Ramsay, William Mitchell: The cities and bishoprics of Phrygia: being an essay of the local history of Phrygia from the earliest time to the Turkish conquest (Band 1,2): West and West-Central Phrygia (Oxford, 1897)

4i2 XI. APAMEIA.

springs on the line of Manlius's march. The plain contained a village
Aurokra or Aulokra; and the lake and the springs were called Aulo-
krene, which strictly was an adjectival form (AvXoKprjvij or AvpoKprjurj,
in Latin Ehocrini Forties), but was in Greek taken in the more
significant form AvXo-Kprjvr], Flute-Fountain, in accordance with the
general tendency to seek after forms with a meaning in Greek.
Manlius, then, encamped at Fontes Mhocreni or Rhocrini; and the
MSS. have suffered the slight corruption of c to t. See § %6 (a).

The east end of the lake, near Bunar-Bashi, is 3319 ft. above the
sea, and the west end at the Duden behind Dineir, 3315. The Marsyas
springs are almost exactly 2 miles away from the 'Dnden,' and
the difference in elevation is 330 ft. (a fall of 1 in 32). Taking the
Maeander springs in the middle of Sheikh-Arab lake, the distance
from the southern Duden is 2 miles 1 furlong, and the difference in
level of the two lakes is 255 ft. (a fall of 1 in 44).

§ 10. Early History op Kelainai. The situation of the ancient
city Kelainai is fixed by the testimony of Xenophon. He says that
both the Marsyas and the Maeander flowed through the city in their
course, but the springs and the first part of the course of both rivers
were in the grounds of the two palaces. The testimony of Herodotus
that the Marsyas rose in the agora of Kelainai cannot be weighed
against Xenophon's; and moreover, no one who has seen the source
of the Marsyas could seriously think that the agora was situated
there1. Nor can the words of Strabo, that the Maeander rises in
a hill called Kelainai, where once was a city of the same name, rank
as equal in authority to Xenophon's account. Strabo obviously
supposed that the city of Kelainai was beside the acropolis, and as he
knew that the site had been changed when Apameia was founded,
he concluded that Kelainai had occupied the southern slope of
the acropolis stretching towards the springs of the Maeander and the
Obrimas. His authority is conclusive as to what he saw at Apameia;
but not as to a matter of inference.

Kelainai, then, was a town lying in the open plain; and its
situation marks it out as a peaceful mercantile city. In such a
position it can have originated only in a period when war was little
dreaded, and convenience of situation alone was considered. Its early
history can be restored in outline by the relation between the two

1 This is the one strong point of I do not think it actually was); but on

Hirschfeld's theory : he saves Herodo- the whole his theory is more unfavour-

tus's credit on this point, for the Agora able even to Herod, than our view : see

might be beside the Therma (though pp. 11, 19.