Petrie, William M. Flinders: Syria and Egypt from the Tell el Amarna letters (London, 1898)

IDENTIFICATION OF PLACES 171

of king Sesisu (Sesostris = Ramessu II.),
Khal ... or Khar . . . , Qedesh (by Lake
Merom), Tubakhi (Kh. et Tubukah, 14 E.
Nakura), the Shasu (or Bedawin), Pamagar
(Magoras, = Nahr Beyrut?). This points
to its being in the north between Damascus
and Tyre of Ramessu II. The mountains
of I raid are therefore Lebanon or Anti-
Lebanon ; and on the pass over the Lebanon
from Damascus to Beyrut is Ain Yakut,
which may preserve the name.

Irqata, well known as Arkas (Tell Arqa),
14 E.N.E. Tripoli.

Kardunivash, the official name of the
Babylonian kingdom.

Kash is usually supposed to be the same
as the land of the Kassi or Babylonians.
But in letters 162 and 172 it is linked with
Mitani as urging on Aziri. In 193 and 214
men of Kashi are asked for to defend Gubla.
In 234 Naharain and Kash are both together
within reach of Egyptian ships. In 254 the
Kashi fight near Jerusalem. The Kashi
were then on the Mediterranean coast near
Mitani, and were auxiliary troops of Egyp-
tians. Babylonia is quite impossible, and we
are led to the Ugarit region on Orontes as