Ramsay, William Mitchell: The cities and bishoprics of Phrygia: being an essay of the local history of Phrygia from the earliest time to the Turkish conquest (Band 1,2): West and West-Central Phrygia (Oxford, 1897)

17. THE ROMANS IN APAMEIA. 427

and Apameans is mentioned no. 299. and probably in the many cases
where the Demos and the Komans unite in a decree similar mass
meetings were held.

In the Apamean inscriptions the Romans are always mentioned
after the demos. At Laodiceial the Komans ranked above the demos ;
and in one inscription of Assos that order is observed (though in
several other cases the demos ranks before the Romans)2.

§ 18. Apameia under the Roman Republic. In 84 Apameia
was definitely incorporated by Sulla in the Roman province Asia ;
and it became the seat of a conventus iuridicus. The strict but
equitable administration of Lucullus as proquaestor inaugurated the
Roman rule happily; but the true character of the Republican ad-
ministration as a highly organized system of plunder and extortion
was soon manifested to the unhappy provincials. A tax was levied
on every householder according to the number of slaves in his family '■'■;
the amount which each had to pay was settled by the magistrates
in concert with the Roman governor 4; and the collection of the tax
was sold to the publicum,5, who paid the Roman treasury and re-
imbursed themselves by exacting pretty much what they chose from
the people. Lucullus had imposed this tax 6 in order to make up
the heavy contributions imposed by Sulla to punish the province
for its share in the Mithridatic war. It seems to have been properly
only one per cent.; but in the hands of the publicani it became much

1 See no. 2. It is not exactly the woX™? (perhaps by a successful embassy),
same thing, but bears on it, that another The period is uncertain, but cannot be
Laodicean inscription begins ol iv r§ late, and might be even before Christ,
'Ao-if 'Pa)/taToi Kal "EXkr)i>es Kal 6 fif/fios 6 if we may judge from the printed letter-
AaoSiKeuv kt\., Ath. Mittli. 1891, p. 145- ma- ^n nis commentary on the inscrip-

2 Sterrett in Papers Amer. Sell. Ath. I tion M. Legrand, following Marquardt V
p. 50 (but not pp. 30, 32 f, 46). pp. 192-227, points out that a poll-tax

3 It was styled a tax on doors (ostia), in the strict sense never was a Roman
as each family had its ostium : ostiaria institution; the tax was always adapted
(tributa) Caesar Bell. Civ. Ill 32 : exac- in some way to fortune or income.
tionem capitum atque ostiorum Cic. Fam. 5 Venciitio tributorum Cic. Fam. Ill 8
III 8, 5. 5, o>vas omnium venditas Cic. Att. V 16 2.

4 Cicero Q. Ft: I I, S, 25 ; SC de As- It is doubtful whether the whole tax
clepiade 22, 23 (Bruns Fontes Iur. Bom. was thus sold or merely the collecting
p. 158). The process is referred to by from those who were unable to pay
Cicero Att. V 16, 2 in the words imperata down at the moment of call. Probably
emKe<jid\ia. The rare word iniKtfyakiav the latter was legal, and the former
also occurs in a mutilated inscription usual.

of Lampsakos BCH 1893 p. 554, where 6 reKt] fVi rois depdnoven <a\ rais oiKiais

a benefactor is praised as having di- i/Jife. He also fixed a contribution of

minished by half the c7rtKt<f>d\iov r^s one-fourth of the harvest.