Ramsay, William Mitchell: The cities and bishoprics of Phrygia: being an essay of the local history of Phrygia from the earliest time to the Turkish conquest (Band 1,2): West and West-Central Phrygia (Oxford, 1897)

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Ramsay, William Mitchell
The cities and bishoprics of Phrygia: being an essay of the local history of Phrygia from the earliest time to the Turkish conquest (Band 1,2): West and West-Central Phrygia — Oxford, 1897

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Preface

in the Preface to Part I applies equally to Part II. I have to add … ton is the prince of travellers in Asia Minor. "While M. Radet seems … 1 See pp. 580 n., 634 »., 635, &c. jecting many of his older views lies in

the Christian Antiquities, and it was written and printed in more … nearly completed before Oct. 1893, a whole year was spent in im- … kingdom. In Northern Phrygia I expect material aid from Dr. Korte … I take this opportunity of confessing a fault. In 1883 the plan of … ning in May) we heard in many villages that a French traveller had

VII

Smyrna in July after a journey of ten weeks, I found the Bulletin … which had been raised to enable me to travel, had been spent in vain. … first written privately to the Director. In extenuation I may plead … found in them as discovery progresses offend every one : and few … I mention it, not to complain, but merely in justification of this large … 1 In 1884, on the advice of M. Wad- him, which, it was hoped, might pro-

VIII

foreign critics inveigh in no measured terms against my malignity in … ficiently, suggest in a casual way that the sites are at villages which … If the views stated in Ch. XII, XVII, are even approximately cor- … coveries in confirmation of the views in these two chapters. … quote, wherever possible, in proof that my opinions are not a priori

scrupulously careful in that respect, however careless I may have … probability, I might have been able to do more than I tried in the … authorities for statements in the text. If Mr. Hogarth had not been

Contents

and Roman Conquest p. 422. § 17. The Romans in Apameia p. 424. § 18. … (7) Ephebarch p. 444. (8) Other Officials p. 444. § 94. Apameia in the

XII

Christian Epitaphs p. 499. § 8. Eumeneia in the Third Century p. 502. … (8) Alia p. 618. III. Routes in Banaz and Tchal Districts p. 618. … (XII 8, 13) p. 664. IV. Routes in the Sitchanli-Ova and Moxeanoi p. 666.

XIII

The Jews in Phkygia........667 … p. 706. II. Bishops of the Pentapolis p. 706. III. Routes in the Glaukos … St. Abercius p. 713. § 3. Diffusion of Christianity in Central Phrygia p. 715. … Index op Geographical Names in Vol. I

List of illustrations

XIV

General Map ....... in pocket at end of Volume

Abbreviations

(Most of the authors quoted are indicated clearly enough in the text.) … AHS = A. H. Smith Notes on a Tour in Asia Minor in Journal of Hellenic Studies … ASP = Antiquities of Southern Phrygia &c, W. M. Ramsay, in American Journal of … CB = Cities and Bishoprics of Phrygia, W. M. Ramsay, in Journal of Hellenic Studies … Ch. in R. Emp. = Tlie Church in the Roman Empire before A.D. 170, W. M. Ramsay. … Haase = Article Phrygien in Ersch & Gruber's Encyclopaedic. … Hirschfeld = Vorlaufiger Reisebericht in Berl. Monatsb. 1879 (the only published

XVI

Imhoof GM = Griechische Munzen, F. Imhoof-Blumer, in Abhandlungen der Bayer. … JHS = Journal of Hellenic Studies. … Liermann = Analecta Epigraphica et Agonistica, 0. Liermann in Dissertatwnes … Menadier = Qua condicione Ephesii usi sintinde ab Asia in formamprovinciae redacta, … No. refers to the numbered inscriptions quoted in the Appendices of this book. … Sterrett EJ = An Epigraphs Journey in Asia Minor, ) beinS Vols- IT HI of Studiee … berichte d. Akademie d. Wissensch. in Wien 1891).

