Ramsay, William Mitchell: The cities and bishoprics of Phrygia: being an essay of the local history of Phrygia from the earliest time to the Turkish conquest (Band 1,2): West and West-Central Phrygia (Oxford, 1897)

1. CHRISTIANS AND PAGANS. 489

(Gaul and Italy). A few cases occur also in Asia Minor; e. g. CIG
3857 t, LW 780, appears to be an ordinary pagan inscr., as it is there
published, Ev<fip<ov zee Tanas 'AcrKXrjTridSrj rS> reKva> Ke eavTols ^cSfrey.

'Ovijcrifios [kccl---------] roiis iavTwv yoveis Kt tov dSeXcpbv erei/ir/crav.

But fortunately M. PerrotT made a fresh copy, and observed the
cross at the top marking the religion of the deceased, while mason's
tools at the bottom indicate his occupation. We then observe that
Euphron and Onesimos are suitable Chr. names; while Tatias and
Asklepiades, though only ordinary pagan names, are often used by Chr.
in other cases 2. But had it not been for M. Perrot's improved copy,
these slender indications would have been insufficient to justify even
a conjecture. In Gaul M. Le Blant mentions a number of inscriptions
(II pp. 197, 255, 346, 263, 311,1 365), which have nothing decisive of
Chr. origin in their language, but are indicated to his scrutiny as Chr.
by their date, or situation or accompanying symbols.

An inscr. of later period may be classed as probably Chr. from its
date alone: see no. 453.

Inscriptions which have nothing in their form or symbolism or
language to mark them as Christian are sometimes proved to be
Christian by their place of origin. Thus in the Catacomb of Pris-
cilla rf\ yXvKVTdrr] dvyarpl TlovX)(pr) 01 yoveis /i. %., and others occur
of exactly the same type (Kaibel 1961, 1872, 1933, I95°> I975)-
This criterion is, at present, useless in Asia Minor, where all the
monuments as yet known (with perhaps the single exception of
no. 393) were placed in a public and conspicuous situation amid the
ordinary pagan monuments. Hereafter, in the course of excavation,
discoveries may, perhaps, be made of specially Chr. cemeteries; but
none are now known.

The cross is occasionally 3 used in Phrygia, other symbols more
rarely. The symbolism, which is so common on the Christian tombs
of the West, hardty occurs on the grave-stones of Asia Minor. The
ship, the anchor, the pharos, and the horse, which are common in
Italy, but rare in Gaul4, are unknown to me in Phrygia. Only
one example of the fish sculptured on a Phrygian monument occurs

1 Explor. Arch, de la Galalie Sea., p. p. 158), but not the ship or the pharos
126. Le Blant I p. 149. A pair of horses are

2 See no. 372, 355 (Tatiaj. once represented below a Gaulish Chris-

3 See no. 384, 427, 429, 434, 436, 441, tian inscription, but more commonly in
454, 458 f, 653, 662 f, 665-670, 676 f, Italy, Le Blant I p. 402; the idea of
680 : all these are of the fourth century course is the race and the victory, and
or later. a palm-branch is sometimes represented

4 The anchor occurs occasionally (only beside the horses,
at Aries and Marseille Le Blant II