Hogarth, David G.; Smith, Cecil Harcourt [Contr.]: Excavations at Ephesus: the archaic Artemisia: Text (London, 1908)

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Hogarth, David G.; Smith, Cecil Harcourt [Contr.]
Excavations at Ephesus: the archaic Artemisia: Text — London, 1908

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Titelblatt

Titelblatt

With Chapters by Cecil Harcourt Smith, LL.D., Keeper, and Arthur Hamilton … Sold at the British Museum ; and by Messrs. Longmans & Co., 39, Paternoster Row … and Mr. Henry Frowde, Oxford University Press Warehouse, Amen Corner.

Preface

III

Mr. D. G. Hogarth ; and the opportunity has been taken to include the results … It is proposed in due course to issue a second volume, dealing with the rest … taking was brought to a conclusion in 1874 ; and from that date the site … number of small and, for the most part, unimportant fragments of the temple … In 1896 the late Mr. A. S. Murray visited Ephesus, and reported on the

IV

regarded it as urgent that the site at least should be cleared, and that, if possible, … both structures, so far as these could be determined by the remains ; and lastly, … were closely engaged in Departmental work, and whose services could … were all settled, and the work was begun of which this volume gives the narrative. … Constantinople authorities ; a limited number of duplicates, and the fragments

V

bare and, so far as possible, cleared of rubbish, and the architectural remains and … excavation, owing to the clearance of shrubs and undergrowth. Moreover, it … it was judged expedient to accede to the official request, and it was decided to … Cumberbatch, C.M.G., H.B.M. Consul-General at Smyrna; and to Mr. A. … Department of Greek and Roman Antiquities.

Contents

VII

Chap. I. Literary Evidence. By D. G. Hogarth … Chap. IV. The Primitive Structures. By D. G. Hogarth and … Chap. VI. Gold and Electrum Jewellery. By D. G. Hogarth … Chap. VIII. Bronze, Lead and Iron. By D. G. Hogarth

VIII

Chap. XI. Terracotta, Glazed Ware, and Glass. … By D. G. Hogarth and A. E. Henderson 247 … Dimensions and Levels. ..... 28S

List of illustrations in the text

IX

Croesus Foundation Block bedded on B and C, in D cclla … Basis showing Parallel Foundations of B, C, and D periods … Bronze Ibex and Boar (IS. M.)

X

63. „ Pavement and Foundations, in section … 68. Part of W. „ „ „ reveal of doorway … 72. Usual Torus and Volute Centre … 100-101. Stone Statuette and Lamp from Croesus Temple

List of plates attached to the text

XI

Gold and Electron] Jewellery . … Objects of Bronze, Lead and Iron

List of plates in the atlas

XII

Bases and Abaci. … Fragments of Pulvinar, and Bed Moulding … „ „ Elevations and Sections. … distortions by contraction and expansion have taken place during reproduction. 1 bese affect (i) the

List of abbreviations

XIII

Aegina, das Heiligtum der Aphaia. By A. Furtwengler and others. … Bulletin de Correspondance Hellenique. Athens and Paris. From 1877, … Corpus Inscriptionum Graecarum, edited by Boeckh and others. Berlin, … logischen Institute. By O. Benndorf and others. Vienna, 1906. … The Argive Heraeum. By C. Waldstein and others. Boston and New … Naukratis I, II. Third and Sixth Memoirs of the Egypt Exploration … Olympia : Ergebnisse der Ausgrabung. Edited by E. Curtius and

Chapter I: Literary evidence

1

LITERARY EVIDENCE. … Hellenistic and Roman times, was not the earliest building erected on its site. … company with Leleges, Lydians and Carians, at the epoch of the first arrival

2

at Ortygia, where the Goddess was called Leto, and the incidents of her lepbs … Prom Dionysius Periegetes (v. S28) and Callimachus (v. 239) we hear of a … 1 This must be the Kufirj opda of Leto alludnl to by Atlienaeus (i. 57). See Kamsay, Cit. and Bilk, i., pp. 85, 132,

3

Literary Evidence. 3 … the authors—all of late period and contemporary with the latest Artemision— … .pre-existent features, or features of their own time. In the case of Pliny and … as the first architect, and says his temple was made larger by another unnamed. … Didymi, MM. Pontremoli and Haussoullier,3 I take as a clear indication that … sions of platform and columns, which we know to be appropriate to the … Artemisia, which we regard as distinct and successive, as one indivisible

4

Artemision, and named the architect of the first temple of regular Greek form … (b) vii. p. 159. Chersiphron began and his son, Metagenes, completed … for the transport of the drums of columns from the quarry, and after- … 2. A stone building was erected round and over this, with whose founda … the Doric having been used in the earlier Panionion ; and it was the outcome

5

Literary Evidence. 5 … naturally suggest themselves—Demetrius and Paeonius of Ephcsus. These … and the Hellenistic intervened a distinct restoration. So far as literary … tcmplo Dianac. in which Timotheus, son of Thersander, won the day and a … 1 I see no reason whatever for ruling out Deinocrates, as do MM. Pontremoli and Haussoullier [Didymcs,

6

statement that the Artemision took one hundred and twenty years to build. … he records no later one, although the most momentous and famous of all is … Alexander's birth and the epigrams it evoked (like the " frigid" saying of … and re-dedicated before 360, and that Timotheus could have carried off the lyric

7

Literary Evidence. 7 … and others of more doubtful reference. In the forefront must be placed … two statements of Pliny (xvi. 79, and xxxvi. 14). In one he says that the … given by Pliny and Yitruvius we prefer to ascribe to the temple of their own

8

paid for the king's columns and gifts at Ephesus. … part of the description (the platform with ten steps) will suit no earlier temple. … told that Xerxes spared it alone of all the Ionian temples,1 and the respect with … records, and only preserved to posterity by the history of Theopompus (above, … used for Hellenistic foundations and wall material, though not again for columns.

Chapter II: Earlier researches

9

the walls and the aqueduct of Ayassoluk ; but they remained unremarked, … deeply buried and its precise locality unknown. The earlier modern visitors … later (1872), and after the true site had actually been found, revived the old … road which led northwards from the Magnesian gate of the city, and in May … successive foundations of the cathedral church of St. John Theologus and the

10

In January of the latter year the base and lowest drum of a column were found … thoroughly quarried by searchers for building-stone and by lime-burners, that … earlier from the later strata and existing structures from restorations ; and his … blocks, which were accurately fitted and mortised between the western antae to … still existent at the west end; and that, occupying the centre of the cella, was … its south wall, and a fourth in the northern peristyle. In the two first-named

11

what he believed to be a layer of charcoal, and then putty again. He had … which stood in the cella space, and were supposed to be foundations of a … sufficiently identical style to have belonged to one and the same Temple, if … into detail concerning either the architectural or the plastic remains, and it … name of Paeonius was to be connected, was begun about 400 B.C. and only … whose top was at a level nearly 4 feet above the lowest pavement and about … resting on a mass of foundations at the west end of the cella, and showing a

12

position, but that his pavement slabs intervened between the upper and lower … stratum found on part of the … afterwards in its place, and by the alluvial deposit which, subsequently, … which took place in 262 a.i>., and the foundation of the building to which the

13

this stupendous quarrying of marble and even limestone foundation-blocks in … which he had found; but he sent to the British Museum, at one time and … for June, 1874, and a conjectural restoration was made indicating the general

14

second was read to the Royal Institute of British Architects on November 18th, … the similarity between the surface work of these fragments and that of those … jecturing its height by comparison of the Xanthian Harpy Tomb, and being

15

these say, must be ascribed to the early part of the succeeding century. As, … Newton, and repeated by Wood. The concavity of their beds is of just the … and therefore that they may well be the work of Bupalus (whatever be thought … drum (but without any claim being made that it formed part of the same … were found by Wood, on two of which, apparently from one and the same … 1 The fact that the inscribed dedications an- so cut as to be seen from aim:;; argues that they formed part of the

16

idea suggested by a Hellenistic base already set up in the Museum ; and he … (6) Capitals.—Two restorations of capitals were worked out and set up; … Dr. W. Wilberg, and recovered by us in 1904. … excavations at Ephesus, and although unable to open new ground on the … 1. A plan was given clearly distinguishing Croesus, Hellenistic and restored … 3. Careful dimensions of all visible early remains were recorded, and a

18

a Temple intermediate between the Croesus and the Hellenistic, were

Chapter III: Excavatons of 1904-5

19

A. E. Henderson, R. B.A., as architect, surveyor, and draughtsman. For the … list in the Levant, having served first as a labourer and then, for over a … two plots of land marching with the British boundaries on the north-east and the … Wissetuckaflen (Phil. Hist. Klasse) xxxiv., y\>. \(< it. (1898),and (more fully) Forsehungen inEphesos, i.,sect. vi. (1906).

20

istic head and fragmentary architectural sculpture of the Roman period at a … blocks came to light, with sherds of the 6th and 5th centuries immediately … of loose earth and stones, overlying the Croesus platform. These were the … Temple, laid on an impervious clay bed, and from evaporating by the thick … pavement of the Croesus peristyle, and by the end of June had not fallen below

21

operations will be described as continuous, and the process of discovery will … removed in 1904-5 from above the pavement level of the Croesus celia and … and steps, the disturbance had been less complete. Great rifts had certainly … length, below a certain level. Similarly, upon a part of the northern flank,

22

N.E. and S.E. corners; in the extreme W. centre; towards the eastern … feet below surrounding fields, and three or four feet below the normal level of … turning the soil over and backwards ; and even had that platform been of less … used in the second season for moving the upper part of Wood's east and west … for a considerable distance, and Wood had already spread a thick layer of … that the area of the surrounding steps was reached in the second season, it was

23

Croesus platform, and, indeed, almost wholly contained within the limits of the … powerful springs, and convert the whole site into a tract of permanent … and south, by inclined ways cut in the flank of Wood's western dump. Lateral … pavement in cella and peristyle, the ground was left to be picked over by a

24

moment, and thus the discoveries destined to be made thereunder were post- … opened along the extreme eastern and northern edges of the Temple site as … trenches dug along the skirts of the later platform, and had been lying on … by him near the north-eastern corner, and another in a similar patch on

25

sherds and terracotta fragments, were discovered, one in the north-east corner … interest (p. 321, Fig. 101) ; by clay " loom-weights " and whorls ; and by other … original upper surface of much of that area {e.g., of the steps and probably the … stratum of unknown extent; and test-trenches, which I had already driven

26

the excavation coterminous with the limits of the Temple and leaving nothing … northern half of the eastern edge, in the east centre, and on the south-eastern … lying the Croesus, and far … These could only have been built after the Hellenistic and underlying Croesus … Croesus paving and steps marked on the plan [Atlas, I.) (Fig. 5) and one

27

empty of antiquities, and yielded nothing but a few fragments of bronze and … The excavation of the west end, which was evidently the fore-part of the … foundations and steps at this end may have been due to a landslide, which … upon it, and the lower part … as Wood discovered, over 2'00 above the Croesus level ; and in order that the … piers constructed of rough limestone blocks, running inwards, and connected

28

cross-walls, and the outer faces of the earlier platform ; and these were filled in … Temple lately destroyed. In that hope I had the spaces investigated, and I … and Hellenistic column-base … blocks were conveyed to the hill of Ayassoluk, was brought down to and over … was mixed with a great number of sherds and fragments of terracotta, glass,

29

terracottas included interesting statuettes of " Leto and child," and a seated … was broken, and most objects were mere disjecta membra, thrown in pell- … it proved conclusively that there was no stratification. The filling and ramming … the northern and eastern limits. But along the southern limit pits only were

30

and partly over, the lowest step of the Hellenistic ;W/tt///, where preserved, and … pavement and roughly on a level with the Croesus stylobate. Below his limit … in the south-east gutter, and many imperial bronze coins, the majority being

31

a bedding of " putty-like clay" within the cella and was then satisfied … below the under-pavement, and perhaps something besides at a still lower … been removed, and the underlying deposit disturbed, over an irregularly shaped … It was intended from the first to test and enlarge Wood's exploration of

32

and finally clean saturated sand, into which a 5-foot bar could be driven up to … uncovered, which lay lower than the lowest Croesus step, and outside it. For a … were never able to keep a pit sunk in it clear of water, even with pumps ; and … about '15 thick and mixed with much burnt stuff, immediately underlying

33

stratum. These will be particularised later, and their "find-spots" indicated. … 2. Cella.—If the search below the Croesus peristyle and steps proved … our main cart-track, it was left untouched until nearly the end of the second … to be filled, below the recent accumulation on its surface, with thin slabs and

34

this view ; both the upper slab-filling and the lower proved to be of absolutely … the surface of the eastern coigns; this differed in material and manner of … extension of a smaller and … to the bounding walls on west and south. On November 30th I had the … Fig. 8. Hellenistic Foundation Blocks bedded on the north part

35

of the lower filling were numerous bones of small ruminants and birds, and much … of this rectangle and the re- … and the ground-water, quickly … rubbish was a^ain cleared out of the Basis, and the investigation of its orig-inal … which the Croesus platform with all below it was drowned, and nothing emerged … dealt with, since not only did it re-enter faster and faster as its level was reduced,

36

below — 3" 70, and, therefore, in order to explore the lowest stratum, whose … work began, the Basis was found once more full, and its pump failed to exhaust … and hairpins in precious metal, and the fibulae and fi6u/a-p\ates were found in

37

rubbish, and seemed to have been all inserted of set purpose and at one time, … immersed to mid-thigh. In the second season, when only corners remained to … strata outside the Basis on all four sides, and it was the result of these which … Croesus foundations ; and lying upon its surface were a small ivory statuette … running westward for some 4'00 from the centre of the Basis; and in the free … fragments of bronze hoop-bracelets and pins, a small ivory plaque, and a strip … than the ivory statuette. The trials made on the east and south yielded no … into an enclosed pool by dams of mud and stone which were built across gaps in

38

peristyle and steps, checked inflow into the cella, the water within was kept … the later stages of the excavation, it was only by keeping the steam and hand- … could get any part of the … the cello, and that area was … The exploration of the lower strata, undertaken in the second season, was … On the north a thickening of the extension wall was revealed, and at a

39

blocks, and running parallel to the N. wall of the Basis, quickly came into view. … gold and electrum foil, beads, … were rammed earth and small … on left, D foundations; and at extreme left, C outer wall. large OOlie TOUndel, three … strips of electrum-foil, and many scraps of gold and electrum. This filling was … both south and north, and … Croesus Foundation Block bedded on B and C structures

40

although the investigation was continued up to and beyond the limit of the … built in relation to that Basis, and that at a like distance from the south face … in the first season a structure had been revealed close to and facing the Basis … northern outside structure ; and its outward face had been similarly obliterated

41

western wall, and must, therefore, be presumed to be part of one of the western … between and under later foundation blocks. On the top of the Croesus founda- … different kind (continuous with those already described north and south of

42

when removed, and also where no such foundations existed, objects occurred … horse's head, and a recumbent goat ; a large bronze statuette of the goddess, … week's work, and was found to be bounded on the west by a rectangular … of these structures and the nearest lines of foundations running east and west (v.