Chapter X: Eumeneia

353

to make it a stronghold of Pergamenian influence in the upper … this peak is a prominent point in the view from far south of Lounda. … *iXa8A^)ou. Attalos II also founded sideration. Attaleia in Pamphylia was

354

the almost dead level. In the nourishing period of the Koman … in several cases, the Greek kings used part of the great temple-estates … 1 At Smyrna the Meles flowed in an that the Cludrus was closer to the city … (Reiske inserts 7roiei): this difficult sen- throughout summer in the Eumenian … 2 Pliny V 108 Est Eumeneia Chtdro corroboration of the theory stated in

355

Pergamenian policy seems to have been on the whole more in … Hellenic type characteristic of the Pergamenian kingdom, in opposition … resembling Seleucid coins and earlier in style than any Eumenian … god by the Eumenian people. His temple was in full view from … orchards in Egypt, hitherto given to- to Hercules, meaning the German Donar … Oxford 1895. in N. Heidelb. Jahrb. V); and Doma- … in the time of Hadrian erected altars 1896 p. 564).

356

§ 2 The Eeligiox of Eumeneia. In Eumeneia, if we may argue … In its religion there is observable very little of the Greek spirit. We … holding in his right hand a double-headed axe, and in his left hand … Eumeneia, was, as in all other cases, the adviser as prophet and the … struck a.d. 161-180 : it shows the nude Apollo standing, holding in

357

by the axe; and these are the main elements in the Phiygian concep- … of the one ultimate divinity, not different gods. In ordinary life the … had a representative also in authority at Attanassos 3. At the more … of the divine nature, which was more commonly represented, even in … the axe in his left hand, and a chlanrys certain that Sestini's reading can be … in Head p. 564—'Apollo playing lyre, 4 S. Reinach Chroniques d'Orient p. 216 … carefully discussed by Prof. J. H.Wright 6 So at Dionysopolis, inscr. 32. In

358

bearing in her hands ears of corn and a horn of plenty1, or as the … servative priesthood history left some traces, as we may see in inscr. … nature was expressed at different periods in Eumenian history ; while … divine pair was ranked as the more important at least in the … The priest who officiated in the cultus of these various imperso-

359

regularly) fell within a certain small number of families. In earlier … Dances formed a part of the ceremonial in honour of the god and … not hesitate to extend the custom to Phrygia, though in Phrygia it … mimesis are present, a chorus of worshippers instructed in singing … and their instructors and directors in the dance, preserve much of the

360

that remains of such a body of officials is the Architehtpn in no. 259. … The Clirysophoros in no. 203 (if that inscr. belongs to Eumeneia) … [gold-wearing priests and victors,' who joined in processions and in … It is found in various parts of Phrygia, and Lydia, and Garia, at … rjj dem Upe'is km UpoveiKai (cp. 1. 327, 290, emendation for 'Apuaiov or 'Ao-kcuov in

361

it belongs to an early period in the history of the country (pp. 141, … The only monument in the Eumenian territory that seems to be … surface formed by cutting the sloping surface, is carved in low relief … to me that the relief stood in relation to the tumulus, and was there- … ment in 1883; I made a rough sketch … in a satisfactory position. Ultimately,

362

two horsemen are to be compared with those in the relief accom- … known feature in the religion of Asia Minor. … but the figure in the car, which has suffered least, appeared to me to … car, and the reins seemed to meet the hand without being held in it. … Salmanasar at Balawat (860-824 B.C.) are identical in shape with this. … horses are in excellent style, spirited and natural in action, the work … We are then in presence of a work, in which the animal figures are … established in Phrygia by the conquest stone which was fastened to the rock … in length, the other 23 high and 22 in stone-cutter in the Roman period ; but

363

in northern Phrygia, near the tomb of Midas, on which are represented … became dominant in the country. As it is in the heart of Phrygia, … merians about 680 s: among them are two groups, (1) sculptures in … bounds to the Halys in 585, Greek art began gradually to exercise … existence of a grecizing party in the great cities of the interior 4. But, … and in such bad preservation, that it published Perrot III fig. 415, 416, 421 … 2 Perrot VArt dans TAntiq. V fig. 279. verbatim from my article in JHS 1882

