm. Reg. No. 577. (57) L. 15.7 cm. Th. 0.2 cm. Reg. No. 578.
58 "Same type, but spreading more broadly toward obtuse point. Flat; two rivets (a third gone?). L.i5.7cm. Th.o.icm.
From Hill House 7. Reg. No. 579.
59 'Knife dagger,'tongue-shaped,'contracting at middle. Flat; three rivets in triangular position. L. 22.1cm. Th.o.3cm.
Reg. No. 576.
60 Knife dagger, resembling sword blades of First Late Minoan Period (Nos. 50, 51) in shape. Low, broad midrib; three
rivets. L. 21.5 cm. Th. 0.7 cm. Reg. No. 575.
61 Knife dagger, same type as No. 60. Midrib; three gold rivets (end beyond rivets restored). L. 14.1 cm. Th. 0.6 cm.
D. of rivets 0.9 cm. L. of rivets 1.7 cm. From H f.
62 Small knife, very narrow, with almost straight sides and rivet hole near middle. L. 12.5 cm. Th. 0.2 cm. Reg. No. 604.
63A "Balance-pan with slight rim and four small suspension holes. D. 14 cm. Th.0.1 cm. From house-ruins n.of Palace.
Reg. No. 608.
63B Two fragments of a balance chain made of bronze wire looped and twisted. L. of each link c. 2.1 cm. From Fg. Reg.
No. 611.
64 Flesh-hook; only one found at Gournia. Not measured; scale 2 : 5. Reg. No. 623 (cj. Cyp. Mus. Cat., No. 600).
65 A bunch of copper strip, neatly tied (see PI. Ill 67, for manner of use). L. of bunch 11 cm. Av. W. of strip 5 mm. Th.
of strip 1-3 mm. From A 42. Reg. No. 974.
66 One of a pair of hollow cylinders; each has two pairs of opposite holes. L. 10 cm. D. 3.5 cm. Reg. No. 967.
67 Handle of a bronze vessel with two rivets attached. Span 5.5 cm. From F 41.
68 Handle of a bronze vessel or a small bit with loop ends. Span 8 cm. From road s. of G 15. Reg. No. 617.
69 Folded sheet of bronze—seems to be circular. Dimensions as folded, 10 x 9 x 2.3 cm. From C 30. Reg. No. 594.
70 Shank of a tool? Hollow with two pairs of holes opposite on flat sides; at smaller end, sides almost meet. L. 5.5 cm. W.
4 cm. Th. 3.5 cm. From A 42. Reg. No. 969.
71 "Leg for a tripod kettle like No. 72; the vertical brace of trefoil shape was attached to the side of the kettle by three
rivets, the horizontal brace to the bottom by one rivet. L. 20 cm. Reg. No. 606.
72 Tripod kettle; perfect. The copper bowl is hammered, without seam; the legs are cast. Two horiz. handles, a vert.
handle of graceful spiral shape and three legs like No. 71 (not accurately represented in No. 72), all riveted to kettle
from the inside; no soldering. H. 25.3 cm. Rim D. 26.5 cm. Depth of bowl c. 13.5 cm. From B 6 .Reg. No. 605.
' E. Rossler, Zeits. j. Ethnol. XXXVII, 1905, p. 114 ff. Fig. 30, p. 117, shows an awl precisely like our No. 17.
8 This decoration consists of a series of solid triangles: cj. Pumpelly, Explorations in Turkestan, Plate I, and Wosinsky,
Die inkruslierte Keramik der Stein und Bronje^eit, Plate XXXVI. I have not been able to compare these examples side by
side, so that my impression of their resemblance may be stronger than the reality.
9 For analyses I am indebted to Miss Mason of Smith College, Dr. Walton of the University of Wisconsin, and D. L.
Wallace of the University of Pennsylvania.