43

belt the lower stratum had been disturbed, and we found practically nothing. … fact. On either side of this belt the Croesus foundation blocks were in situ, and … May 25th, and its return eastward was seen to be in line with the north … Both east and west of this wall, at its north-western angle, objects were found in … lion, a duck's head, a comb, the forepart of a horse, and a crouching boar;

44

and within the Basis itself. The only precious metal found at the west end … small stones, and sunk in the bottom stratum. It contained only two … conduit, bedded on earth and evidently belonging to the Croesus Temple, was … of Croesus foundations, much disturbed, full of foul deposit, and unproductive. … electrum plaque, and the ivory plaque figured on pi. xxvi. 6, besides objects … fact now flooded many feet deep, and will probably never again be seen by

45

been turned over right down to the sand, and one can only be thankful that the … operations had been carried down to a low level, and possibly had revealed … finding anything at all in such slime, without elaborate care and the use … thickened east extension wall of the Basis and the first parallel wall (see … a glazed terracotta hawk, the rudest of our ivory statuettes, the snake and … toil, and had begun to remove the belt of Croesus foundations, that many objects

46

the earth by hand, and none were added by the sieves, through which all the … A second parallel wall on the east had long ago been found, which is … disturbance right down to the black sand, and was filled at a low level with a … East of this second parallel wall no structures were found except a fragment … and the strata beneath disturbed—a fact which precludes any sure inference as … been rather an open court than a part of the covered building, and had not been

47

determining the contents and state of preservation of its strata, and to estimating … On the northern and especially the north-eastera side of the Temple, these … east the adjoining property has been acquired by the Austrian Institute and … road, and although cumbered with dumps in the immediate vicinity of the … the lowest steps and the nearest of his pits. The object of this was to settle, if … till just before bad weather had set in, and many became deeply flooded ere they … intervals, and all were dug with almost perpendicular walls, the sandy clay

48

have cut away the intervals and converted each chain into a long trench. Two … with the axial line of the temple, which lies nearly due east and west. The … was the same, an inner angle of structure, lying 1080 x 1980 and roughly … nothing else but sandy earth and water, which stopped work at 7*35 (24 feet … became hopelessly flooded when about 4*00 deep, and had to be abandoned. … (B) Six Pits.—These were the last dug, and the most hindered by flooding.

49

the base and 3-00 in height, almost intact. It was empty. No small objects … different angles, but all having a general direction and fall slightly north of … not found here, but some terracotta fragments (bird-mould and arm of a minia- … eastern part of it, while silt was slowly accumulating over the rest to a depth

50

but of identical size and fabric, points to an elaborate system of distinct supply … fair ease and rapidity; but in order to expose the Roman stratum over an area, … great. The fearfully denuded condition of the Temple-remains, and the evidence … into the kiln before the more massive, and such a concentration of small … and the western limit of the Temple we had to cut through the highest of … by the protracted line of the axis of the Temple, and set a gang to drive it

51

This cutting was finished in a fortnight, and thereafter a strip along the … his rubbish, and, at 1 -oo depth, found ourselves in mediaeval Turkish remains … which lay coarse mud and gravel down to water at 7*85 (25 feet 9 inches). … and ours were so utterly empty that I venture to conjecture that in reality we … Benndorf's pavement may have been a fragment of one quay or causeway,1 and

Chapter IV: The primitive structures

52

By D. G. Hogarth and A. E. Henderson. … hereafter Temples A, B, and C. Although the whole Primitive period of … there is abundant evidence to show, found the instability of the ground and … site and put in for the first time really massive foundations on the top of … tributary ; and since the lowest foundations, found by us upon the site, are not

53

been part of a small marine delta and, in the main, flat. The original natural … (reckoned from the datum) and — 2-oo from the highest level of the Croesus … projecting foundation. On the right are seen in section the B and C thickenings ; ditto on the left; at the back, … at the intersection of the longitudinal and lateral axes of the Croesus platform,

54

has been related, in the discovery of an earlier Basis, of different material and … good upright tooled ashlar. The blocks have flat beds and upright joints … faces ; and these in turn are … above the foundation. In all other respects, however, the N., E. and S. … and consequently it may safely be assumed that the filling actually found inside

55

but less carefully shaped and assorted. Deprived of this filling, as the result of our … had penetrated to the level of the top course of the western schist wall ; and … addition ; but these were so few and small that their presence is easily accounted … executed, and their alignment so accurate, that it is practically certain that all … entirely and re-used the material. It probably rested on the projections of the

56

this schist Basis and an open pavement. There would have been, at any rate, … both to the low level of its bed, and its incompatibility with later structures. … to the main Primitive cross wall, which we shall ascribe to C, and on the … the early Basis, and unquestionably anterior to its first restoration, which

57

character, mere clay and small flattish stones. The bed is rather irregular, … lost, and that what now … Between it and the Basis intervenes a T-shaped mass of foundations, … (2) Its lower courses are bonded throughout, and form one mass of con-

58

stone slabs, apparently one and continuous with the foundation course of the … must be regarded as being of the same period as the early Basis, and having … platform suggests that the latter was due to an afterthought, and was … part of the head and the … and that the edges of the foundation were found exceedingly loosely compacted … In restricting the remains of A to what has been described, and regarding … Fig. 16. Foot of the T Foundation abutting on and

59

completely, that the green schist walls failed in part on the north, south, and … and 1'74 from \V. to E. (Fig. 17.) … tion of their own material at —4-85, and we found them carried up to the … faces, and themselves … settlement ; and proba- … O t> Wall. Wall. ground and A ltasis behind.

60

had been removed, together with a little superficial accumulation of dust and … to W. by 1 -oo N. to S., and … being about mo apart; and … the action of fire or vegetable decay, but more probably the former: and … and a small unpainted vase, lying within the area of the earliest rectangle.

61

These slabs were of greenish hue and laminated, of material similar to, but … like their eastern parts, were from -55 to -6o thick, bedded at —4*85 and faced … in to the outer walls ; but it is a question whether the larger spaces north and … represent pavement) must be taken as the floor-level of the western part of the … several points below the foundations of these walls, as prolonged to west, and … their positions ; nor was the ground here nearly so slimy and liquid as it had … platforms were enlarged by restorers and thrown into one block, so as to form … so little evidence to show what its original form and arrangement had been. … of the platform itself by the addition of a block or vestibule on the west, and

62

Behind it, D Foundations. On the left, B and C Girdle walls. … west ; and on the south from … north and that on the south. … be said further that only the merest foundations remain at any part, the … discrepancies between the north and south intervals are as serious in the 1

63

not of A, they cannot any better be referred to the period at which the second … of an average width of ' 78 on the north and south and 1 • 45 on the east, … Possible reasons for the enlargement of the Central Basis and construc- … Yet another reconstruction and a fresh amplification of the Primitive … enlargement of the Basis and Central Platform. We found remains of new … — 3-52, i.e., for almost i-oo above the clay bed and exactly up to the floor-

64

east end, rising to — 3' 74, and also ruinous at its west end. Between … 4-50 from east to west. Where the northern and southern foundations … straight joint with it and … to a later building, and will be considered in another chapter (p. 261). … of A Basis. />' Thickening and Enclosing Walls seen behind.

65

also made in the shape of a wall built against the old schist face, and over … westward face to the raised east part of the platform (Fig. 22). … and the interval left … were now razed, and … measuring in all, externally, about 31-oo from E. to W. and 15 "50 from … 2 • 20 by "75 in superficies and ■ io to '15 in thickness, laid crosswise so as

66

blocks, roughly laid, and … and westwards to form an … squared and vertically tooled, with upright joints and -level beds. These … point of return, both outer and inner faces

67

of return we were unable to discover further traces of the north wall ; and, … occurs, however, a fragment of foundation parallel to it, and 9 ■ 60 metres further … on the north wall (middle), —3-92, and on the cross east wall, — 3-81. As the … and other remains, had led to hope being abandoned in that direction, and to

68

width above the foundations. The breadth is ■ 85, and the superficial level … eastern part of the central … north and south faces of the … (2-45 within the west wall and a rather less distance within the south wall), of

69

columns). The remaining fragment has vertical and accurately squared faces … bly imperfect and in … those of the Croesus and Hellenistic cellae was evolved by degrees from a small … (/>'), and finally of about —4'10 in the second (C). These successive

70

thicken and strengthen their outer skins. The low space between the two, … the floor, and was, in fact, obliterated. The east platform, however, still … In the Second Restoration (C) the Basis was not heightened, but once … the outer skins of the Basis and west platform, viz., that they were carried … original Basis, which was ruined by the settlement of the eastern part of

71

C restorers, and a much larger enclosure was laid out round the same centre, … the massive foundations of the Croesus cella walls to north and south, … main enclosure (pp. 56, 57) ; and another possible trace of a structure of the … breadth ; and the blocks were ' 28 in depth. They were bedded and jointed … — 4* 20, and its bed at — 4^48—levels which correspond roughly with those of

72

to the Primitive period and probably to C temple ; but it is almost certainly a … with the literary, set forth in Chapter I. … dimensions and the form of a Hellenic temple in ant is. It was entered probably … preceded a larger, as recorded by Strabo, following Artemidorus; and if he be … both cases; but the central building was enlarged considerably in the second … temenos ; and the building erected over it, by the restoration B, which amplified … and connected with the name of Theodorus of Samos. In any case the

73

inexactitude of literary statements made about structures, which had disap-

Chapter V: The coins

74

have been submitted to me to classify, and to describe independently of the exact … and several denominations, to place on record the following information … and to these 18 must be added two more, a 'Third' (No. 33) and a 'Twenty- … two more electrum coins at least were found, but concealed and sold by workmen.- D.G.H.]

75

the B foundations were laid, and the jar itself must, in that case, have been … Lion type) found in the filling of the western basis itself, and attributed … (e) 5 coins (No. 79, a ' Twenty-fourth ' of the Horse's Head type, and 4 of … All the above 49 coins, marked in the list (a), (b), (c), (</), and (e), the … most part very small coins) cannot be so precisely identified, as these coins … Primitive shrines (see Chap. IV.), and at levels below — 4*00, i.e., in the bottom … me at the moment, and the coins were mixed with others from other parts of the W. Area before I had repaired my

76

All the denominations, both large and small, comprised in these remark- … ktI<ttt)s of the Temple, or, at his expense, and buried in adjacent spots during … and silver. … complete and if the sum total of the weights may be consequently Ignored, … published by me in B.M.C., Ionia, and Lydia, in my Historic* Numorum, … casting, and striking were at the time available), is the variously-called ' Asia-

77

The silver mina of this standard (used in Lydia and Ionia for electrum

78

Uncoined silver had, doubtless, been always exchangeable, and apparently … conquests, at about 13'3 to 1, and that of silver to electrum less steadily, no … with 10 of the heavier gold staters of the Lion and Bull type (169 grs.) as … purposely made in order to cover the cost of mintage and to bring in a

79

in the precious metals, so long as gold, electrum, and silver, whether in the … The sizes of the coins are given in English inches, and the weights in grains

80

(b) 12 Fore-part or bust of goat 1., on Three irregular incuse punch-marks, … (b) 13 Fore-part or bust of goat r.

82

heads and necks of the marks, … 29 Heads and necks of two cocks, … {b ?) 31 Cock or fore-part of cock 1.

83

45 Lion's head (?) r., of rough and … 51 Similar, but of rough and

85

72 Similar type and traces of Two irregular square incuse punch- … (71-73) For other coins bearing this inscription, see B.M.C. Lyd., pp. 2, 3, and N.C., 1890, 203 ff. … (c) 74 Fore-part of stag 1. head

86

style, eye and ear very large. El. "25, wt. iS-2. … (76) A. sixth of this type, of somewhat later style and with a seal as adjunct symbol (B.M.C. … (a) 78 Horse's head and fore leg 1., … 77-80. For other archaic coins of this type see B.M.C. fen., PI. ii. ri, and AtoHs PI.

87

archaic silver coins. (Imhoof and Keller, Tier- und Pflanzmbildcr, PI. vii. 13.) … 84-87. For other early electrum and silver coins with seals, seals' heads, and Gryphons' … ' This specimen has unfortunately been lost, but not before it had been weighed and cast.

88

roughened punch, small bullets of electrum, previously cast and adjusted … 10, and 11 can only be described as mere bullets of electrum with a rude … part of the issuing authority as a guarantee of value, and must also have been … chronological order those which in fabric and style seem to be the most

89

was prompted, no doubt, by mixed religious and commercial motives. The goat, … issue may have been required for one of those splendid religious festivals such … world was more renowned for its flocks of sheep and goats, and for its woollen … head coins, and therefore assignable to about the same period, the latter half

90

part of the spectacular games. … Asia-Minor; and that it had probably become acclimatised in Lydia some half- … Cockfighting soon became a common sport, and the present issue of electrum … the lion's head, which are conspicuous on the coins of Classes I. and II., I … * The earliest Greek writer who mentions cocks is Theognis (v. 864) in the second half of the 6th century B.C.

91

special divine protector of the city of Sardes, and, as such, was adopted as … into disrepute, and to have substituted for it a new issue of coins of pure gold … ' Sec Note to p. 74, and Addendum.

92

and the substitution of pure gold coins for electrum, or on the less probable … for the foundation of the earliest shrines and consequently for the burial of the … class appear to me to differ, both in style and in their incuse reverses, from

93

Six small coins were overlooked until the boxes of miscellaneous foil and bits of metal, recovered … A number of small globules of fused electrum of various sizes and shapes, which formed part of

Chapter VI: Gold and electrum jewellery

94

GOLD AND ELECTRUM JEWELLERY. … the case of delicate and fragmentary articles of jewellery. In the following … on the plates, and at the same time are fairly complete.

95

Gold and Electrum Jewellery. 95 … iv. 2. Shell, G. E., made in two plates front and back, like an Enkomi figure … iv. 6. Head, G. plated over hollow silver core ; broken off at throat and crushed. … at the back, and closed below with a plate ; pin-hole in the base-plate ; semi- … All these figurines seem to be female, and probably are representations of … II. Birds in most cases certainly, and in all cases probably, Hawks. See … iv. 20. Shell palest E., much crushed at back and chipped. Feathers rendered … back and wings are rendered conventionally by dots and horseshoe incisions.

