Ramsay, William Mitchell: The cities and bishoprics of Phrygia: being an essay of the local history of Phrygia from the earliest time to the Turkish conquest (Band 1,2): West and West-Central Phrygia (Oxford, 1897)

12. KELAINAI UNDER LYDIAN RULE. 419

sides' is therefore a little exaggerated (he was not an eye-witness),
but the hill was capable of being made an exceedingly strong fortress,
and it is not strange that Alexander, who was always careful of his
troops, should prefer this easy and bloodless arrangement1. After his
long toilsome march through Lycia, Pampbylia, and Pisidia, the halt
was not without its own value; he could reckon with comparative
certainty that no rescue was possible; and probably, as Hogarth
remarks, he wished to avoid fighting to the death with Greeks (a desire
which is apparent in his earlier policy up to his capture of Darius).

§ 14. Eumenes and the great landholdees. The garrison in
due course surrendered at discretion; and from this time onwards
Kelainai became the Greek capital of inner Anatolia, an honour for
which its situation on the road towards the western sea marked it out.
The conqueror created Antigonus satrap2 of Phrygia and, apparently,
overseer of Asia Minor in general; and the new satrap, afterwards
king, made Kelainai his ordinary residence. In 322, indeed. Antigonus
was forced to abandon the western lands ; and Eumenes held Kelainai
for a winter, struggling against Alkctas, Polemon, and Dokimos. In
order to provide pay for his troops3 and to make himself popular,
Eumenes had recourse to a device which throws some light on the
state of the country. He sold to his captains the farmsteadings and
fortified country-houses, with all their contents4, and permitted them
to use part of the siege-train of the army to capture the property
which they had bought in this lawless way. The term Tetrapyrgia
in Plutarch shows that in the fourth century there were in the country
many quadrangular buildings with towers at the four corners5 enclos-
ing a wide open space (avXrj). Demetrius I of Syria retired from
Antioch to a royal residence in the country built in this form6; and
evidently the Kelainian Tetrapyrgiai were similar fortified residences
belonging to great landowners. Such a state of things marks an
artificial society, characterized by an old-standing civilization with
a dominant caste amid a subject population. Great inequalities of

1 Hamilton II p. 366, owing to the s Plutarch Eum. 8.
unsuitability of Arrian's description, 4 ras Kara ttjv x">pav iiravXeis Ka\ rerpa-
believes that the garrison had fortified wvpyias, craipdrav <a\ Pocrnrjiidrav yefiovcras
an isolated rocky hill about half a mile Plutarch Eum. 8.

to the north. But Hogarth, who for- 6 to x^P10" b> Ppaxel t(lx^"Pc-vos Kara

merly made the same suggestion inde- to Ttrpdyavov o-xijua Ka\ yav'ia cKao-rrj Trip-

pendently, now agrees with Hirschfeld yov hBeptvos, Tfrpanvpylav thai re k'u

that this supposition cannot be de- Ka\c'ia-dai 7r«roi'i/« Procop. Aed. IV 1

fended. p. 266.

2 On the use of the term satrap by c elt Terparrvpyiov ri ftao-iXeiov Jos. Ant.
the earlier Diadochoi see pp. 257 f. Jud. XIII 2, 1.

F 2