364

that Xenophon passed close in front of it, I expressed the latest … come to a similar conclusion, though in some places he seems inclined … was employed in ancient Phrygia and in Assyria, and that this kind … province Asia (i. e. the Koinon of Asia) was erected in Eumeneia, … pressed in the third person) fully re- … abstract given in the Amer. Journ. the … the Phrygian car in Philostratus Vit. … and certainly frvyos in the strictest use … parallels, given in the lexicons. See

365

with some hesitation, in his list of conventus2. But from the list of … Pliny that Cyzicos was in the Adramyttian conventus, Philadelpheia … at a conventus in Eumeneia the Sebastenoi placed the inscription there. … meneia; but as Dionysopolis, Akmonia, will in future meet only at longer in-

366

ox-wagon on a return journey is often loaded with a stone in order … One foundation at least in Eumeneia may be traced back to the … Philadelphia was founded by Attalos in the same spirit2. It is … In a city so rich and so important as Eumeneia, there must have … ruinous in appearance than most Turkish towns; and since Tchivril … in hope of gain. Hence the opinion some Aphrodisian citizen Attalus, who … would not be transported so far, rests was modified in name from time to … and facts of Turkish life. The stone * What was called in Asian cities

367

returned almost to its original position in early Phrygian time. … present several points of interest, most of them have been given in … home4 of the deceased, had a door in the side of the structure. The … type, is hardly found in the parts of Phrygia most exposed to Greek … sometimes elsewhere : e.g. in northern Phrygia we see the complete … top, as in no. 372, 380; but the name s ypdSos no. 212, 213, 268, 277. … 2 Hence the name trvvxpova-Tov no. 212, is the name in no. 28.

368

Associations of Epheboi or Neoi are not mentioned in the inscrip- … sisted in the early empire of three archons, no. 201 ; but in later time … and grammateus (pp. 66 f), are mentioned in no. 197, 203, and the … larium), and the official in charge of it was ypeuxpvXa^. In it were … in the Record Office, the bargain was said to have taken place Sia ra>v

369

of any such deed of sale or gift was accepted and stored in the Office, … of the apyjiia. at Jerusalem in a.d. 66 paralysed business by destroy- … The office of Auditor (eyXoyicrr-qs) is mentioned in inscr. 197 (probably … in special circumstances by the central government (i.e. by the emperor) … was proving a failure in the Empire. The officials of the cities evi- … government and its representatives or instruments in the cities. … up residence in the cities where they acted, though doubtless they

370

resented accordingly. Already in the time of Nerva, it is the unpopu- … kind; but, in general, the emperor sent in such cases a corrector … held office : the selection was sometimes made by the emperor, but in … Keramos in Caria, to the Gerousia, which seems to have become some-

371

purposes, and lent out by it at interest, required both ability in … in the third century, he was a citizen of the city where he acted as … fore probable that Aeolic settlers may have been enrolled in two … strength to the new foundation, may have been enrolled in the tribe … 3 The Seleucid Athena-type on coins Galatic mercenary in the Pergamenian

372

The prominence of Apollo in the religion and the coinage of … probably of the Apamean valley. In 1097 the arrival of Ducas at … the Turks; but this spasmodic attack produced no good result. In … the Empress's name is not legible, and 1092 in latter place).