96

had supported some superimposed object. H. "035 and "023 respectively. … vi. 62. Solid, standing on perch, and based upon a thin rectangular plate, G. … iv. 11. Head and upper part, hollow, apparently complete, E. Cp. glazed terra- … iv. 19. Lump, G., rudely resembling a bird, and perhaps only a freak resulting … pendants" at Enkomi (pi. viii. and xi. nos. 397-8).

97

Gold and Electrum Jewellery. 97 … All are in hollow E., and have flat backs with either pins or staples and … iv. 27. Same type, but decorated with granular and pointille ornament. Staples … iv. 21 ; and if, as Fontenay suggests, the Cairo specimen be not Egyptian, … by Pfuhl {Ath. Mitth. xxviii., pi. v. 1-3, p. 225), and ascribed by him to the … iii. 2; Highly ornate, G., with flat back-plate and single pin and catch-hook. In … and in perfect preservation. D. "025. W. 107. (Basis.)

98

iv. 30. Thin disc G., with single pin and catch behind. Flattened blossom of … iii. 3; Cicada with folded wings; hollow G. ; single pin and catch. L. '016, … v. 4, 5. Moulded belts. 3 specs., E. W. 19 to 18. (Basis and W. Area.) … end, 'and spiral beginning of pin at the other. E. (Basis.) This unusual … called klcinasiatisch by Furtwangler, in Aphaia, p. 403 ; and discussion of them

99

Gold and Electrum Jewellery. 99 … been found in gold and silver, e.g., in Cyprus (Amathusian graves—Enkomi, … than Phoenician work. Cp. also Pollak, pi. x., nos. 210, 211 and Ilios Sck/iem., … work round the cylinder, and beading above and below. L. (with pin) "063, … such head is E. plated over silver. (Basis 3 and W. Area 1.) … vi. 49. Globes and cones of rush-work, with vertical strands ; E. ; 3 specs. In one

100

case a necking of granular beading surrounds the pin-hole. (Basis 2 and W. … its form on Ephesian coins {e.g. B. M. C. Ionia, pi. xii., nos. 1 and 8). … points of the lowest sepals are balls (fruits ?), and on those of the second tier … \V. 19. (Basis.) Similar pins, which have lost their flowers, and similar … vi. 33, Blossoms of six petals fully open, E. ; 5 specs. (Basis 3 and W. Area 2.) … v. 31. Lemon-shape ; G., with horizontal fluting and granular knob-finial rising … v. 14. Peg-top shaped fruit, G. E., with finial tuft of recurved and pointed petals

101

Gold and Electrum Jewellery. ioi … vi. 5, 27. Melons; with smooth lobes. 1 G., and 2 E. (Basis 2, and W. Area 1.) … vi. 26. Barley-corn with tuft finial, and vertical granular stripes. E. (Basis.) … v. 27. Ditto, pear-shaped, and plain, with knob-finial, E. ; granular rings above … v. 37. Ditto, E. ; fluted horizontally except in lower part, and set on a base with … 10V 38 &ranu^ar work ; 2>l specs., G., G. E. and E. Heads only. (Basis.) … vi. 41. Double whorl with inverted daisy pattern, and enriched with medial ridge … vi. 13,14, Clusters of large globular grains, G. and G.E. 10 specs., of which 8 are

102

vi. 18,19, Cylindrical and cubical clusters of ditto. Many sizes. G. and G. E. … they are pin-heads. About 30 specs. (Basis and W. and E. Areas.) Similar … ' filled with paste or enamel, e.g., complete pin with cylindrical head and wires … vi.16,42; Usually of G. or E. plated on silver, and quite plain, resembling fine … broken off. The hub has enrichment of granular rings above, and shows signs … surmounted by a conical cap with granular rim and rush-work strands centred … iii. 5; Bee, G.E., of very fine work and naturalistic style. Wings, body and head

103

A then. Mittli. xxviii., pi. v., nos. 1-3) and also at Camirus. Cp. Stars and … neighbourhood among the Aidin jewels figured in P. C. v., figs. 204, 6, and … from Knossian gem-sealings, and coins of the Syrian Laodicea. (See p. 337.) … ornaments, taken from the person and dedicated ex voto. … Basis and all parts of the Primitive Area,

104

vi. 57. Granular clusters at the ends of the hoop, and studs between, E. ; W. 2. … G. ; beaded lines dividing cushions ; granular rims and ring round base of pin, … round base and hole of pin. W. 126. (Basis.) … beading between each cushion and along their ridges. E. ; W. 70. (Basis.) … central points, and ending in balls ; G. ; W. 75. (W. Area.) … vi. 60. Beaded, plain, and moulded stripes alternating, and following sweep of … vL65,75. Beaded or plain rings encircling hoop; 2 specs. E. and G. ; \V. 35 and

105

Gold and Electrum Jewellery. 105 … jewellery at any rate (Enfc. pi. viii.); and with high arched hoop and flattened … sixth century and observed in the ears of Syracusan coin-portraits of the fifth … (pi. ix. 4). The rest are all too small for any human finger, and whether … objects, e.g. pins. About a dozen specs. (Basis and W. Area.) … tg'fg'ljg and E. ; 223 specs., of all sizes, ranging downwards from a large hollow

106

' the head to form a ring. G. E. 12 specs. (Basis and W. Area.) … vii.1,2,3. Plain, E. ; 7 specs, with and without rings. W. ranging from 32 (W. area) … (Basis) and 9. (W. Area.) … iii. 11; Solid G. figurine, female, fully draped in long robe with cloak above, and … figures pendent from earrings, see Hadaczek, fig. 10; Enkomi, p. 19, fig. 36, and

107

Gold and Electrum Jewellery. 107 … and in Italian graves, … vii. 21. Leg and foot, E. Hole for ring above. Toes indicated by scratches. … (\V. area.) Compare Silver, pi. xii. 34, and Ilios Schliem., p. 430, fig. 557. … vii. 10. Three rods ending in rings and joined by cross-bars; E. ; probably only a

108

' chain have spheroidal beads attached ; two have rings ; and one a crushed … the Enkomi treasure (pi. xiii., no. 26) and that of the Hissarlik treasure … the most part with marginal holes. These may have been attached to a … Eyes. G. and E. … eyes. The eyebrows and eyelashes are sometimes indicated. These objects … and Th. Reinach, Nccr. roy. dc Sidon, p. 105.

109

Gold and Electrum Jewellery. 109 … 'and below. One strip, apparently complete, weighs 12 ; and there are several … x. 22. Small strip, plain E. foil, and strips of bordering with daisy heads in relief. … - surface. 1 (Basis) W. 10 and 3 smaller specs. (W. Area.) Similar casings … Rectangular, and with attachment holes, unless otherwise stated. … (\0rjv. vi., pi. 1, figs. 4-7); and examples from Enkomi and Naukratis.

110

viii. 3. Winged lion, passant to L. with head turned R. and mouth open, … stele from Malatia {Rccucil de Travaux (ed. Maspero), xvii. p. 25 and plate). … ' fragments show the fore-part, one wing, and the lower part of hind-quarters. … vm" " head and flat cap (?) standing to R., between two rampant lions, and below a … embrace either their paws or necks. One specimen almost complete and one … viii. 11; Similar; but loops instead of palmettes in angles, and drops (seeds and

111

Gold and Ellctru.m Jewellery. hi … viii. 26. Similar ; but daisy centre and daisies in angles. No perfect specimen. … and stiffer coils). … Double plaque, G., with ribbed border. \Y. 12 (Basis); and single, E. ; with … (Basis.) Compare Mycenaean plaques and "buttons." (Myc. p. 172, … viii. 21. 1 )itto, E. ; pointille border and similar ornament in field ; W. 4. (\V.

112

viii. 10. Cross patte and circlets within beaded border. E. ; W. 4. (W. area.) … x- 6> 9. St. Andrew's Cross with diamond-shaped terminals, and dots or circlets … x. 11. Circle in square within egg and dart(?) border. YV. 3. (YV. area.) … form. G. E. ; YV. 6. (Basis.) Much flattened and defaced, … d. Blossoms, Stars and Crosses. … Crosses or stars of coil pattern, G. E. and E. ; 48 specs. Slight variations … ix.38,43, Ditto; but with the back-plate solid. 2 specs. (l)asis), and 3 specs. … ix. 35. Ditto ; without central ring, and with back-plate solid. (W. area.)

113

Gold and Electrum Jewellery. 113 … viii. 17; Flat flowers; heads of six and eight petals without attachment holes. … circles set round central boss, within a double egg and dart border. G. E. … x. 21. Geometric pattern of chequers and dots ; E. (\V. area.) … x. 62,63. Globular, plain, of various sizes ; G. and G. E. ; 107 specs, from Basis and … found in groups of threes and twos adhering to back-plates of E. foil,

114

x". 54,80, 42, 44, 45, but much smaller, (a) with granular belts round the mouths and … vii. 37. Three G. tubes soldered together ; beaded rings round mouths and double- … L. "029. \V. 18 and 17. (Basis.) These objects have rough edges below … ornament of zigzags, and crosses within circles, both on the demilune and

115

('.OLD AND ELECTRUM JEWELLERY. 115 … through the base and was perhaps a pendant. Another has two holes in the … b. Nails and Pins. —19 specimens. … p. 97), etc. (Basis, 17 and W. area 2.) … ix. 28. Various fragmentary pieces, e.g. (i) heavy plate with one beaded edge and

Chapter VII: Silver

116

Objects in silver were less numerous than those in gold and electrum, and … purpose; and even those whose surface was still good had mostly become … xi. 23. Male, erect, nude and markedly ithyphallic. H. "035. Surface little … (Basis 2 and E. area 5.)

117

to the head, and was probably part of a brooch or other ornament. (E. area.) … broken off, and back-plate perished. (E. area ; "pocket.") … a broader and more solid example, broken, pi. xi. 14. … •022, "021 and '02i ; W. 36, 38 and 19. (E. area ; "pocket.") … ornate than the other. L. "023; \V. 74. (Basis, and E. "pocket.") … where the ends begin to thicken. 10 specs, and fragments of several … Only one specimen at all perfect, and .some fragments, all found outside

118

xi. 15,19. ii specimens, all perfectly plain, and several fragments. (One from the … xl. 28, One complete pin was found, besides many headless pins and 14 heads … xii. 11. Foot and leg to knee, with ring above for suspension : no superficial detail … xii. 20- About 100 fairly complete specimens, and fragments of many more, almost

119

xii.15,17. 2 enriched with "cushion" moulding and studs. Heaviest W. 58. Cf. … xii. 14. 8 longitudinally ribbed hoops with beaded rims and cross ridges. Cf. Gold … xii. 26. Plaque ; beaded cross patde with diamond centre : identical in design and … of these tiny scraps to another and recover the pattern. (H. area "pocket.") … Weights, iS, 17, and 7. (4 from Basis.) … Several pins, etc., mainly of silver, have been included under Gold and

120

and a little to south of its central point. So close did the fragments lie to … The fragments were found partly doubled up, split along the creases, and … The fragments found make the greater part of a thin plate measuring

121

and for further confirmation we may point to the last line on face A, which, … hand, on one face the characters are rather smaller, Hatter, and more … possibility of his view being right, I add it in the following commentary, and … unglued when the plate was photographed, and is now to be seen, with

123

probably missing, and omitting all restorations which are not quite certain. At … gap between npn and g£TA® there is room for three letters, though … plate, owing to the variant size and spacing of the lettering in different parts.

124

broken letter to right of a in 1. 1 is a round vowel, and, to judge by the … Note the double punctuation mark between iardOrjcrav and 4k. It is … r)peLx[T0^r)crav cp. 1. 3, and for the form see Hoffmann, Gr. Dial. iii. p. 261. … text. The restoration, in itself obvious, of the end of this line and the … thinks the engraver has here actually corrected £i to h, and certainly … I take the end of this line and the beginning and end of the next to he … partial breakage of two letters, and then a corroded space on which I read

125

guides in the corroded spaces of this inscription, and that it is only on the … (2) the cross-stroke of the alpha continuing to meet a second upright, and … 1. 7. So far as I can see there is nothing before SeWa ; and I believe there … dSris, is, unfortunately, in worse condition, and has been less carefully … 1. 2. In the obscure first part, which precedes -[ivr\io k.t.X., about twenty-

126

latter part of this word is palimpsest, written over an error. In the … The possible meaning of this will be discussed later, and a different … and 11. 6, 7 have likewise been left blank. … faint irregular circle meets the eye both on the plate and the photograph, … fragment which is not visible in the photograph, and I have no doubt that … of account; but the texts differ in two obvious and important respects.

127

staters, sixths, and twelfths (half-sixths) being specified. There are, also, … questions arise in this connection. First, are the texts approximately complete, … lost on the right hand than will allow of the texts being restored with any … there is little or no room for any such introductory and explanatory formula … introduction at all, having reference to some notorious occasion and being … given my opinion, and (as a working hypothesis at any rate) I propose to … later, p. I2S), and by the difficulty of giving to several clauses a thoroughly satisfactory sense, without assuming many

128

we find double and even, in one case, triple columns, containing six, nine, … (cf. Olympian bronze plates passim, e.g. nos. 3, 12, 16) ; and we find sometimes … or twice only, and this at a distinct break in sense, e.g. I.G.A. nos. 349, 381. … been inserted always arbitrarily and for merely decorative purpose. They are … Since interpoints, therefore, offer only slight and dubious assistance, we … source, from which such sums are derived, is introduced by ek ; and (4) tin-

129

source certainly in the last entry on face A. and probably also in the first. … Xpvcrov, and (b) the dative with eV. Moreover, the broken space calls rather … to be part of the first entry, and if so, the double interpoint is, curiously … explanation of, what has gone before. It is, perhaps, because this second … entry (A. 3), dv rw wpaiTU) xpvcrw, and the suggested explanation which I

130

subjects for the three verbs, and it is necessary to make one of these refer … natural order of words ; and I read the three clauses thus : 'Ek 7roXew? … clause is stated to be both in silver and h> tw Trpa>Ta) Ypucrw. What can the … silver money is not probable at this early stage in the history of Lydian and … (icrTcidrjcrav) : for had it not already been weighed and reduced to standard … and a Magnesian one, new to me (Kern, Inschr. v. Magn. no. 99), which … general and abstract sense, which, as it seems to me, Sopv could bear, is that

131

is spoil of war; and so I understand it; although, so far as I am aware, there is … weighed." The second runs : " In silver 33 minae were weighed here (i.e. in the … vavT can only be t or r), and is more probably the former. I suggest this … Dr. Keil's (for the last part) eyevovTo e/c ttov\to, suggested by the analogy of … (v) Ka6a might be restored Ka0a[pal and referred to the preceding /Wcu ; … the " salt" here is comparatively small, and where the source is mentioned

132

possible that the faint indications in the first part of 1. 1 point to such an … probably continues as far as Seo/xeWs in 1. 2. The latter part of it almost … (ii) A fresh entry begins with 30 minae, and continues at any rate to … (a) The first statement is clear. After p.viai and the interpoint about ten … both a verb and a specification of metal. The lower part of a letter surviving

133

a stater and a sixth derived from the " salt." I suspect that it is only the stater … specification of metal ought to occur in the statement, and as the letters, … curve which would suit the lower part of £ ; if so, restore xpyijo. Before … Before rovSe there should be something to account for the genitive, and,

134

find none fulfilling the conditions and making an intelligible sense, except … preceding statement and to the stater there mentioned, and, incidentally, the … coincidence of a possible vSpiSiov and a possible dpvop.ei> seemed to me at first … (c) The third statement contains only one gap, between tovto and r)pip.vqiov. … to be restored which will govern ^/xi/ii^'ioi' and have some such sense as … viz., 1 mina and 5 twelfths, made by interest upon the preceding \.\ minae

135

interpretation, and must in any case reject it if I adopt the second explanation … form of vessels, and especially of c/>iaA.at of a definite weight (such … Priester u. Tanpcl im hellenist. Aeoypten, p. 396, note 2) ; and this may be its … not unreasonable to antedate this application of <j)t,d\r) ; and certainly, if we … "offertory " in the Temple, and were probably in coin.1 … (iii) After two and a half blank lines a fresh clause begins with 1. 8. In this … nominative, the verb must be in a relative sentence, and therefore we read at … 1 I 1 aces in this c.....loction t" Mi. E. R. Bevao and Mr, <'. C. Edgnr.

