Hooper, Robert [Editor]: The Anatomist's Vade-Mecum: Containing The Anatomy, Physiology, Morbid Appearances, &c. Of The Human Body ; The Art of making Anatomical Preparations, &c. To which are added Anatomical, Physiological, Medical, And Surgical Examinations For Students (London, 1811)

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Of the Head.

There is great variety in the shape of the heads of indivi-
duals. The head of females is more 'delicate ; the insertions
of the various muscles of the face are not so strongly marked.
The crania of different nations also vary ; in the generality of
Europeans the shape is oblong ; in the Turk and Algerine it
is round ; and in the Chinese and Tartar it is broad. The
cranium of the African is flattened on the forehead, and the
teeth and chin are extended forward. The shape of the head
of the Asiatic and American negro, also varies considerably
from the European.

Some anatomists have attributed this variety in the cra-
nia of different nations to the management of the chil-
dren when very young; supposing the head of the Turk
to be rounded by an early use of the turban, while
that of an Englishman is flattened by the chin-stay.
Others are of opinion that the difference in the shape
is not occasioned by any such accidental means, but
by natural causes, with which we are as yet unac-
quainted.

The head is divided into the cranium, or skull, and face,

ADULT CRANIUM.

The shape of the adult cranium is in general spherical, but
there is great variety in skulls. The superior part is arched ;
in some this arch is greater than in others : anteriorly it is
more or less flattened, posteriorly more or less rounded, but
always considerably more convex than on the anterior part:
at the sides the cranium is flattened. There are a great num-
ber of processes and depressions on the under surface, so as to
render it very irregular in its appearance.

The adult cranium is composed of eight bones—viz. one os
frontis, which forms the forehead ; two ossn parietalia, situated