373

the upper Maeander valley. In 1178 we learn that the nomads were … in the Eumenian district, nothing is known. The part played by … a continuous existence, though in recent years Christian immigration … Note. M. Imhoof-Blumer tells me that he new reads on the coin published in

374

in App. I to Ch. XV); and it would have been almost better to place … The god ' in front of the gates' must be a native Phrygian deity, who … standing in the city; and the last name suggests that he belonged to

375

a medical establishment at the Meron of Attanassos in the Eumenian … 197. Published with very different text in CIG 3886, Letronne … The long series of deities in whose cultus Monimos is described as … and female, who were worshipped in the same temple and on the same … in the sacred mysteries he filled a role corresponding to that of the … In illustration of the complex priesthood mentioned here, a Roman … Agathodaimon in no. 88. Another illustration is found in no. 466. … ton's K HC gives the true restoration the text in i[epta Aio't] and Mijtoj 'Ao-tca-

376

municipal office : see p. 370. In this inscription, the eglogista is a citizen … pr)Tpo<pv\6.Kiov (Suidas), avyyparpofpvkaKiov (Memphis in Egypt), flea/xo-

377

198. (Mordtmann in Rawer. 4>i\o\. Su'AA. 1884 irapapr. p. 65 no. 12). … this inscription. He was perhaps the earliest priest of Rome in Eumeneia. … were often careless and ignorant of propriety in Latin titles. Perhaps … 1 In CIG an unintelligible line is put kel's note) : 0. Hirschfeld Beii. Sitz.

378

beginning; but in the published form the inscription is given as com- … As the name Ishekli occurs more than once in the country, it cannot … being a decree is a mutilated fragment, in small fine lettering and long … 1 See CIG 2929, 2930 b add, Ster- 2 In BCH the wife's name is read as

379

ypdcpos (pvkrjs, as in CIG. … 2 Beta has always the form R in this

380

381

%\%. (R. 1883). Baljik-Hissar. Published in part BCH 1893 p. 243. … The words KaTeo-Kevaaev els are engraved in smaller characters over an … and one or more steps in the side of the avvKpovarov led up to the altar … The name Gemellus occurs at Eumeneia in no. 361. Compare no. 211. … Diodorus served in the Roman army. Tbe late form of (j) shows that

382

his brother, his son, and his wife, united in his burial (C). This in- … and Eumeneia (or Peltai) lies a city Bria, whose name (meaning ' city' in … in this series of names there was a dialectic variation between initial … valent forms, so Brioula in Lydia and Bergoula in Thrace are equivalent … Now we return to the form npu(r)v6$. Fick has shown that in … 2 Two ethnics are often attached to word pergula is of unknown origin. In … 4 The variation is due to varying would correspond in Latin to Pergula,

383

obviously equivalent to Perga-Pria, Thus T\pa(r)vi] in this inscription … it must have been written in a con- is very faint, and riA|OY was the

384

person, even a slave or freedman (see Deneken Ileros in Roseher's … intends to institute such a cult to his deceased wife: in a Roman epitaph … a cultus to a dead person as hero may be found in CIG 2448 (the … 367 f). There are cases, especially at Cyzicos and Aphrodisias, in which … may have been appointed at Aphrodisias in the same way. This … applied to a magistrate, who was oh- 4 Hicks in JHS 1887 p. 59 : Th. Rei-

385

Asian cities. Such a title as hipparch in Cyzicos, steplianeplioros in … As in no. 232, 236, friends are admitted to the grave. This text has … Mitth. 1881 pp. 42, 121, CIG 3665. In Ai~r<t>IONneTPONlO (sic), adding … which in reality is the beginning of a 5 The number is not quite certain,

386

In 1883 Sterrett helped me. In 1887 room for them at the bottom of the

387

of the family to the tomb is not in keeping with the strict old Phrygian … his tomb he inscribes, during his lifetime, a remarkable epitaph in verse, … and to all men. The chief interest of this text lies in the question, what … of Greek philosophy, and 19-20 in particular are of the Epicurean tone; … defunt'; and I agree fully with his view, for in 9-22 the tone seems … The term /xeydAoio 8[eov] Oepdiraiv is taken by Dr. Zingerle in Philol. … 2 ypapixariKos, in one of my copies, is 6 Wo Hellenismus in christlichem Ge- … mythological ideas, as in 23, are not in some examples of the influence of the

388

with his Semitic name, does not seem to be the adherent of any local … v\j/l(ttos 8e6s in a Jewish inscr. of Athribis in Egyptl, and often in the … does not record the loss of nearly four lines in the middle. "Etovs o-ttO\ … The penalty is erased, as in no. 235, cp. 243. … nomen Aurelius came into use in the provinces under M. Aurelius ; about … commentary: the term is common in Between 2 AN and TEKNOIC there … 2 Laborde has C where I read 0. stone, not noted in BCH or Rev. Arch.