136

and be much too long for the remaining space. The sense of ipyat,6p.eda is, … In the gap following pveai and the interpoint six or seven letters are to … in the h of </uaA.7?s just above. If this be so, APrYPAi is possible, and will … genitive, and there seems to be no hard-and-fast rule as to which shall … line. Here is a second mention of pviai in the nominative, followed by a … the end of 1. 8, and to be construed with the first pvia.1—such as e.g. E£Taoh£an;

137

most left in the gap for the first part of the word -770(1;). I hardly know what … from dvdyw, and that the word means brought up [from the coast). At the … not be expected in this text (cf. C.I.G. 2953^, 1. 28, and Strabo, xiv., 1, 20). … (Anab. v. 4, 12), that the Artemision had a plantation and a park of game … precincts of some Egyptian temples. (See Grenfell and Hunt, Tebtunis i. 6., … (iv.) The remaining letters forming 1. 10, and probably to be restored … why they were n<>t engraved in the blank space after dvdxrO-qaav ; and the

138

The full text of A. and B., according to my proposed restoration, is … and, I venture to think, justifies the assumption that the plate is approxi- … statement of account such as these texts contain.

139

Two verbs only are found in text A., io-Tadrjo-av and T)vdydr)<ja.v. The … process of weighing, and perhaps passed to expenditure. Two items are said … expenditure, the entry gains point, and with it every entry in the text. … in the ordinary sense, on some extraordinary object in which the Temple and … In text B. we get new verbs, avvetv and e'pya£ecr#ai, and we find those who

140

seems to me that the verb has a more general sense in this passage, and refers to … and has here the proleptic significance suggested for it in text A., is a statement … Text B. then, like text A., is a record both of income and expenditure'.. … whole text seems a more desultory and piecemeal document than text A , … texts were by the same hand working at different times. It is a natural

141

I append in tabular form the values recorded in these texts, as I interpret … 1? and … 40 and … I need hardly say that, in dealing- with texts of such unique character

142

certainly a most valuable indication of the resources and financial system of … question of its period doubtful, and there is no sure indication of date in … are both long and short 0. The most noteworthy feature is the presence of … where it occurs in the names OzWaiHos and Hai/vaiuo?, and perhaps also in … The questions as to the origin and vogue of this symbol have been … expressed in Greek crcr and tt; and there can be little doubt not only

143

both the Halicarnassian and Teian texts, words in which it occurs reappear … sounds end and begin two distinct words (okttco, €kttt], rj/AieKKTa, riveter 9rjcra.v : … in an early Ionian text, e.g. we have o for ov in terminations, and imperfect … inscriptions of the late sixth and early fifth centuries B.C. {e.g. the Sigean, … tions are very few and very ^uncertain. The principal one, the Abu Simbel

144

the second, more than a century later. Similar uncertainty exists as to the date … they may well represent alphabets earlier than their own date, and the script of … same level, and in the same kind of deposit (see pp. 45, 46) are of the same … 1 See doubts expressed p. 240. It is worth notice that our " Alyattes " coins have also lost digamma, and show … inscription, cut on a fragment of a columna caclata, found by Wood, and published by Newton in Tram. Sec. Jlil'l.

Chapter VIII: Bronze, lead and iron

145

BRONZE, LEAD AND IRON. … type, one pin, a knife-blade and some fragments, outside the Basis. This fact … W. part and in the E. part of the Primitive area, whence Croesus foundations had

146

leaves the fore-arms free, and is confined by a tight waist-belt. Below the latter … fillet and falling behind. Stiff curls appear on the forehead under the fillet. … (e.g., Gold, iv. 1), and slightly aquiline. The eyeballs project (the left is now … undoubtedly to a very early type, and might well be regarded as a work … The lower part of the figure is not columnar, and the upper tunic falls evenly, … detail of drapery and much corroded. (Bought by the Ottoman Imperial … xv. 14. Hawk, erect and gripping a crouching Hare with its claws. H. "067. … the legs are bandy, and the eyes are hollow projecting sockets, once filled

147

catch-plate, and rather long pin-coil flattened on one side. No … 13, ment. 2 specs., complete with pins, and 2 others with pins broken. … 20, (No. 19), and sometimes enriched with a stud (No. 18). Usually

148

iv., pi. 22, No. 368.) 2 complete and several fragmentary … section, and divided by lines, so as to recall the cushion … the other side being plain and flat. 1 spec. Cp. Olympia iv., … number, and placed at the centre of the bow and spring of … (Korte, p. 78, no. 68), and found on the "Hittite" site of … nassus); Martha, p. 76. Of this type are our gold and silver … the rest, and have the ends expanded and adorned with incised rosette

149

Bronze, Lead and Iron. 149 … Schlicm., p. 459, no. 693), and (bronze) at Olympia (iv., pi. 5, nos. 22, 23), … Finger-rings. 11 plain rings varying in diameter from "025 to "023, and … waists, and hollow sides. 29 complete specs, and some fragments. … perfect were recovered, and there were fragments of at least as many more. … 27. 33. Cp. Gold, vi. 44, etc., and Ilios Sckliem., p. 505, No. 938. A few

150

and where these had been removed. This type is at least as early … xv. 1, 2. (Gold), (ii.) Thick wire ending in opposing points, and sometimes … longitudinally. 1 spec. D. -o66 and "015 broad. From disturbed

151

Bronze, Lead and Iron. 151 … and also the Dictaean Cave, B. S. A., vi., p. i 12, fig. 45.) … and left ear are broken ; two knobs between the eyes. (Cp. Olympia, … Asia, see O. Puchstein, Pseudo-IIethitisehe Kunst, p. 9, and P. C, ii., … xvlil- 42- (i.) The commonest type (4 specimens) has a high medial rib and raised … especially qos. 432, 444). Cp. also Her., ii., pi. 92, and llallstatt … xix-' 3. Seven enriched semicircular handles, flattened on one side, and

152

evidently been attached to the upper rims of coffers or vases, and the … xix. 4. Solid metal ; sinkings mortised in the ends, and 2 pin-holes in … Plain, of very thin metal and broken to fragments. D. -091. Same type … xvi. 3. Fragments of thin plate beaten out into a pattern of rosettes and circles.

153

Bronze, Lead and Iron. 153 … knobs, etc. ; and a tiny but complete dolphin, perhaps a pin-head. … xx. 5. Figurine, female (?) and draped. The head (not found) was mortised into … xx. 7,12. Two specimens and fragments of another. One has knob finials with … xx. 3. Nine specimens and fragments ; no ornament. … xx. 8,9. Fragmentary cap and cover-pieces.

154

very rare, and so greatly corroded that their nature could not always be … Sword-blade with flange down the axis of the blade. The hilt and point … and "045 respectively. Two seem to have had ornamental bands or beads at … Fragments of a thin rod ; a socket : and some formless lumps.

Chapter IX: The ivory statuettes

155

in the way of excavation on any early Ionic site, and the scarcity of material … site of this period have so far been extremely rare, and, considering the … Plates xxii. and xxiii. the reproduction is in a scale slightly under the … and an axe-head pendant, were discovered outside the Basis, but within the

156

it ; and most of them came from the lowest stratum, resting on the black … with feet close together and arms at sides, the style suggesting comparison with … which has been identified with the rem^),* and falls in a wavy tapering ringlet

157

maeanders at intervals, and in the centre a pendent flower. Down the right- … The head is large in proportion, and broad and flat at the crown. The … • 156 m. long (including the part thinned for the socket), surmounted by a hawk … small stones, and sunk in the bottom stratum, see p. 44.]

158

slightly all round, and apparently meant to represent a plinth on which the … by an engraved outline with sunk hole for pupil, and are disproportionately large. … xxiv. 3. 4. Statuette of a woman, H. • 118 m. The modelling of the face and … indicated) it is hardly more than column-form (see No. i), and the hands, … drapery is an Ionic chiton, undergirt and with apoptygma : and a veil passes … resembles No. 4 in style and attitude. The edges of the sleeves are decorated

159

with a pattern (fig. 30), and a similar pattern runs down the centre of the … and the upper part carved into a crude semblance of the human head and … 2 a, b. figure stands in a stiff attitude, facing outward, the head and feet (now mostly … offered for purchase by peasants in Smyrna, and came into private hands ; … Museum have very kindly allowed me to publish their specimen, and I

160

as in high relief by cutting away the surface around ; the breasts and waist are … The head and ears are very large in proportion. The hair is confined in a cap, … xxiv. 7, mended in two places in the lower part of the front of the skirt, fresh pieces … neck is a long chain of beads which hangs below the waist, and is grasped at … engraved with patterns, mainly the spiral-armed cross, and (once) a cross-

161

it; the lower part of this is roughly scored, as if to give a purchase to the … with both feet close together a cylindrical object, perhaps intended as part of … body of the hawk is not detached from the pole, and forms a continuation of it … strokes on the back of the head and on the breast ; around the pole is a series … 2 a, b. 1^ probably rested on a cylindrical pole, as part of the boring still appears … xxv 4. :6- Hawk. H. *oi6 m. Broken off above the feet, and surface somewhat

162

together, grasping a rod ; the space between legs and tail is filled in. Carefully … and in the back portion of this is a small tubular drill-hole for its attachment. … xxiii 3 Jaw' w'tn nose and Part of the r. eye, 1. ear, tail except stump and end on back, … similar lion on the ebony comb in the Louvre, published in Perrot and Chipiez, … and leaping downwards, so that its chest and forelegs rest on the ground while; its

163

passes between the hind legs and lies along the 1. side, has an ornamental ring … rectangular sinking for a support, "009 x "005 m., and 'oi m. deep, and the … flattened, and has had a bronze pin inserted in it) and the end of the back. … xxHi 1 Pnntn '°°3 m- thick, and "04 m. by "015 m. The wings are raised and … with zigzags ; it is confined with a band on the level of the ears and terminates … [Found with nos. 3 and 21.] … this type, and with a precisely similar attachment at the back, was acquired by … xxvi 24. Bull seated. H. -028 m. L. -038 m. Horns and right ear broken

164

' ' plinth, roughly ^045 m. long by "025 m. wide, of which the upper and under … S. end of the W. wall, at a level between — 3*90 and — 4'30 : see p. 41.] … mosaic of disconnected pieces ; the ear and eye are exaggerated in a form … '005 m. in diam. vertically and horizontally (cf. No. 23, the ibex). … The figure is cut off vertically at the base of the neck, and was evidently

165

in diam. and about i cm. deep has been drilled out at the back. Around … the stump at the shoulder and part of the 1. foot are preserved : the face is … 5 millim. and giving a central deeper hole of 2 millim.—possibly a kind of … be shown whether it was designed as a separate head, like Nos. 29-32, or part … behind the ears, and in the centre of this surface is drilled a circular hole '09 m. … 7a,b. l0Wer part cut away so as to form a circular peg for insertion. Carefully

166

of head and neck. The eyes are prominent, with amber pins to indicate pupils, … ' ' part cut off square, and under surface drilled with hole. This is crossed by a … curved, with three parallel bands in slight relief. The modelling is careful and … 2 a, b, -. ^h admirable skill; the eyes are hollow, and may have been filled with some … 1. in low relief. Part of the face and of the advanced r. leg, and of the wing … of four parallel raised tresses with hatched surface curving round the face and … the upper part of the r. wing, her r. arm from the elbow, and the lower part of

167

xxvi. 7. 36. Part of relief. H. -027 m. x "027 m. x "05 m. thick. Part of a … 4 millim. thick, and then cut out a jour, some details being added with engraved … face and neck to front, in archaic style. It has the appearance of having been

168

it till some hours after its discovery, and the exact spot where it was found … ' 'T irregular oval form, measuring about 1 cm. x 1*2 cm. Between the head and … the forehead below the ears ; it is cut off short behind the skull, and stands out … short hair, drapery to ankles, and girt at waist, walking to r. ; the arms, … with some other material, and the surface is scored to give a hold to … xxvii. 2. 42. Wheel of a chariot. Diam. "05 m. A portion of the felloe and of … which extends into the felloe ; the outer half of the felloe is slightly raised, and … in section between two minute fillets, and the convex surface has an engraved … [Found with no. 22. Presumably this wheel formed part of a complete

169

xxvii. 9. 43. Part of chariot wheel. Greatest length -035 m. Apparently of wood. … pin crossing it vertically and pierced by it. [W. area.] … flat rim ; the handles are very thick for the size, and cylindrical in section ; in … and the first parallel wall, see p. 45.]

170

India or Africa. Its fragile and perishable nature moreover renders it easy of … instance in the tiny statuette (No. 8), and in the plaque with the relief of the

171

artists, and in view of the evidence which Mr. Hogarth found of the application … existed between Ephesus and the Lydian kingdom, it is probable that the … The amber eyes of the hawk (No. 16) and of the duck (No. 31) may perhaps … to note how greatly superior in freedom and the rendering of nature is the skill … round are figures of divinities, and are therefore subject to certain hieratic or … bull, and the duck's head exhibit a remarkable freedom and truth to nature, the

172

made in indicating the form of the breasts, and in two cases the drapery is … (No. 3) the eyes and eyebrows are rendered by hard deep grooves and the … form of the eyes, and in No. 1 there is a definite indication of the eyelids. … divinity, and if so, the inference would apply to No. 3, which also has a hole … indicating a cult in which the principal share was borne by trapOCvni, and it is,

173

represented in the dress and with the attributes of the deity they serve. The … forms of the face, the arrangement of the hair, and the long-sleeved chiton, … is the broad fleshy nose and the pulpy back of the neck : these are particularly … literary sources : the name Megabyzos seems to indicate an Oriental origin, and … around his neck, and which he significantly grasps with both hands, is probably … * Who kindly called my attention to it: see The Historical Relations bchutcn Phtygia and Cappadocia, in Joxni.