34
Many of the objects shown on Plate IV are singularly modern in appearance; but they are all
of bronze, not a scrap of iron was found at Gournia. A long slender saw with fine teeth (No. i) has
the same proportions as our modern tool; even the tilt of the handle must have been the same, to
judge from the rivet-holes. In a fragment of a larger saw (No. 3) the teeth appear to have a slight
set, but this point is hard to determine. Chisels are of many styles; some are broad and thin with
a flaring edge (Nos. 9-11); others are narrow, of a thickness nearly equal to their width, bevelled on
both faces to the cutting edge (Nos. 12-16). Axes are always double, with a central shaft-hole and
both edges in one plane (Nos. 22-24). F°ur specimens have grooves on one side extending from
the socket toward the cutting edges, for holding a wedge of wood that kept the axe-head from
flying off its handle (Nos. 22-24). N°s- 28-30 were probably used for cutting hides; three
specimens shaped like No. 30 have no rivet but a tongue rolled into a ring-handle. No. 31,
shaped like a celt but extremely thin, is a 'scraper.' Certain blades of rounded outline with a bent
tang may be grouped as spatulas (No. 27). Tweezers are very common; in addition to the usual
type (No. 32) there is one with a knob at the end. Curved knives, with the concave edge
sharpened and either a rivet-hole or a bent tang at the butt, are usually listed as strigils, but also
suggest sickles and bill-hooks (Nos. 33-37). One seems to have been made for a left-handed man
(No. 36). Long needles have eyes of two sorts. One was cast (No. 39); the other was formed by
looping the metal, first drawing the end out thin, then turning it back, pushing it into the body of the
needle, and smoothing the metal over it while still hot (No. 38). Hooks shaped like crooks must have
been used in textile work (Nos. 40-42; cj. Swiss Lake Dwellings). The fishing industry is well represented
by fish-hooks of various sizes, barbed like our own (Nos. 44-47)^ lead sinker for a line (No. 43) and
net sinkers of stone (Plate III, 6, 20). Two of the fish-hooks have bits of bronze wire still wound
about the shank, by which the hook appears to have been attached to the line (see No. 44). The lead
sinker has two notches and two eyelets for threading the line. Three pairs of shallow circular pans,
each having four suspension holes in the rim, and two short lengths of chain, made of fine bronze wire,
looped and wound with turns of the same, belong evidently to balances (see No. 63 A, B). A tripod kettle
shows excellent workmanship (No. 72 A in the scale of c. 1: y/2). The body is of copper, hammered
1 Saw in two pieces: point broken. Three rivet holes. L. 45 cm. Th. 0.2 cm. From F 18. Reg. No. 570.
2 Three fragments of a large saw, whose length was approximately 56 cm. Gt. W. 8.3 cm. From G 1. Reg. No. 572.
3 Fragment of a coarse saw, showing a slight set of the teeth. L. 28.8cm. Th.o.4cm. From Hill House 8. Reg. No. 571.
4, 5, 6 Fragments of very fine saws. (4) L. 5.4 cm. Phila. (5) L. 5.8 cm. Reg. No. 578. (6) L. 5.7 cm. Reg. No. 602.
Two of these three specimens are from E 16.
7 File; flat surface for rubbing; rounded back. L. 9.2 cm. W. 1 cm. Th. 0.7 cm. From E 6.
8 Long round bar; hollow at one end (lower on Plate) with eyelet through one side only; the rest solid, flattened and
pierced at other end. L. 2.3 cm. Av. D. c. 0.5 cm. From G 23. Reg. No. 945.
9-11 "Broad flat chisels, with flaring edge, bevelled on both sides. (9) L. 31.5 cm. Th. 0.8 cm. From F 18. Reg. No. 559.
(10) L. 26.7 cm. Th. 0.8 cm. From F 18. Reg. No. 561. (11) L. 27.5 cm. Th. 0.8 cm. From Court n. of Ba or F 19.
Reg. No. 560.
12-16 'Narrow chisels with square section, tapering to an edge that flares slightly. (12) L. 27 cm. Section 0.8 cm. sq.
From F 18. Reg. No. 564. (13) L. 18.5 cm. Section 0.5 cm. sq. From F 19 or Court n. of Ba. Reg. No. 565.
(14) L. 7.5 cm. Section 0.4 cm. sq. From house-ruins n. of Palace. (1 5) L. 20.5 cm. Section 1.6 cm. sq. From F'18.
Reg. No. 562. (16) L. 15.5 cm. Section 1 cm. sq. From F 18. Reg. No. 563.
17 Awl, perfect; square section tapering to round point and, at other end, to flat edge. L. 16.7 cm. Section 0.8 cm. sq.
From B 9. Reg. No. 957.