389

to the whole empire: I pointed this out in JHS 1883 p. 30, and have … (with praenomen omitted), which became common in 70-96, and lasted … of an inscription, either mutilated or undecipherable, which Pococke in … The species of curse contained in the iambic lines was characteristic of … 1 In an inscription of Snryrna Alpij. probably the real praenomen M. has

390

Julia to her husband Damas, and daughter Juliana, and son-in-law Gaius, … 1 BAABIAvfl MM. Legrand and Cha- in BCH, and omitted in Rev. Arch.

391

more, thinking I had copied it in 1887. … Markia and Zotike were probably sisters. The fifth month in the … been inserted as an afterthought in formula, e.g. no. 229.

392

The spelling rets for rts is noteworthy. The name Felix is rare in … 262. (R. 1888). Yamanlar. Published incomplete in BCH 1893

393

carefully and fully by Prof. J. H. Wright in Harvard Class. Stud. 1895 … 0,66. (R. 1887). Kizilje-Suyut1. M. Paris in BCH 1884 p. 248.

394

aiiv To! ftoopa eaujru] /cat rr; ywai/d awoC 'Apifajr?; k[oi] Eagle in relief … -arpa or Trarpa, which is not in Steph. Thesanr., probably means

395

another side of the homos; and doubtless in this case also an epitaph … Doubtless in many cases the ' Door' was plainly visible in the basement … EuMBNEIA was perhaps united with Attanassos in a joint bishopric … 4. The two bishoprics are mentioned separately in the Second Nicene

Chapter XI: Apameia

396

Conquest p. 422. § 17. The Romans in Apameia p. 424. § 18. Apameia under … § 24. Apameia in the Byzantine Period p. 445. § 25. The Turkish Conquest … § 1. Situation. Few places in Asia Minor have been the scene … 1 See Dio Chrysostom's eulogy in his wrote but never published, I am deeply … history of Apameia has been discussed much help in other ways, I am indebted … on the history in Greek times which he polis and the north, (3) from Pisidian

397

Maeander rises in an oval valley, lying about 2850 feet above the … Ova, in ancient time the plain of Aurokra. The ridge of Djebel-Sultan … Apameia was founded on the foothills in front of the main Djebel- … cities of the same name in an inscription of Lagina 3. But commonly … gave Apameia its importance are well p. 567 in contrast to which Arrian Anab.

398

streams that rise in the valley. On this subject discord reigns among … thing to each of these travellers and differs from all in some respects, … Next to him in direct value comes Xenophon. Pliny deserves the … gathers something from them all, and sets them in a more favourable … patroness of Apameia, in form closely resembling the Ephesian Artemis, … Discov. in As. Min. I pp. 182 ff: Ham. ject; they agree with Ar. and Ham. (they … 1892). Some criticisms of these writers many minuter points discussed in Ap-

399

that four rivers flowed in close proximity to the city, Maiandros, … Dineir-Su, which rushing out in an impetuous stream from a recess … rising in a cave (Xen.), in the agora of Kelainai2 (Herod.), underneath … in the outskirts of Apameia. Its springs burst forth from the earth … ground in its rushing course ; but every visitor can vouch that it rises … 1 This cliff is the western face of the he rises in a cave underneath the acro- … syas is represented'recumbent in cavern c Dineir-Su in speaking about the

400

boulders, which look as if they had fallen in from above. The acropolis … lovely; and in the early summer thousands of yellow irises, growing … Katarrkaktes. ... It appeared as if it had formerly risen in the centre … of a mile3 joins the Maeander, 2,840 ft. : the fall is about 1 in 0,6. … 2 Prof. G. Hirschfeld errs in giving account. Hirschfeld did not observe … whose water is not reckoned drinkable ; 8 Furlongs yi in an air-line.