174

the curious fez-like cap, the broad decorated belt, and the mode of dressing the … will be noticed, has a necklace of large beads, a dress with long full sleeves, and … Mon. Plate VI.), which holds in one hand a hawk of bronze, and in other … though rare : and most of the known instances occur in Asia Minor. Korte … the tumulus at Kara Kush,5 where the religious significance of the … standard; and at Nebesheh, Petrie found a column surmounted by a

175

dish is much too large and otherwise unsuitable for libation, and more probably … a symbol of office and of power. It is difficult to suppose that a seal intended … evidence of their having been attached to plinths, and not one of them can be … breasts) is the goddess certainly represented, and that is in the tiny relief … between the winged and wingless type of this figure. It is certainly remarkable

176

and consequently, we must not lay too much stress on the presence or absence … was attached a park full of sacred deer and other animals ; and it would thus … Lydian monarchs, that human and animal forms played a considerable part in … (No. 23) and boar (No. 26) each have such an attachment, pierced transversely,

177

continuously through, and the ends of two others ahut on it at right angles from … from the Island sculptures and from Ionic sculptures, for instance, at Delphi and … foil., which have so far been found only at the Artemision, and also in the

178

exact counterpart of our No. 25, and a seal, which on one of its four sides has … most part a mere local adaptation of Mesopotamia!! or Egyptian design. … politically speaking, Assyrian; and proceeds to the suggestion that such … referred to ; and so far we have no evidence whatever that ivories of Ionic … duced at this date; and the very fact of Assyrian domination of the island … for comparison with ours. In Rhodes, however, we are nearer to Ionia ; and

179

xxviii. 1. Mask of a woman. H.'033 m. W.-033 m. Perrot and Chipiez, iii., p. 850, Figs. 620, 621. … lion springing upwards to 1. This is in intaglio, and enclosed within an edging of dog-tooth pattern; … 1 2 - two rows of dog-tooth and two plain bands alternate. The hair falls on each side of the neck in two … for a rod which probably served as a hinge; and below the chin it is pierced for the attachment of a … indicated in colour. R. elbow, 1. knee and feet wanting. A black stain (from burning ?) all down … xxx. 15. 6. Statuette of similar type. H. '052 m. Here the back is flat, and not modelled, and the legs

180

and has a double band of wave pattern between two plain lines running along it. At the upper edge … xxx. 10. n. Bone plaque. H. -042 m. YV. -012 m. Perrot and Chipiez, hi., p. 850, Fig. 622. … Mycenae. Above and below, a raised border. The field is pierced above and below the line; and a … [Perrot, loc. cit., places this plaque on its side and describes it as an animal running.] … end, and more resembles that of an ass. Rev. geometric patterns, partly engraved, partly in relief. … wedges and set opposite ways. … xxx. 7* x8- Similar to preceding, but part has longitudinally flaked away. -02 x '012 m. Similarly … xxxi 10 20. Scarab. '018 x 'oi in. Pierced as preceding. Roughly carved; between head and body … engraved lines, and in the centre of the back a group of four dotted circles, < )u the under surfai e

181

holes which communicate; the spaces between the body and the forearms, elbows, and calves are … xxx. 12. 2^- Grotesque mask. H. '025 m. Upper part broken away, showing where it has been pierced … where it terminated ; hollowed in tubular form from base of neck to crown. Forms full and rounded ; … to the stamped gold and electrum plaques found occasionally in Ionic sites, … again, such as the scarabs and amulets, the outline drawings in PI. xxxi., … Naukratis ; and when we remember the close relations which united the … PArt, \ii. p. 147)10 the same category is those of Cameiros. The same grave contained :il 0 two

182

literature has to tell us of the early trade relations between Phoenicia and … Egypt; and apart from the inherent probabilities to be inferred from the … with three pendants, a necklace represented by a row of dots between raised edges, and bangles, and … the figure, is broken away, and a piece across the panel with the knees. … centre is the relief, representing a woman's head in a wig and wearing a necklace, within a rectangular … enclosed on three sides by a border consisting of two stepped flat bands; and the whole has a … [A similar ivory is published in Perrot and Chipie/, ii., p. 314, Fig. 129 ; and cf. Eiikomi, p. 10. … back, with hands at sides; they are nude and have long hair falling on the shoulders, with a tv,

183

panels. On the chest and shoulders is a series of three raised bands (a necklace or pectoral ?). The … which has been pierced horizontally ; and in the centre of the upper disc is a large circular sinking. … near the upper edge, immediately over the head of the figure. Design in high relief; above and … upward and snarls at her. The 1. hand, now broken away, probably held a similar lion. The purpose … surface for attachment. The hair falls in thick twisted plaits down each side of the face and at the … pi tailed rosettes, and the neck with a necklace consisting of a triple row of beads, with pendent discs. … sinking. The hair falls on each shoulder in a twisted plait terminating in a spiral, and is encircled … each side of the face and at the back, from beneath a stephane decorated with egg-shaped hollows … le for pupil. The coiner.- of the mouth incline upward as in the early Ionic sculpture, and the

184

xxix. 5. 10. Part of a bull in relief. H. "03 m. Only the head and shoulders remain; the bull is of the … Artemisia—made for Darius a golden vine and plane tree. A characteristic … the origin of the engraved and carved tridakna shells, of which examples have … in Egypt was at its highest, and that country was an Assyrian province.3 … Egyptian. YVe know from Naukratis how closely (and yet with an unmistak- … : It is worth noting that the three combs of ebony in tin- Louvre which Parol and Chipiei (ii., p. ;^S full.),

185

Egypt ; and in this connection it is significant that specimens have been found … Ximrud discoveries is the latter part of the eighth century B.C. I see no reason … of these scarabs) and Polledrara must be assigned to the second half of the

Chapter X: Other ivory and bone objects

186

OTHER IVORY AND BONE OBJECTS. … in the W. Area, a small number of objects in the same material and in Bone … and many of the pins and cylindrical pieces. It is probable that some of the … These are discs, single and double, with oxidized remains of bronze pins … xxxii. Two circular discs of thin ivory, polished and ornamented with concentric … have remains of bronze at the back, and one has the catch-hook fully

187

Other Ivory and Bone Objects. 187 … Seventeen specs, and fragments [14 from Basis]. … and below. The different types of ornamentation are three :— … xxxii. 1. Incised rings and circlets round a flower centre. Four circlets between the … Dicta^an Cave in Crete and referred to the early Iron Age. (P.S.A. vi., … the I'>. 1 sis and outside.

188

xxxiv. With knob-finial and plain or horizontally fluted sphere. … xxxiii. heads of this type (H. '031 and -020), found in the W. area, are so heavy and … (p. 32), having probably been overlooked in the sieves and washed down from … xxxiii. Ribbed or otherwise moulded ; small and numerous. … xxxiii. With horizontal line-moulding and cup-shaped finial—a degraded form … 2 9- workmanship. The cylinders have horizontal flutings and terminate above in … forms, should be compared with a gold type (v. 29), and is perhaps equally … xxxiv. c. Upper part of needle-like shaft moulded in various ways, generally with

189

Other Ivory and Bonh Objects. 189 … xxxiii. Beading round circumference, and daisy petals in relief round pin-hole. … xxxiii. Small discs, flat or flattened, and made in one piece with the shaft. … xxxv. Six rings turned on a lathe and polished; concave sides (" napkin-ring " … xxxv. Truncheon-skape, turned on a lathe and of one general form, but some specs, … 11. "021, is finely worked and polished. The two smaller [\V. area] show

190

complete specs. [21 from Basis], and about 35 half-specs. The complete … gold stud, and several others are drilled like the artificial specimens (xxxvi. 41. 43). … astragali before the cultus-statue of Ephesian Artemis, between Crescent and

191

Other Ivory and Bone Objects. 191 … Denkm., iii., pi. i.-iii.): and it is not unlikely that other representations of … the Artemision, and, in the majority of cases at any rate, dedicated thereafter … xxxvi. Plain both top and bottom, neither of which are cupped. One spec. … xxxvi. 9. Rosettes rudely scratched, top and bottom. One spec, probably … xxxvi. One specimen with gold studs and concentric circles, top : bottom broken off.

192

31,32,35. Besides these there were found 12 specimens broken top or bottom, and … found (no. 44). These show mortised pin-holes, and being often deeply tinged … ~ ' ' concave and ornamented with floral patterns (daisy, lotus, etc.), or with fret- … xxxv.23. Two other buttons of different type were found. These are unbored, and … This specimen is bored horizontally through the stem, and a bore from below … being alike top and bottom, cannot have been " astragali." … 40 42- nick in the head, which is cut square. The shafts are shaped throughout and

193

Other Ivory and Bone Objects. 193 … xxxvii. Two flattened strips of bone, sharpened to a point and ornamented on both … These may be classed here, though their small size, their material and their … 18~20- compartments by cross-partitions. Projections above and below, of which one … xli. 16. Shallow circular cup, with moulded rim. Part only remains, showing half

194

in all cases is flat, the other convex; and the centre is pierced vertically … reverse, and a raised rim round the hole. D. "035. … convex side, lotus flowers and buds ; on the flat reverse, triple bow-coils, back

195

Other Ivory and Bone Objects. 195 … xxxvii. Four fragments of a fluted and curved handle In very fine ivory stained … the blade, and traces of the iron nails which secured it in place. [W. Area.] … xl.24,21. Thin pieces of ivory of various shapes with squarely finished edges and no … xl. 22. Lower part of light green plaque, showing bull with lotus bloom pendent … xl. 26. Three consecutive pieces, stained dark green, showing lotus blooms and buds … acute angle, and two mortised holes in the upper edge. The fragments not

196

xl. 18. One spec, not pierced, and therefore probably originally set in a backing. … xlii. 7. Button with knob handle ; the lower face is convex and carved into a … the largest (xlii. 9) recalls a pick-head, and this specimen is, perhaps, a form

197

Other Ivory and Bone Objects. 197 … xli. 1, 4. Four tubes, turned on a lathe, fluted horizontally, and polished. All contract … and depth. 1). (two ends of each) '024 and '023; -023 and '021 ; -022 and … 15, are sunk half-way into one side of the cylinder. Turned on lathe, and highly … xli. 2. Large cylinder, pierced longitudinally, and also on one side, the bores … xlii. 20. Strip of black ivory with "keys" at each end, and semicircular mortises

198

curved and moulded base, with flat back. [W. area.] … crosses within a border; the base has a moulded roll, and below … chevrons, and on the base crossed lines. Plain back. H. "022. … arrangement for suspension, and therefore probably not a charm. … xlii. 18, A fluted column surmounted by round knob above collar and necking. A … xxxiv. 1, Besides those on which hawks are still perched, two complete poles and … xxxix.7. Human tooth with double fangs, sawn off horizontally, and bound with two

Chapter XI: Terracotta, glazed ware and glass

199

TERRACOTTA, GLAZED WARE AND GLASS. … and Delian Artemis statue, … and black pigment can be de- … broken at the foot, is of smaller size (11. nut above • 100), and differs slightly

200

arms and hands are not modelled, but … ment applied on red. H. "065. [This was found in disturbed rubbish, and … Part of left half only; in fine clay, with hard pink slip, showing traces of

201

Terracotta, Glazed Ware and Glass. … Fragments of three heads. (a) The best preserved and largest … Cockle-shell, exactly imitated from nature and painted … cartouche. On one side the illegible impression of a seal, and on the other a

202

Glazed objects were found in large numbers, and may be distinguished into … knobs, while heads and beaks are of unnatural form. I know no nearer parallel … cotta "Goddess" figurines, on the N.W., and one to E. … along the wing outlines, the beak, crest, neck, and breast, round the … xliii. 4. Highly vitreous glaze ; very well preserved, and painted with white … and a claw-knob. … glaze, relieved with yellow chevrons or serpentines and yellow belts above and … and later, already referred to in relation to Ivory " truncheon " pendants (p, 189).

203

Terracotta, Glazed Ware and Glass. 203 … xliv. 1. Head of Bes, complete but for feather-crown ; glaze perished, and only soft, … xliv. 2. Male figure, standing on a base with foot advanced and playing double … xliv. 12. Hippopotamus; hinder part only, glaze perished. Small pendant of a type … (now white) ground. [Both within and without Basis.] Three types :— … xliv.5,9. Double; many specs., some more squat than others. H. from '027, and … Soft core and dull glaze, brown or blue-black ; striped and pierced … the intervals, being soft, has perished and left the glazed stripes standing out in … no. 551), and also in the Aeginetan temple deposit (Aphaia, pi. 118, nos. 1-3).

204

xlv. 1, 5, Circular. 12 specs, from Basis and outside. D. from -016. … terracotta hawk, no. 3, and of the staff amulets. … [Basis and outside.]

205

Terracotta, Glazed Ware and Glass. 205 … part of the Primitive area and passed through sieves : — … and at the other a papyrus plant, with buds. On each side of the … 10. Yellow paste inscribed with figures of a branch, a horse, and the … and of an object which resembles a knife \ enclosed within a … disk and a lion, and the symbol of '*life" (?); (2) A man hunting

206

and the figure of a uraeus. (Fig. 43, 21.) … and so form an interesting variant of the prenomen of Amen- … of right and truth, a uraeus, etc. (Fig. 43, 19.) … Dr. Wallis Budge, who has examined these scarabs and compiled the … hetep III. and Thothmes III. on these scarabs proves the efficacy attached to

207

Terracotta, Glazed Ware and Glass. 207 … their style and fabric go, why they should not be earlier than the XXVIth … and is probably considerably earlier (see Chapter XIV.), while another was … dated the fabric before the time of Amasis ; and since it is now practically certain … scarabs and other objects in glazed paste, found in the Ephesian lowest

208

blue glaze ; feet of a draped figurine in ditto ; part of a crown in ditto. The … work and is probably Naukratite. … xliv. 10, Head and breast of a hawk in greenish-blue ware, the beak, eyes, etc., … The pseudo-Egyptian objects were almost all found in the S.W. part of

209

Terracotta, Glazed Ware and Glass. 209 … from the Basis filling. Various forms, qualities and tints of glass are … downwards from D. "020 (no. 1) and "017 (no. 2). … 35, L. (in their present state), "015 and "013 respectively.