18 Piercer, probably incomplete; point bent. L. 10.9 cm. Section 4 cm. sq. Reg. No. 569.
19 Thin knife blade with one edge and two rivets. L. 17 cm. Th. 0.3 cm. Reg. No. 601.
20 Palette-knife? Thin blade, very smooth; " thin as paper"; one edge, one rivet. L. 7.9 cm. Reg. No. 935.
21 Very small thin knife, with tang. L. 8.8 cm. From Ei. Reg. No. 940.
22 'Double-axe; short type. Socketed, with grooves on one side to assist hafting. L. 11.7 cm. D.of socket 1.8 cm. From
F 18. Reg. No. 555.
23 'Like No. 22, but no grooves. Edges battered. L. 13.1 cm. Th. at middle 2.5 cm. From stair n. of G 1. Reg. No. 554.
24 'Double-axe; long, slender type. Small socket with grooves on one side. L. 17.7 cm. D. of socket 1.7 cm. From A 23.
Reg. No. 553. [Same type, Troja u. Ilion, I, p. 394, fig. 377].
25 Nail with large round head. L. 10 cm. D. of head 1.2 cm. From Hill House 7. Reg. No. 976.
26 'Instrument with round section tapering to point; other end flattened. Piercer ? Ear-cleaner ? L. 9.7 cm. Reg. No. 959.
27 'Spatula with bent tongue forming handle; thin, flat, very smooth. L. 7 cm. Gt. W. 3.1cm. Reg. No. 587.
28 'Leather-knife or scraper, edge flaring slightly; two rivets. L. 8.6 cm. Th. 0.2 cm. Reg. No. 557.
29 Leather-knife with crescent edge; two rivets. L. 6 cm. Phila.
30 Leather-knife with crescent edge; one rivet. L. 9.1 cm. Th. 0.2 cm. Reg. No. 557.
31 Scraper. Flat, sub-triangular blade, very smooth; "thin as paper"; three rivet holes. L. 9.4 cm. From Hill House 7.
Reg. No. 279. [Cj. Myres and Richter, Cyprus Mus. Cat., p. 53.]
32 "Tweezers with broad blades, edges curving inward; good spring. L. 8 cm. Th. o. 1 cm. From F 29. Reg. No. 941.
33 Flat, curved knife; concave side bevelled on both surfaces to sharp edge. Rounded end; one rivet hole in tang which is
as wide as the blade. L. 16cm. Th. 0.4cm. From Fg. Reg. No. 599.
34 'Curved knife, bevelled like No. 33. Square end; bent tongue forming handle. L. 14.5 cm. Th. 0.4 cm. Reg. No. 597.
35 Like No. 34, but smaller. L. 10 cm. Th.o.4cm. From Fg. Reg. No. 598.
36 Like No. 34, but with greater distinction between blade and tang, which is bent back in opposite direction, as if for left-
handed man. L. 20 cm. Th.o.8cm. Reg. No. 596.
37 Like No. 33, but greater distinction between blade and tang, and end pointed. L. 19.5 cm. Th. 0.9 cm. From C31.
Reg. No. 938.
38 'Long needle with loop eye. L. 14.6 cm. From Hill House 7. Reg. No. 622.
39 "Long needle or bodkin with eye cast. L. 14.9 cm. From Hill House 7. Reg. No. 622.
40 Crook-shaped weaving-hook (cj. modern crochet hook); slightly bent. L. 11.7 cm. Th. 0.2 cm. From C 9. Reg. No. 955.
41 Weaving-hook; twisted. Very fine specimen. L. 13.2 cm. Phila.
42 "Large weaving-hook; square section. L. 17 cm. Th. 0.3 cm. Reg. No. 623.
' Preh. Antiq. Aryan Peoples, p. 164. 2 Zeits. j. Ethn. XXXVII I, 1906, p. 385 ff.
3 Collignon, Comptes Rendus de T Academie des Belles-Lettres et des Inscriptions, 1901, p. 810 ff. Plate [.
4 Troja, Mykene, Ungarn, Archdologische Parallelen; Zeits. j. Ethn. XXXVI, 1904, p. 608 ff.
* For trade-routes connecting Khorassan with the Aegean, consult E. Rectus, Les grandes voies historiques, Bull, de la
Societe royale belgique de Geographie, XXVIII, 1904, and D. G. Hogarth, The Nearer East.