401

description could apply in his time. … I would gladly omit all reference to his theory, and the errors in … situation in the first or second century. If so, how did the cave fall … Fhisses die Givltc feMt—walirend die " As appears in the sequel, I believe … the recess of a former grotto, before alterations of any consequence in the

402

that of the atmosphere. The temperature perhaps varies ; for in 1890 … towards the springs, which, as I believe, were in the Proasteion close … of my sphere of thought and work. But in 1887 Hogarth, who was … idea that this poor stream was the Marsyas, in spite of the serious … in summer can appreciate the activity acquiring a complete idea of all the … land) to interpolate an exploration of his survey in the gaps it leaves.

403

There is not in this poor little stream any feature to recall the … of any importance in the surroundings, for the modern road is carried … to see G € P in the third place ; and this … fig. 317 in Head's Hist. Num., rejects

404

Maeander. In the rainy season its course can be better traced, but … 3 to 4 ft. in width and about one in depth, running towards N. down … niches for the two sources which he veller in Asia Minor finds many such … ganz nah seinem Austritte jetzt aits ztOei ably similar indistinctness in ancient … p. 407), without proving in any respect Strabo (as Arnim does in his recent … 1 With'OpySf-Norgas,compare'lmpla- when spelt in Greek; and, particularly,

405

in the plain. During winter the stream flows along a gravelly road, … the silting up of streams in this country.' The stream has a course … Probably the Orgas carried a larger body of water in ancient time … drainage is bad, and the Apamean plain is very marshy in modern … He probably visited the site in the rainy season, when Norgas-Tchai … 1 The goats prevent young trees from Dere is swampy in several places,

406

Hamilton as ' nearly two miles in circumference, full of reeds and … apparently has not been noticed by Hamilton l; and in a rock beside … 100 feet in about | mile (1 in 40). Reaching the plain, it flows gently … in the words, ' had he ever visited the spot, he would probably have … The description which Pliny gives of the Maeander, as rising in … 1 But Hamilton is very precise and 3 Probably he means the lake in

407

of the Sultan was perhaps preserved in local legend, for Arundel … Cyrus in the park: Cyrus used to hunt on horseback in the park, … apparently deep in the centre, lying in a recess of the plain like … point in order to observe whether any sound was audible, which … 1 In 1S91, writing to the Athenaeum elevation. … same view; and so does M. Weber in it. The great springs of Geuk-Bunar

408

air struggling with the flow of water in a narrow passage. Mrs. … the ' Laughing Water' ripples forth from a small hole in the sloping … import of the Greek words': in this description the two fountains … have visited Apameia. It was only in 1891, when I resolved to … 1 Theophrastus, -whom he quotes in Dineir along the road to Dikeji and … fountains. road over it. In the following quota-

409

did not observe the Duden, which, in its low reedy pool, is not visible … the stream not quite accurately. In JHS 1893 p. 704 I suggested … Marsyas and Orgas, falls into the Maeander in the outskirts of … § 9. Aulokrene. Alike in ancient and in modern times the local … hypothesis is stated in § 6]. 4 I said'the stream rises in two large … 3 Kiepert in his little plan of Apa- Indjerli-Su (that name is restricted to

410

lake in its turn is believed to feed the fountains around Dineir by … waters, and to go on over the shelterless plain 0n a hot day in … invented flute and saw her distorted face mirrored in the water; … in the neighbourhood of Kelainai pay religious honour to two streams, … water and the names; one of them, the Maeander, flows away in … are found not to rise in the Marsyas if given to the Maeander, nor

411

with Apollo in the music of the flute, viz. at Aulocreni: that is the … ledge, differing in that respect from his vivid picture of Apameia … He mentions certain fountains which in the MSS. are called Fontes … Apameia. In every point this account suits Bunar-Bashi. The road