Chapter XII: Stone, Amber, Horn, Wood, and shell

210

STONE, AMBER, HORN, WOOD, AND SHELL. … raw material were brought to me from time to time by shepherds, and some … intaglio work engraved upon it ; and the taste for it evidently continued into … The balance of the stone objects is made up by seal-stones and beads … state, this particular object has the under-surface deeply chipped, and probably, … top ; and probably an ivory button had been inserted in this bore. In the bore

211

Stone, Amber, Horn, Wood and Shell. 211 … a sumptuousness suitable to the use of the goddess, and therefore dedicated … (2) Certain specimens lack the flattening on one side, and, since they have … The concave upper surfaces have bevelled rims and the sides are hollowed.

212

in the groove and has evidently been set in metal. The largest has D. 027 … xlvi. 23. six small beads in clear crystal were found, somewhat flatter in shape, and … 33* 3IJ' trace of metal (L. -016) ; the rest cylindrical and flattened at both ends, which

213

Stone, Amber, Horn, Wood and Shell. 213 … xliii. 11. Fragments of a small phial ; upper part only ; the mouth D. about '015. … xlvi. 4. Beads.—4 small and flat specs, rudely cut to circular form and pierced … whetstones; and (xliii. 13) a perforated stone, grooved on one side like a … fragments, and much amber dust. The amber is of two kinds: (1) clear

214

angles from the brows, the eyes are mere dots, and the mouth is a scratch. … and dimensions of his lump of amber. This figure is probably a representation … xlvii. 13. Lump of irregular shape, red ; roughly smoothed, and showing a number … xlvii. 21. Bead, red. D. -005, bored both longitudinally and laterally. From a ring

215

Stone, Amber, Horn, Wood and Shell. 215 … Ditto, red ; drilled with one vertical bore and three horizontal bores. … xlvii. 14. Cylindrical fragment, tawny ; highly polished and bored. Key-piece below, … drilled vertically with one hole in centre and four round the circumference. … simple ring neck and no base, recalling a flattened aryballos or "pilgrim bottle." … above. Almost all these vase-pendants were found in the Basis, and are

216

and red, but majority latter, (a) Horizontally fluted spheroids (Cp. Ivories, … (a) Scaraboid ; two specimens, L. "015 and "012, bored at longest diameter. … (k) Flat and round, with slightly bevelled edges pierced vertically : … 23- oxidation of bronze. The slit socket and nail holes to secure the blade are

217

Wood and Shell. … ' effects of damp and salt are the cores of two Hawk-figures, once overlaid with … state these cores measure "090 and -oSo in length respectively. Both were

Chapter XIII: The pottery

218

The painted pottery found on the site of the Artemision is for the most part of … style, and nothing (or, at any rate, nothing certain) of the fabric attributed to … ibex jugs and vases, the pinakes and the allied vases with similar decorations … purple-umber pigment laid direct on the engobe, both in the design and for the

219

pattern is also found, and there is generally a tendency to the introduction of … interesting to know whether the bodies of the animals, as well as the heads and … (No. 13) ; they have also been traced on the ivory statuettes (see p. 15b), and it … ornament may have been applied to it at any time ; and, therefore, after it was … and Dr. Knackfiiss, I was enabled, in the spring of 1905, to examine and make

220

Fig-. 46. i. A fragment shown in natural size in Fig. 46, which has formed part … 2. A fragment shown in natural size in Fig. 47, which has formed part … characteristic of a series of fragments which have been found at Miletus, and … pattern seems to be composed of a series of semicircles filled with dots and

221

outline, and free use is made of " reserved" lines for details. … squares, alternately purple with central dot, plain, and plain dotted in centre ; … painted direct on the white. The fragment gives part of the lip of the vase, … alternately plain and divided by diagonals, with a dot in each quarter. Of the … 3a' b' design on int. and cxt. Clay brick-red, with creamy smooth engobe which

222

on this the design is laid in brownish black, with details in deep purple and … [S.W. corner of Primitive area, in disturbed deposit and among D … 5a' b" diameter of the bowl must have been about 16 cm. Clay, fine and close, red- … On the upper surface of the lip is a band of squares of brown and umber … the spaces : the space above and below this within mouldings is coloured purple ; … Int. Below the lip, a broad band of umber, on the lower part of which is

223

of the bowl must have been at least 16 cm., and probably, from the character of … round the centre, and at the outer edge a trace of a similar border : between … 10. Upper part of vase. 3'5 cm. by 6 cm. The form is uncertain: as … and (where the break comes) a band of dotted squares and sets of 3 uprights,

224

part of an open dish on a stem, around which the design runs concentrically on … and one forefoot are preserved : of the lion, only … shiny black glaze both ext. and int. … from a semicircular punch while the clay was soft and before (dazing.

225

portion, and the lower edge of the lip all round, are broken away. In the … empty and occupied by two hatched triangles set horizontally with joined … Fig. 51, 14- Part of a small stand (?). "03 by •02. The form is not very clear, … In the centre has been a row of flowers, each formed of two lozenges and

226

part of this, and almost all the lip above it, are wanting. … Fig. 51, 17. Foot of a similar vase. H. '035 m. Around the upper part of the … 18-21. Fabric of the "Apollo bowls." [W. area, and a few fragments from E. … horizontally, probably as the vase turned on the wheel, and by way of … covers the whole of the int., but on the cxt. leaves the lip and shoulder free,

227

rims. These cups have had the lower part of the body either left plain, with … but much more advanced technique ; the clay is finer and thinner, the glaze … 22. A series of fragments giving the greater part of the design from an … springing to r., looking back. Much use of purple and engraving in the upper … 24. A series of fragments of similar ware, including part of the handle and

228

in diameter. It gives one leg from the knee and the other foot of a human figure … given in natural size in Figs. 54 and 56. … band accompanies it round to where a portion of flower and tie join the outer edge. … The design appears to be part of a spiral and flower decoration similar to that … 27. Part of the hollow stem (?) of a vase. It tapers downward, and is

229

squares are alternately empty and occupied with a central black square. On … been a scene, of which only part of the foot of a lion (?) and of a bull (?), moving … design is laid in dark brown, with bluish-purple details. The only part preserved … black on brilliant white, and on the int. a coat of brownish-black glaze colour.

230

surface generally is dotted, with a hole for the neck and a string hanging from … Part of a combat (?). The shields of the opposed warriors are partly … purple, but only a patch now remains ; the border and the handle alike of this

231

Fig. 59. 32. Upper part of an aryballos in form of an ape ; the body of the vase was … The lip and handle, together with the head of the animal, are preserved ; its … consists of two boars fighting, and under the handle an owl.

Chapter XIV: The primitive objects as a whole

232

The foregoing catalogue enumerates the three thousand and more objects … of the schist walls, was necessary to their stability, and, therefore, coeval … 2. Other objects in Gold and Elect rum.

233

(f) Pins and Pin-heads. The great majority, including all types … over 100 of the common type, and all other types except … ear-drops of all types, (e) 1 ring, (f) 1 rush-workpin-head, and … blade, and some fragments. The fibulae, which had bone or ivory plates, are … 7. Ivory and Bone. … and piu-hcads of all types except Plates xxxiii. 16-20, 23-26;

234

specimens and about 20 half-specimens. (e) Studs: None, … Only three fragments of painted pottery ; 2 small plain jars, and 1 … dozen, (c) Beads : 35 " cocked-hat " type and about 20 various, … beads, about 50 in all. (d) Pins and pin-heads : specimens of all

235

and a large number repeat so exactly Basis types, that they can safely be … there was, in fact, very little such confusion, and that practically all the objects … rammed filling between the Western Basis and the S. girdle-wall of the B … These are 1 horse's head type and 4 lion types. These make 29 electrum

236

2 goddess statuettes (Plates xiv. and xvi., No. 1), some fibulae and a bracelet … No. 10), and goat (Plate xxi., No. 1) ; in Terracotta, 4 painted aryballi, and … the gold horn (Plate vii., No. 51), several gold and electrum pins of type … at by the method of exclusion if the foregoing and the following classes (a and c) … (Plate xxiv., No. 10), the statuettes (Plate xxiv., Nos. 5, 9); the ram and calf … In Amber, the figurine (Plate xlviii., Nos. 20, 21); and a considerable

237

metals, gold, electrum, and silver (nearly 700 out of 1,000), the gold and … articles of personal wear, and ex voto offerings ; (c) that the coarser metals, … votos {e.g., artificial astragali) ; articles of utility and broken parts, e.g., inlay … Basis while the structure was being filled in and made solid with slabs and mud- … have been recovered by us in admirable condition, unbroken and even … (2) The second explanation must be that these objects were placed

238

found outside, and their good condition. … exception of the jar-coins, and perhaps the few objects found in the filling of

239

its sculptures and from other considerations, has been definitely determined to … of the shrine, and that the first foundation of the Basis must fall, therefore, … (see p. 69) point to a continual struggle with the ground water ; and … occurrence was always hailed by my foreman and more intelligent workmen … below a B wall ; but, on account of its level and the objects it contained, I … 1 See quotations from Hesychius and Callimachus, p. 6.

240

continue long in use, and are handed down as heirlooms through many … in the first part of the 7th century, is not universally accepted. Professor … found in the same treasure, and weighs 133 grs., or, approximately, a Euboic … examples of possible city-types (Kyme and Phocaea) are simply the earliest

241

Passing to the other objects found in the Basis and in undoubted … both cases, and of a Phoenico- or Graeco-Egyptian fabric, which seems to … but the gold and ceramic objects, which are unquestionably of native … by plaques showing the ttotvio. Orjpav motive, and found at Ephesus both … objects, the ttotvio. Orjpwv plaques in gold and electrum, there can be no … 1 Dr. Head is justified in saying (p. 91) that Six's interpretation and ascription have not been publicly questioned. … - Note not only the more primitive forms both of lions and goddess on die Ephesian electrum plaque, but also

242

elaborate form and technique. There is nothing from the latter cemetery of … the coil-patterns on electrum and ivory plaques ; between pig-tailed sphinxes … Ialysos type), and the glazed ware, the conclusion is always inevitable that the … cally, for a much earlier date of burial than that suggested by Dr. Murray ; and, although it is not possible to discuss the … other with the Ximrud ivories, but with nothing earlier. (3) The tightly-coiled and often broken spiral patterns on … past five years has itself largely weakened his criticisms of Dr. Murray, written before the excavation of Knossus ; and

243

A deposit. These have been pointed out and discussed by Mr. Cecil Smith … the black ash stratum south of the Heraeum and in the lowest stratum near the … p. 62), the fibulae of the single and many beaded types and the coiled wire … to the late "Mycenaean" epoch, and fibulae similar to ours are relegated "in … ' Arc these ivories, however, actual Greek work, and not rather work of a more Oriental school which has

244

(3) Other archaic Italian, Aegean, and Phrygian cemeteries. … In general it may be said that the Ephesian gold and electrum work, when it … post-" Mycenaean" strata, and the confusion even between " Mycenaean " and … a date not later than 700 i;.c for the building of the earliest Basis and the

245

vases, and the pseudo-Egyptian pastes. But the latest of these probably fall … Temples B and C The Basis objects are a Foundation Deposit necessarily of … factor, Croesus, which Herodotus has recorded, and also treasures dedicated … If Temple A, then, was built shortly before 700 B.C., and destroyed

246

The extremely poor character of the B foundations and walls, however, suggests … nothing on this site but, at best, the rudest of tree-shrines, and that the Goddess

Chapter XV: The Croesus structure. Temple D

247

By A. E. Henderson and D. G. Hogarth. … — 4'oS on the W.), and new foundations were put in, not only over its remains, … proportion of the platform has survived, being preserved here and there up to … central point, and with an axial direction of 1070 30' magnetic. This corrected

248

holes and bring the clay bed to an even surface. On the clay large blocks of … shape; but usually the natural fractures were left unmodified, and the resultant … pavement, was in many places singularly even and well-dressed, and might … on stepped foundation courses of the same limestone. No part of the actual … 1 Sec, for levels, p. 252 and table at end of this chapter.

249

West Perron.—In squares C. 14 and F. 14 (western end) we found the … faces X. and S., and appears to represent a structure not equal in width to the … perron whose surface was flush with that of the peristyle floor, and two steps

250

square C. 13, and the eastern edge in squares B. 2 to D. 2 and F. 2. The … fig. 63. Croesus Pavement and Foundations, seen in section in the S. Peristyle.

251

northernmost of which measures 2*40 by 1*50. To this use of larger and … from 2*50 to 2*30 in length and from -70 to '50 in breadth. The upper … levelled and worked to a smooth face. In certain places the faint dividing … of a few small and isolated slabs on the N. side, no other cella pavement … pavement nearly on a line with the third columns on the N. and S. flanks

252

Level of pavement under the N. and S. cella walls (including … near the W. and E. central edges were —3*38 and —3*35 … •20 from the cella walls to the central edges of the peristyle and of -43 to … settled • 18. Since also nearly all the small slabs which underlay the north and … In the S. peristyle is another and more considerable settlement, under and

253

plinth courses at the W. end and S. side, the foundation courses of much … these blocks failed along a ragged belt in the western part of the axis of the … (1) In a belt about 5-00 broad, measured inwards from both the N. and … both Hellenistic and Croesus foundations had been removed, and have been … in Chapter IV. (p. 68), which ran parallel to the N. and S. cella walls, … inner faces upright, and not bonded with the pavement foundations, which … •83 on the S., and '74 on the E. side. The S. wall, where best preserved,

254

three blocks of Hellenistic foundation (p. 34). Its solidity and the high level

255

At a level of — 2-00 and resting on a mass of Hellenistic foundation near … pp. 6, 11). It was neither bedded nor laid level, and was broken in two. The … !'"'&• 65. Foundation Courses and one ashlar course of D west cella wall. … — 4" 75. A bed of firm white clay, from • 10 to ■ 15 thick, was laid down, and

256

and averaging ' 20 in thickness, with a surface level varying (probably owing to … on the main wall-foundation of the cella, and not interrupted by any other … the D cella wall, while the plinth and some superior courses were still in … South wall.—The S. wall has left more traces, and a short length of it

257

angle, we found in position the plinth courses of the wall, both inner and outer, … Fig. 66. S. wall of D ctOa, seen end on from the E. Facing courses on either side, and space for core between. … slightly chamfered and the sides a little more so, the splay measuring -oo8.

258

After a second gap of 3'00 a longer length of plinth course survived in … and measuring 1 ■ 50 from \V. to E. Hellenistic … a convenient height with rough stones, and roofed over the space so enclosed, … plinth course runs 5 ■ 50 northward, and is then broken off. At its south end

259

reveal of the great W. doorway. The height of this course is "36, and the … face, being set inward "04. It is 1-52 in length, '41 in height, and averages … or that it supported the long beams and, therefore, the main weight of the roof.