• C. H. Read, Brit. Mus. Guide Antiq. Bronze Age, p. 9.
in one sheet without a seam; the handles and legs are cast and riveted. We note the graceful spiral
curve of the vertical handle, correctly represented in our drawing, 73 B; the trefoil outline of the top
of the legs is not so well given, but can be seen clearly in No. 71, owing to the larger scale of that il-
lustration. Odd pieces of bronze include: a long round bar perforated (No. 8); two hollow cylinders
with pairs of opposite holes (No. 66); handles for pots, pans, and jugs (Nos. 67, 68); a flat shank of
some tool like a shovel (No. 70); a 'flesh-hook' (No. 64); a file (No. 7); an ear-cleaner (No. 26).
The peaceful industry of Gournia is emphasized not so much by the preponderance in number
of tools over weapons among our finds (c. 3: 1) as by their great variety and serviceability. Weapons
were carried away by their owners or by those who sacked a city, whenever it was possible; it is there-
fore rare good fortune to have recovered from a town site types of sword, spear, halbert, and dagger.
The swords are of especial importance, as they determine the native type of that weapon; No. 49 is
the older form, for it has no hint of the guard which was to develop progressively from the slight be-
ginning seen in No. 50, into the strong hooked variety of the 3rd Late Minoan period, found at Knossos,
Mycenae, and lalysos. Comparison of our swords with the decorated blades of the Mycenaean shaft-
graves shows them to be of the same family, and helps us to distinguish the Aegean from the Northern
element in the mixed culture represented by the graves. [For swords, vide supra: p. 5, note 94; p. 11,
note 74; p. 12, note 88; p. 14, note 4.] The development of mid-rib in spear-head (No. 48) and sword
(No. 50) is a Late Minoan feature. Our discovery of a socketed spear-head at Gournia gives this type
a greater antiquity than was previously assigned to it; it may be doubted whether the tanged weapons
found in Cyprus were ever common in Crete. Of knife-blades we have three principal varieties: sub-
triangular (Nos. 51-53), leaf-shaped (Nos. 56-58), tongue-shaped (Nos. 59-61); the second is by far
the commonest. Nos. 51, 52 resemble weapons in the British Museum from Southeast Spain; No.
53 approaches more closely than any other to the old triangular form found at Vasiliki and other Early
Minoan sites (p. 3, note 41, supra). Although the three types were found together in a way that pre-
cludes any sharp distinctions of age between them, there is reason for believing that the gold-riveted
dagger (No. 61) shows the latest modification. In our catalogue, small numbers inserted before de-
scriptions give the number of additional specimens of the same kind discovered on our site.
43 'Lead sinker for fishing. Notch at each end and an eye c. 2.5 cm. from each end. L. 14.4 cm. From A i6or B 2.
44 'Large fish-hook, broken (cf. No. 47); four twists of bronze wire around shank. Scale c. 2:5. Reg. No. 617.
45, 46 'Fish-hooks, usual shape with barb. (45) L. 7.2 cm. Reg. No. 621. (46) L. 2.6 cm.
47 Large fish-hook, same shape as 45, 46; three twists of bronze wire around shank. L. 9.5 cm. From C 31. Reg. No. 946.
48 Spear-head with tubular socket slit down one side, and continuous with the midrib (unfortunately not seen in our
illustration). Two holes in opposite sides of socket, 2.6 cm from blade, for securing shaft. L. 29.5 cm. Th. of
blade 0.6 cm. D. of socket at open end 2.4 cm. From A 8. Reg. No. 558.
49 Sword blade, too much corroded for midrib to be seen, or form determined exactly; broken above rivets. Apparently
no guard; three rivets across shoulder (one gone). Rounded outlines. L. 36.7 cm. Th. 1.4 cm. From Hill House 12.
Reg. No. 930. [Cj. Text above.]
50 Typical short sword of the end of the First Late Minoan Period, distinguished by square shoulder, inceptive of a guard,
and by a short, sharp point at the end of a gradually diminishing blade. Midrib flat and wide; three rivets across
shoulder and one on tongue. L. 35.3 cm. Th. 0.5 cm. From F 14. Reg. No. 574.
51 Halbert; early triangular type. Sharp midrib; 4 small rivet holes. L. 17.3 cm. W. 6 cm. Th. 0.5 cm. Reg. No. 588.
52-53 'Halberts, slender triangular. Very low midrib; three rivets. (52) L. 17.8 cm. Th.o.6cm. Reg. No. 589. (53) L. 17.1
cm. Th. 0.5 cm. Reg. No. 583.