412

in Latin Ehocrini Forties), but was in Greek taken in the more … the difference in elevation is 330 ft. (a fall of 1 in 32). Taking the … both the Marsyas and the Maeander flowed through the city in their … there1. Nor can the words of Strabo, that the Maeander rises in … Kelainai, then, was a town lying in the open plain; and its

413

centre was the acropolis, whither in primitive time the agricultural … Again, we have seen in Ch. V § 5 that there was both a city Attouda … the town Kelainai. There doubtless sprang up a market in the plain. … their safety while they were at business ; and in this way intercourse … 3 The explanation of the plural form in -01 and -m have developed- out of … the facts. Athens resembled Kelainai: being misunderstood in later times,

414

in the worship of the Great Mother, was learned by the Greeks, and … defeated, and flayed by his conqueror in the grotto from which issues … myth connected with the Lityerses-song, which the Phrygians sang in … Ara Maxima in the Forum Boarium in did not come to the market. A tithe … the Tuscan artisans; and the frequenters hid in the field in order to give life to

415

title of Atys in the rites of the Great Mother. … at Rome. A chasm full of water opened in the earth, and engulfed … Acropolis, prevents the city from being engulfed in the underground … has been practised in the country from the most ancient times. In … and Herakles and the Neoi ~: evidently it was in the gymnasium of … Athenaeum XIV p. 624 b. 5> 1° in Maspero's Eecueil tie Truvaux … from the Itetamoijihoses of Kallisthenes. l&iav, but eleven fountains in a grove is

416

up with one or more fountains in the city to render the supply … torical insight, has caught this character in early Anatolian history, … definite and specific sense : there was in Lydia a city Hermokapelia, … traders by exchange in money, carries conviction with its. … has right on his side in understanding c'est un caravanserail (Rev. des Univ. du

417

a subject of ridicule to Hipponax in the sixth century1. … developed system of trade. The trade-guilds, united in the worship … a vine made of gold ; and afterwards offered to Xerxes in 480 b. c, as … other merchants in the same place, before Pythios or his father Atys … us in miniature the social development of Lydia during the sixth … roi to Assesos and Miletos, points in the -worked up by popular creative imagina- … in holding that Gyges first coined this of Pythios of Kelainai is not likely to

418

royal seat in Phrygia and a residence of the satraps l. Xerxes passed … when he was sent by his father Darius Nothus in 407 to govern … gathering-place for his forces in 401 ; he halted there thirty clays till … The hill on which the acropolis stands is steep in most of its circuit,

419

which is apparent in his earlier policy up to his capture of Darius). … overseer of Asia Minor in general; and the new satrap, afterwards … for a winter, struggling against Alkctas, Polemon, and Dokimos. In … which they had bought in this lawless way. The term Tetrapyrgia … Antioch to a royal residence in the country built in this form6; and

420

rank and fortune are not often produced, except in a state of' high … In 321 Eumenes regarded the territorial aristocracy as the supporters … in the present century by Sultan Mahmnd in Asia Minor; and it is … resisting a foreign enemy and uniting in its defence pride and educa-. … of tetrapyrgiai (as in modern Anatolia the country-estate^ or tchifiik, … § 15. Kelainai and Apameia. In the spring of 321 Antigonus … 8 See pp. 428, 448. simply in the last case. Perhaps several

421

henceforth was his ordinary residence. In 319 he selected there picked … in the plain below. Antiochus moved the city away from the site … acropolis hill, which rises precipitously over the springs. In this … could be true unless that hill were included in the city, for no city-wall … by Antiochus in Apameia; and speculation is useless6.