260

the temple axis, and 1 ■ 60 from the centre … standing -35 above the pavement, and chipped … (3) Second column from the W., in the outer S. rank. Here is the eastern … originally worked smooth and not hammer-finished. (Atlas III., base 1 (plinth)).

261

The Central Basis.—The Central Basis (Atlas I., D. 7 and E. 7, … — 3*52, and after the C restoration, possibly higher ; and its platform offered … and terminated N. and S. by marble coigns, which do not extend to the N.

262

from the N. and S. cella walls, whether of B, C, or D period ; and it may, there- … the coigns are of D period; and the whole, as it now stands, is a fragment of … surface of the existing ashlar and coigns is about — 3 ■ 20, whereas the surface of … cella floor, and to bear a new superstructure of its own superficial dimensions, … faces, and were evidently intended in any case to be merely the skin of a filling.

263

bind and complete the foundation of the new Basis structure which they … Conduit.—Part of a conduit was found passing through the foundations of … foundations of the pronaos. In the walling of this conduit both yellow and … polished. The tooling marks are very faint, and appear as mere scratches.

264

of two fragments, and cut in each case on the inner edge of the smooth ring … and may be interpreted as marking (1) the sixth drum in the fiftieth column, … and therefore damp), and more frequently, a rich red. Several fragments of … be better understood by the sections and elevations (Atlas III., IV., V.). … and finally recurving rapidly to its bed. It is enriched by shallow narrow

265

ture, in height, and in the number of … having concave flutes and the lower convex … Fig. 72. Usual Torus and volute centre. … Another variety found (Atlas V., Base 4^") has large and small flutings

266

Three varieties of filleted leaf and dart torus constitute yet another … beautiful form of filleted leaf and dart … a point slightly above its own level, and … the appearance of a shaft-base, and the

267

The joint line between the top of the torus and the lowest drum was some- … circumference; three gave forty flutings, and three … the flutings are very shallow and of elliptical section. … were found (big. 78, D.). One has a large **■"" Comparison of Z> and 2? fluting,

268

reel. The upper part of the smaller astragal, however, is not so … Of the leaf abacus three varieties are there given. In the first and third … two-thirds of their ' depth. Thereafter the rolls swerve round and form a

269

divergence. Good examples are shown in Fig. 78, a, B, and Atlas V. … along the top of the echinus, and a portion of the cushion above. This fragment … drawing), another giving the lower portion of the volute, and a very welcome … Fig. So. Palmette and Echinus. … plain intervals have been left, and the rolls are looped round one towards … It will be seen by the plan (Atlas VI.) and section (Atlas VIII.) that the … 1 This last fragment I assume to be abacus, since it is identical with a terra-colta cap found at Gela in Sicily, and

270

horizontally and lengthened perpendicularly for the same optical purpose ; and … variety of leaf and dart echinus has here been used, restored from a … pointed, so as to be in keeping with other leaf and dart enrichments found … fragment of architrave, was found ; but three fragments of continuous c^g and

271

wall, and the long fragment (Fig. 82, Atlas X.), built into a Turkish tomb … N.E. column base, and another small fragment which supplements it was found … Portions of the sculptured cymatium-gutter came to light and several … Hellenistic ones, which were thicker and not so perfectly made, were found … This pattern of tiling is evidently suited to a low-pitched root, and it

272

Plan of Bases (for Sectional Elevations see Atlas III., IV., and V), Sections and … torus bases, three fragments of circular mouldings, four bases of lowest drums of shafts, and twenty … 1 • 152, and 1 -302. The second gave a curve or entasis of -002—o—002 in a length of 1 '05. All

273

(a) Base-plinth belonging to the second column from the W. in the S. peristyle outer rank, and … with fillets separating them from two scotias. The astragals and fillets were brought to a fine finish, … Whole height of plinth and bases, '834. … Sections and Elevations of Bases 3, 5, 6, and 7. … (a) First fragment: Small bead at the bed of two astragals; small bead and receding fillet to

274

(b) SecondJ'ragment.- Scotia; narrow receding fillet, groove, small bead and two astragals. The … Five quirked beads separate, on the lower half flattened astragals, and on the upper half … Filleted leaf and filleted dart torus moulding (Fig. 74, A). … The leaves in this and the two following illustrations are hollowed in two portions, with a … Filleted leaf and filleted dart torus, with astragal below. … The points of the leaves and darts are perpendicular; the upper parts of the leaves and darts … Filleted leaf and filleted torus moulding. … Bases 4a to 4a and various fragments of Abacus.

275

Seven large and six small shallow flirtings (this corresponds in style with column flutings … then one flat astragal and two flutings. … Double astragals slightly pointed, projecting fillet and a portion of scotia.

276

(40) Plinth and torus (or abacus and echinus), and vestige of astragal (Fig. 76, B). … (a) Filleted leaf and dart abacus. … (b) Filleted leaf and dart abacus; two fragments. … (d) Ovolo and astragal mouldings (taenia or abacus; two fragments ; Figs. 78, B, and 79, D). … (Half elevation and quarter plan. For section see Atlas VIII.) … 1. Fluting of drum and enriched astragal of necking (Fig. 79, D, left hand).

277

5. Cushion between roll below abacus and first convolution of spiral. … Astragal enriched with pearl and coupled reel, "094. … Cushion and both rolls, '478. … Perpendicular of volute and abacus, 1 • 150. … Diameter of egg and dart astragal to top of shaft, 1' 480. … The number of eggs and darts to the circumference is twenty. A dart marks the centre, and … The space, or cushion, between the rolls of the archaic volutes is convex, and not concave, as in

278

The pulvinar cylinders of the volutes are concave in form (see Plan), and divided by double … side and central astragals. I -o6o Bottom perpendicular with centre of volute. … Half elevation and quarter plan. (For section, see Atlas VIII). … Astragal enriched with pearl and coupled reel, ■ 163. … Perpendicular of reel and abacus, 1 -oo6.

279

Diameter of egg and dart astragal to top of shaft, i '534. … The number of leaves and darts to the circumference is twenty-two. A leaf is in the centre ; the … form differing from those of the torus bases and abaci in that their surfaces are convex with centre … Fragment of Rosette and Sections (Restored) of Volute and Rosette Capitals (Atlas VI. and VII.). … The leaves are slightly concave, and the boss does not rise higher than the outside of the petals. … Sections (restored) of volute and rosette capitals. For description, see Atlas VI and VII. … roll, and the volute roll.

280

The dart, instead of having an arris and two plain surfaces, has a quirked bead down its centre. … This fragment is sufficiently perfect to give the section and the egg and dart enrichment. … Bed-moulding of Cornice {small and long fragments) and Corona {large and small fragments). Section … Fragment of egg and dart. … Batter forward of sculpture and face of gutter, -on.

281

Mouldings and grooves are worked across the fillets, but not in the flutings, making annulets … Fragments of the Inner Face of the South Cclla Wall and Roof Tiles. … Height of second walling course, -485. … Flanges are turned up on both sides, and one is turned down at the lower end of the underface. … have been governed by the remains still in position and by the architectural … (1) Numerous patches of paving in peristyle and pronaos which indicate

282

course of the N. cella wall (Squares C. 6 and C. 8. Atlas I.). … (8) Various fragments of the S. cella wall, which give the height and … reveal of the W. portal, the height and thickness of the plinth course and the … (10) Three facings to the foundations within the cella (Squares D. and E. … W. antae (Squares D. 11 and E. 11, Atlas I.). … (a) The continuation of the N. and S. cella walls forming the posticum.

283

(c) The facing columns of the Eastern and Western facades. … and therefore no other walls are shown in the restoration. … and the width 55 metres 10 centimetres. It was roughly twice as long as … and a further fall of -23 at the angles. … Concerning the 106 columns of the peristyle and pronaos there can be … thus dividing ten squares of ceiling in the N. and S. aisles respectively, and

284

foundation Eastward of the basis, and also would have formed a most … the cella wall to the centre of the inner columns is 6*13, and from the centre … colonnade measure 5 ■ 90, and this intercolumniation holds good, of course, … N. cella wall to the centre of the Northern row of pronaos columns and an

285

contrast to the plainness of the lateral facades, and there is a superb processional … Diameter and Proportion of Columns. … The central columns of the Eastern and Western facades have an inclusive … The plinths to the inner row of the peristyle and all others are 2 metres … and Western facades and the pronaos and posticum columns. The remainder

286

Rosette capitals have been placed upon the leaf bases of the Eastern and … The suggested angle column is shown with alternate large and small … the usual six. At the inner angle one egg is free and partly covered by the … this in the fact that its length is about twice as great as its width and it is … The central portion of the abacus supports the transverse architrave, and … It is suggested that it had three facias capped by a pearl and reel enriched … The bedmoulding used is that figured in Atlas X., and it is suggested that

287

roof from storms and gave protection to those who of necessity had to repair … extremely unsightly from the rear, and, moreover, would have had no reason … Atlas XL, and suggest that timber was used for all construction above … from the pavement, I have drawn an inference from this dimension and made

288

and the superior members. … DIMENSIONS AND LEVELS. … North and south walls … Centre to centre of northern and southern columns of peristyle .

289

Distance (average) of inner N. and S. foundation walls (see p. 253) of cclla, … Distance (average) of inner foundation walls from North and South cclla walls … Positions of certain patches of Marble Paving in situ {Atlas I. and XII.).

290

Top of second course of foundation . . . . . . . — 3' … Top of second course of foundation ....... —3*56 … Bed of third course (when it was used : foundations of Temples A and B … Top of second course . . . . . . . . . —3-51 … Top of second course . . . . . . . . — 3^89

291

Top of second course … Top of second course … Highest part of East wall . … Size and Proportion of … \ and 4j). … West and east facades— … Second columns

292

Base, shaft and capital combined (together = one-fourth of length of facade) . 12-28

Chapter XVI: The sculptures of the Croesus temple

293

vol. x. pis. 3, 4, and p. 1. The fragments derived from Mr. Wood's excava- … during the recent excavations, were found for the most part under conditions … a large circle. The relation of the figures to the background, and the way

294

number, and that the subjects of the sculpture should be undetermined. … columns, and to have been grouped as above. {Greek Inscriptions in Brit.

295

and furrows, which occur on the older figures from Branchidae. The masses … of lightly drawn drapery, and the softer folds of the loosely hanging margin … 1. The sculpture is surmounted by a large and bold torus, with a leaf … 4. Upper part of male figure, in high relief, standing to the right, wearing

296

band, and falls down on the shoulders. It is arranged over the forehead in fine … 7. Middle part of a female figure, to the right, in high relief. The figure … Atlas 30. Fragment, in high relief, of the head and shoulders of a figure, from … Atlas [32. Middle part of a draped figure to the left in high relief. The figure … bases in the later temple. The flat surface on its right side is a return and not … xvi. 7. D;inc{ ;lcr0ss the forehead, a rippling veil, and a large circular earring. Some

297

cheek, right ear, and a part of a veil, falling behind the ear. The left ear is also … 37. Fragment of a head to left, containing the top of the left ear, and … 39. Fragment of the left side of a head, turned to the left, and wearing a … 41. Fragment from the left side of a head, with part of the neck, and hair … ear and hair falling over it. H. • 10. … xvi. 13. a jeft great toe t0 tne right, and the remains of a rectangular object, together

298

4. Right shoulder, with part of the back and breast, of a female figure to r., … 6. Right elbow, and remains of the ed»e of a short sleeve. Red on … 10. Part of a right hand, rendered with swollen joints. '13 x ' II. … Probably the figure was turned to right, and the … 13. Upper part of the right hip of a figure turned … the drapery, though heavy, is carefully studied, and the … 16. f Uncertain fragment. Lower part of the leg of a draped figure (?).

299

Atlas 18. Upper part of a Caryatid-like figure. The head is lost, but the head- … more probable that the hand is that of a second figure. The left-hand part of … ancient. The middle head of the three shown in the plate, and a large part of … 1. A 19. 19. f Uncertain fragment. Part of a limb. . Traces of red. H. 'ij. … at the back, and in that case the fragment could hardly belong to the columns. … 29. f Uncertain fragment. This appears to be a part of the neck of a

300

120 metres. In that case we have a total length of 330 metres, and a super- … that only i per cent, of the original work remains, and it is not unnatural … the How of the water, and prevented any considerable body of it from

301

combat between a Lapith and a Centaur is exhibited (fig. 87). The other … of Asia Minor. It is marked by precise definition of the relief, and by minute … parts of the building. In part, also, the greater refinement and delicacy of the … The following fragments (of which nos. ii and 13-16 are outside the

302

Atlas 46. 1. Fragment with the forelegs, which are human, and part of the … Atlas 3. Part of branch, from top of parapet. H. "j. W. '21. … Atlas 5- Lower part of cuirass of the presumed Lapith. H. "j. W. * 21. … Atlas 6. Part of a female head, turned to the right, and wearing a taenia. … xvii. 3-. toeS| anc[ three bands across each shoe. Part of the lower margin, strongly … Atlas • 9. Upper part of female head to the left, wearing a diadem. II. "j. … Atlas 12. Upper part of female head, to the left. The chief mass of the hair is

303

Atlas 15. Part of the back of the head and the shoulders of a figure standing … The restored part of the cornice also contains :— … the ears and the mouth. On the right, indications of the parapet reliefs. … Atlas 47. i. Parts of head and breast of figure to right, with helmet, tunic, … Atlas 2. Part of helmet, and top end of cornice ; also the fingers of the right … Atlas 9. Upper part of helmeted head to left, wearing a Corinthian helmet.