54 'Short halbert or dagger, low, broad midrib; three rivets. L. 11.8 cm. Th. 0.4 cm. Reg. No. 590.
55 'Short halbert or dagger; early triangular type (cj. No. 51). Very flat; two small rivet holes. L. 12.6 cm. Th. 0.1 cm.
Reg. No. 586.
56, 57 'Knife daggers, 'leaf-shaped,' wider in middle than at ends. Thin, with very low midribs; two small rivets. From
Hill House 7. (56) L. 20.6 cm. Th. 0.2 cm. Reg. No. 577. (57) L. 15.7 cm. Th. 0.2 cm. Reg. No. 578.
58 "Same type, but spreading more broadly toward obtuse point. Flat; two rivets (a third gone?). L.i5.7cm. Th.o.icm.
From Hill House 7. Reg. No. 579.
59 'Knife dagger,'tongue-shaped,'contracting at middle. Flat; three rivets in triangular position. L. 22.1cm. Th.o.3cm.
Reg. No. 576.
60 Knife dagger, resembling sword blades of First Late Minoan Period (Nos. 50, 51) in shape. Low, broad midrib; three
rivets. L. 21.5 cm. Th. 0.7 cm. Reg. No. 575.
61 Knife dagger, same type as No. 60. Midrib; three gold rivets (end beyond rivets restored). L. 14.1 cm. Th. 0.6 cm.
D. of rivets 0.9 cm. L. of rivets 1.7 cm. From H f.
62 Small knife, very narrow, with almost straight sides and rivet hole near middle. L. 12.5 cm. Th. 0.2 cm. Reg. No. 604.
63A "Balance-pan with slight rim and four small suspension holes. D. 14 cm. Th.0.1 cm. From house-ruins n.of Palace.
Reg. No. 608.
63B Two fragments of a balance chain made of bronze wire looped and twisted. L. of each link c. 2.1 cm. From Fg. Reg.
No. 611.
64 Flesh-hook; only one found at Gournia. Not measured; scale 2 : 5. Reg. No. 623 (cj. Cyp. Mus. Cat., No. 600).
65 A bunch of copper strip, neatly tied (see PI. Ill 67, for manner of use). L. of bunch 11 cm. Av. W. of strip 5 mm. Th.
of strip 1-3 mm. From A 42. Reg. No. 974.
66 One of a pair of hollow cylinders; each has two pairs of opposite holes. L. 10 cm. D. 3.5 cm. Reg. No. 967.
67 Handle of a bronze vessel with two rivets attached. Span 5.5 cm. From F 41.
68 Handle of a bronze vessel or a small bit with loop ends. Span 8 cm. From road s. of G 15. Reg. No. 617.
69 Folded sheet of bronze—seems to be circular. Dimensions as folded, 10 x 9 x 2.3 cm. From C 30. Reg. No. 594.
70 Shank of a tool? Hollow with two pairs of holes opposite on flat sides; at smaller end, sides almost meet. L. 5.5 cm. W.
4 cm. Th. 3.5 cm. From A 42. Reg. No. 969.
71 "Leg for a tripod kettle like No. 72; the vertical brace of trefoil shape was attached to the side of the kettle by three
rivets, the horizontal brace to the bottom by one rivet. L. 20 cm. Reg. No. 606.
72 Tripod kettle; perfect. The copper bowl is hammered, without seam; the legs are cast. Two horiz. handles, a vert.
handle of graceful spiral shape and three legs like No. 71 (not accurately represented in No. 72), all riveted to kettle
from the inside; no soldering. H. 25.3 cm. Rim D. 26.5 cm. Depth of bowl c. 13.5 cm. From B 6 .Reg. No. 605.
' E. Rossler, Zeits. j. Ethnol. XXXVII, 1905, p. 114 ff. Fig. 30, p. 117, shows an awl precisely like our No. 17.
8 This decoration consists of a series of solid triangles: cj. Pumpelly, Explorations in Turkestan, Plate I, and Wosinsky,
Die inkruslierte Keramik der Stein und Bronje^eit, Plate XXXVI. I have not been able to compare these examples side by
side, so that my impression of their resemblance may be stronger than the reality.
9 For analyses I am indebted to Miss Mason of Smith College, Dr. Walton of the University of Wisconsin, and D. L.
Wallace of the University of Pennsylvania.
34