304

Atlas 47. 10. Upper part of helmet, with projecting horn, and remains of a … Atlas 13. Right forearm of a figure lying prostrate, with head to the left, and with … ' ' joint, and water ridge. H. '13. \V. "25. … is not the shield arm, and no shield is indicated, nor does it suggest the form of … ' right, together with a heel and some of the drapery of a second figure. The … ' and the ankles. H. • 10. W. "II. … ' into a chariot. The figure wore a short chiton, probably under a cuirass, and

305

a cuirass, and perhaps holds a spear. Joint on right, and water ridge at back. … Atlas 28. Part of a horse's head to the left, with ear and mane, and forelock, … Atlas 30. Part of the hind legs and hoofs of a horse to the left, and part of the … Atlas 32. Part of lower moulding of cornice, and of wheel of chariot to left. On … Atlas ^. Part of a chariot wheel, and of the body of a chariot, painted red. … xviii. 19. Dlue and red. Joint and water ridge on left. H. mo. W. m8. … Atlas 36. Neck and chin of Athene to the left. She has a large circular earring

306

seen; and, apparently, part of a pendent wing. H. -o8. W. "24. … Atlas 39- Fragment with extremities of hair, and the beginning of a large wing, … Atlas ' 4OA' t Right arm of winged figure with a looped and studded sleeve, and … xviii. 56. the right leg foremost. This might well be part of a winged kneeling figure. … xviii. 62. drapery ; behind, a part of a wing. Compare the winged figures on the Harpy … xvm. . turnecj to r The bottom bed, and profile of gutter, are well preserved. … Atlas 46. Fragment of the lower moulding, and two legs of an ox to the right. … Atlas 48. Part of the same leg of a chair as No. 47. It nearly joins it, carrying … Atlas 49. Part of the leg and seat of a chair. H. -13. W. '17. Inverted in

307

Atlas 56. f Grotesque bearded head, between forehead and mouth. The head … Atlas 58. f Fragment, with part of a circular shield, and the ends of tresses of … "' the waist, and a sheathed sword slung by a belt from the right shoulder. Both … the rump of a prostrate figure, wearing a short chiton and the right arm of a … xvm- ' the right, and wearing a greave. H. "12. W. "09. … Atlas 63. Left elbow, and part of the left breast of a figure, apparently recumbent. … Atlas 64. f Shoulders of a figure seated to r., wearing sleeved chiton and … Atlas 65. Uncertain fragment, much corroded. Probably part of the right … Atlas 67. f Fragment, with the lower moulding, and the right foot, from the … Atlas 68. The draped thighs of a female figure, standing to 1., and richly draped

308

xvni. • front Joint and water ridge on left. H. "13. W. -iq. … Atlas 74- Hanging folds of drapery. Joint at right, and water ridge at back, … Atlas 79. Uncertain fragment, with hanging folds of drapery, and a part of the … Atlas 82. Uncertain fragment. H. '075. W. '16. A part of the curve of the … Atlas ' 85. Forehands of two horses, advancing to r., and wearing broad collars. … Atlas 86. f Hind quarters of horse to 1., standing still. Joint and water ridges … Atlas 88. Uncertain fragment. Perhaps a part of the device of a thunderbolt … Atlas 90. f Fragment with the mane of a lion, and the wrinkles round the mouth,

309

nos. 46, 17 and 18. In addition, several fragments remain, which are shown … part is wanting. The style appears to agree with that of the other lions, but … 55. Right side of lion's head, with eye, ear, and part of mane, and

310

li. 4. 95. Muzzle of Hon, showing front teeth and gargoyle aperture. W. "19. … li. 10. 100. Upper part of lion's head, with the mane, ear, and the middle of the … and peculiar forms make it doubtful whether they can have formed any part of … 1. b 3. -■ Fragment of the head of an ox, including the forehead and eyes. … 1. b 4. 3. Fragment with part of the flank of an ox(?) springing from a flat, … plaited end of a bull's tail. The animal would seem to have been part of an

Chapter XVII: Small objects from the Croesus temple

313

stices between the Hellenistic piers, built inwards to support the steps and … in it is 350 B.C., and there can be no doubt that they are debris of votive … 1. Draped and seated, without child. One specimen almost complete and … 2. Draped and seated, with a nude child in the crook of the 1. arm.

314

Condition rather better than No. i, allowing folds of drapery and the nudity … perhaps the falling veil of the Goddess, and increasing the striking resemblance … of the knees having caused the lower part, with the throne, to break away

315

figurines of Egypt through Phoenicia and Cyprus (cp. Olympia iv., pi. 52) to … p. 615, no. 1448; and for Greek instances, see Claus, Dc Dianae ant.

316

5. Fragment (r. brow, eye, and cheek) of a large mask with hair curling

317

7. Figurine with veil drawn over the face, and finger on lip. Poor work … II. Miscellaneous Figurines and Fragments. … 4. Hind part of Boar.

318

7. Two fragments of a larger bird ; shoulders and one wing. The head … 10. Ear, life-size and complete ; evidently an ex voto … 12. Bearded and painted miniature mask, probably from … 13. Many fragments of statuettes, mostly draped, and … (i) Many fragments of red-figured vases, and others in the same fabric, … with helmet, sword, and shield, in act of striking. … the clay. The pottery is very fine and thin ; the design is drawn in

319

is the lower half of a figure wearing a long chiton and a purple himation, which … the Sparta relief published by Wolters (At/t. Mitth. xii. pi. 12), and the … it resembles both in technique and style the work of Sotades ; and we know … (ii) Pawn or draughtsman, red and black. H. "028 D. ; (at foot) "028. … One specimen, of pyramidal plummet-shape, has red slip, and is painted on

320

and terracottas it contained) of late Hellenistic or Roman date, bore a rude … why these discs and plummets, if really loom-weights, should have been so … (i.) Fragment of draped erect figurine in hard limestone : head and feet missing. … ments. Central hole for support and three smaller holes round the

321

but of same type, and found near it in a similar hole. Chevron pattern … however, indistinguishable in form and fabric, were found actually in the

322

the pudenda. All sign of painted drapery has vanished, and the trunk appears

Chapter XVIII: The goddess

323

of the Goddess in various materials and of several periods. Almost all … it occurred very frequently on the coinage of Ephesus and other Asian … or touched by the figure's hands. The lower part of this figure is commonly

324

regarded as reminiscent of an aniconic representation, and as witnessing to the … showing a seated mother and child, was found by him on the Artemision site … 28, 313 ff.), we found six representations of a seated mother and child of two … 1 Compare, in reference to this type and its variants, Fredrich in Athen. Mitth. 1897, p. 361 ; Farnell, Cults of

325

" multimammia" type in at least the latter part of the life of the Croesus … of the locality, as a natural maternal figure without any "barbaric" and … and also miniature reliefs. In a proportion of these cases there must remain a … and holding no object or objects in the hands (i.e., represented without … B. Solitary figure, seated, and without attributes. … represent priestesses ;>i the dress and bearing the attributes of the goddess, they are only less good evidence for the repre-

326

Ivory—3 examples. (PI. xxiv., nos. 1 & 8 ; and pi. xxii.) These … D. Solitary figure, erect, nude, and without attributes. … III. Fragmentary or Partial Figurines and Reliefs. … the section on the more important Ivories, and others have been commented … A. Erect, draped, and without attributes. … Hist. Sculp. Gr., i, p. 120, fig. 59; Brunn, Denkm., no. 57), and usually … pi. xiv., and the Terracottas, figs. 34, 35. While some of these show signs

327

differ in that one is draped and the other nude ; and one of these, the amber … etc.), and in terracotta cult-figurines to be seen in all great museums. It … and Artemis represented at Megara with plectrum (Farnell, Cults etc., ii, … 3. Birds. Seated and standing figures holding birds are common,

328

D. Erect, wide, and without attributes. Such figures, grasping their breasts, … and for the "Phoenician" type in the west see ibid. fig. 291. Primitive … Cameiros jewellery in the British Museum and at Oxford,1 and on the great … Myc. Tree and Pillar Cult, pp. 65 ff. In Aegean art the figure between the … KovpoTp6(f>oi are widely distributed and seem to represent several local forms of

329

(B.S.A. xi, p. 245), and all over N.W. Asia Minor. A similar figure appears … the original SuVeres dyaXfia, and it has usually been described as semi- … any feature necessarily archaic. In fact, the lower part is not columnar, like … the lower part of the figure is intended to be so swathed in every case, the … its lower part an exact likeness to the Ephesian Artemis of the coins {cf.

330

As for the treatment of the upper part of the body in the late Ephesian … 2nd century B.C. and continued to represent till the 3rd century A.D., was … Severus and Julia Domna at Stratonicea (B.M.C. Caria, pi. xxiv, no. 7), in … coin (B.M.C. Mysia, no. 359), and the draped Samian Hera (pi. Hi. no. 8). In … and so have come to be regarded as typically Ephesian by Christian writers,

331

Anemurium, Ephesus, Pergamum and Prusa (B.M.C. Pontus, p. 199, no. 31), … for Hera Samia, for Aphrodite of Aphrodisias, for Ma at Caesarea, and, … of the figure. These are usually regarded as representing fillets; and in … and the Anemurian type (B.M.C. Ionia, pi. vii, 7, our pi. lii, no. 13). (/;) In … Aphrodisias, temp. Hadrian (Gardner, Types, pi. xv, 10), and at Samos (B.M.C. Ionia, pi. xxxvii). If that were their real

332

of the " fillets " on coins of Magnesia (B.M.C. Ionia, pi. xix, 7), and Caesarea- … interpreted as the heads respectively of a sceptre and a torch (pi. lii, no. 12). … fourth category of coins, and neither satisfactorily interprets those in our … pendent from the wrists of the figure and clearly representing tassel-like

333

in this instance, as in many others, have the fingers spread out, and cannot … in the hands, e.g., sceptre and torch, as on the Mytilene-Perga alliance … seem to be confounded with, and merged into, the columns of the distyle shrine … It is possible, of course, that the variety, discrepancy, and obscurity … features in question the representation varies in one and the same locality. On … and therefore susceptible of diverse interpretation.

334

There is also another feature of the later numismatic and plastic … all the coins it is rather oval or pear-shaped than round, and often of dual … The original features from which the " fillets " and the "nimbus" were derived … Alexandria and Ephesus-Sardes, B.M.C. Ionia, pi. xxxviii, 3, 4). But these … and the earliest of the cultus-statue with lines pendent from the hands. This

335

the same attitude with hands clenched and extended, but grasping nothing. … drjpCov type of representation, and see in it a degradation of the outline of the … out of the consideration ; and such undoubted instances of it as have been … among critics to deny its formerly accepted name of the " Persian Artemis," and … late into Greek art and dependent on no actual cultus-image to be seen in any

336

Endoeus in the wooden statue which Mucianus, " ter consul," saw and … idealism. To this type extraneous attributes and additional features attached … Primitive stratum, and especially in the filling of the Basis. These are … of the eagle or of the hawk family (P.C. iii. fig. 142) ; and the bird … Cappadocie, Plate 24) ; and Mr. Cecil Smith reminds me of the eagle perched on a pillar in Commagene (Humann and

337

hunting bird to Artemis, especially in her Asian character as a tamer and … accompany the goddess and her shrine on the well-known gold plaques … 2. Bees: Frequently used in decorative designs (Plaques and stars, pi. viii, … 398) and at Cameiros, and were common pendants in Egypt (see, e.g., … 5. Snake: A model snake was found (pi. vii, no. 16), and another is seen … 7. Labrys or Double Axe: Two miniature axes in ivory and one in gold were

338

fig. 59) ; and Evans (ibid, p. 101) has enumerated other Cretan representa- … " Hittite" god at Boghaz-Keui, and of the Carian Zeus, the latter of whom … It is a type on many Lydian as well as Carian coins ; and ornate examples … Sandan-Heracles and the Heraclid Dynasty (see Frazer, Adonis, etc., p. 94), … 8. Crescent Moon, found as pendants (pi. vii, nos. 1, 2, 3, 6), and as appliques … deposit, and the cult-use to which they were probably put.

Index

339

Minoan and Mycenaean periods.) … Aphrodite, 327, 329, 331; — and Eros, seal, 319.

340

Boghaz-Keui, god with axe, 338; goddess and

341

Foil, gold and electrum, 37, 39, 40, 43-4, 46, 233, … Electrum, see Gold and Electrum. … Ephesus, Cimmerians and Croesus at, 6 ; contribu-

342

Horses, coin-type, 86, 92 ; on parapet and column, … 338 ; Roman and Byzantine, 9, 12, 19, 23-4, 30, … Isis and Horus, 329. … also Aegean and Mycenean periods.) … birds, 337. (See also Aegean and M inoan periods.)

344

LONDON : PRINTED BY WILLIAM CLOWES AND SONS, LIMIT! D,

Plate I-LII

Tafel_03

GOLD AND ELECTRUM.

Tafel_04

GOLD AND ELECTRUM.

Tafel_05

GOLD AND ELECTRUM.

Tafel_06

GOLD AND ELECTRUM.

Tafel_07

GOLD AND ELECTRUM.

Tafel_08

GOLD AND ELECTRUM.

Tafel_09

GOLD AND ELECTRUM.

Tafel_10

GOLLf AND ELECTRUM.

Tafel_20

IRON AND LEAD.

Tafel_31

IVORIES FROM CAMEIROS, and (4) NAUKRATIS (1 : 1).

Tafel_32

IVORY AND BONE.

Tafel_33

IVORY AND BONE.

Tafel_34

IVORY AND BONE.

Tafel_35

IVORY AND BONE.

Tafel_36

IVORY AND BONE.

Tafel_37

IVORY AND BONE.

Tafel_38

IVORY AND BONE.

Tafel_39

IVORY AND BONE.

Tafel_40

IVORY AND BONE.

Tafel_41

IVORY AND BONE.

Tafel_42

IVORY, BONE AND HORN.

Tafel_45

GLAZED OBJECTS AND GLASS.

OCR fulltext

Information about OCR text

170 The Archaic Artemisia of Ephesus.

48. Double axe (Labrys). Length '04 m., H. -oi8 m. The form is very
carefully carved, the two sides being brought to an
edge which is almost sharp. In the centre of the
upper side is fixed a loop of thin bronze wire, which
has much corroded; it is probably the oxide from
this which has imparted a rich bluish-green tinge to
this axe. The surface shows traces of working
Fig. 31.—ivory double axe over with what appears to have been a file.

(no. 48).

[Basis.]
49. Double axe, as preceding. Length -oi6 m., H. "oi m.
^taf^^ Also worked to a fine edge, pierced transversely through the
^^^B^J centre for a handle, of which no trace remains. Perhaps
once held in the hand of a goddess statuette, see p. 337.
Figdo&r£0ry [W. area.]
xxvii. (no'49)' 50. Fragments of a circular beading of three different sizes,

8 a, d, c. decorated with a pattern formed by pairs of transverse incisions in the outer
curved surface.

Ivory in all ages has ranked as a precious material, especially in
European countries, where its supply has depended upon importation either from
India or Africa. Its fragile and perishable nature moreover renders it easy of
destruction ; and these reasons are sufficient to account for the comparative
scarcity of ancient ivories which have survived to our times. The chrys-
elephantine sculpture of the fifth century B.C. must have had a pedigree going
back probably many centuries, but of the preceding stages out of which this
was evolved, we know almost nothing. The employment of ivory in thin slices,
as a veneer to cover a large surface of some other material, presents difficulties
which were probably not surmounted until a comparatively advanced stage of
art, but it was presumably used in this way already at an early period (as some of
the pieces in this series also show) for inlaying in small thin strips. For
carving in the round, its utility is for obvious reasons limited to objects of
small size; but this very fact, combined with its close texture, made it an
attractive material for the carving of delicate miniature work, as we see for
instance in the tiny statuette (No. 8), and in the plaque with the relief of the
goddess holding the lions (Xo. 35).

The desire to enhance the effect of the fine surface of ivory, either by tin
addition of gold or by colouring, has probably always been felt by artists. In
the Ephesus ivories the evidence of the employment of -old for this purpose is

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