422

As to the dialect of Greek that was spoken in Apameia and other … this part of their dominions. There, in 193, took place the meeting … Apameia in the autumn of 191, and spent the winter in collecting … § 16. The Pergamenian and Roman Conquest. Late in the autumn … is shown in Polyb. 22, 24: the peoples c Livy XXXVII8 ipse inFhrygiaMber-

423

When Cn. Manlius Vulso in 189 passed through the valley of … In the winter of 189-8 Manlius held a conference at a point eight days … In the following half-century Apameia was subject to the Perga- … There is a lacuna in Polybius 22, 26, 5, below, no. 710. … clear that Pisidian Antioch and Apol- P- B. by Livy Epitome LXXVII in 88 ;

424

refuge in Apameia ; but when he heard of the approach of the Pontic … conquest of the Mediterranean countries was due to the way in which … financial companies, at suitable places in each province :). They … There must also have been a certain number of officials in Apameia, … Hist. Bk. Ill Ch. XII, Bk. IV Ch. XI, and C. R. in each great centre : see also my … Homolle les Romains a Delos BCH 1884 4 They were often paid by a share in

425

farmed by a company (publicanorwm societas) called in a Greek … are often mentioned in inscriptions. Along with the Italians rank … in Rome, having a temple and flamen of its own8. Strictly the … separation in law and in rights between Roman citizens and Apamean … port. Asiae vilic(i) Milieti) servo, also in every other kind of citizenship, as

426

(i) Some of the Italian residents were settled in the city for genera- … an association of the Romans resident in Phrygia, meeting at Apameia … Commune G. R. in Phrygia consistentium met within its walls ; and … and the cities appear in the inscriptions: the former are honoured … given in full Ath. Mitth. 1891 p. 145. An other Apamean coins than those which … residence as incola in the city, but the 'Pafiaiot. at Ephesos, and 01 eVi rr/s 'Acrms

427

17. THE ROMANS IN APAMEIA. 427 … on every householder according to the number of slaves in his family '■'■; … 2 Sterrett in Papers Amer. Sell. Ath. I tion M. Legrand, following Marquardt V … Cicero Att. V 16, 2 in the words imperata down at the moment of call. Probably

428

heavier, and in case of arrears the interest charged soon multiplied … tribute most money in taxes are naturally the best. Further, the assizes … nothing in the city lies idle, whether two-horse carriages °, or houses, … claiming the right to a place in pro- uses Trap' ripepav in the sense of k<i8' … Smyrna, ranked confessedly before only once in three years, alternating … cp. r,poKudefypii'T) applied to Tarsos as extra expense of the Gymnasiarehate in … dington BCH 1883 p. 285). when it did not meet in Apameia. … etc. of old in Apameia, there were evidently

429

or women. Now this makes for prosperity in no small degree. For … for as this; and the leading cities share in the privilege by turns in … reciprocal rights in respect of festivals and games, as is shown by … Traveller p. 206. was perhaps superior to Magnesia. In … 8 It was probably observed in the metropolis (probably not earlier than

430

an inscription of Poimanenon, mentioning ' those who are in alliance … by Hadrian, in furtherance of a scheme for reinvigorating Greek … in the eastern provinces sprang into new and more vigorous life. … it and avoid the name Apameia ; and we are justified in regarding … The powerful Jewish colony in Apameia is described in Ch. XV, … a wonderful prosperity in Asia. The inscriptions show that there … Kai oi kcit civSpa KiKpijilvoi iv 777 wpos tovs instituted in honour of Mucius Scaevola … MoiHciciW Mordtmann in .4tfi. Mitth. 1890 2 Qeos 'ASpinros naycXAijMoj CIG 3832

431

Gerousia were paid by certain dues; and in the ' most prosperous … This state of prosperity is indicated in many parts by the inscrip- … Poseidon. A serious earthquake is mentioned in the time of Alex- … marine shellfish were strewn over it0. In a.d. 53 it again suffered … § 20. Public Buildings, (i) A stadium is mentioned in inscr. … (a) A theatre can still be traced ; but was more complete in … Laodiceia, p. 56. The officials of the times' in no. 300 dates from the be- … at Keretapa no. 133, in the Paroreios 6 See p. 453. … rose in price to 10,000 denarii in conse-

432

looks down towards the water, in which her face is mirrored; and … throw away her flute, disgusted with the distortion of her face in … marked: they attempt to represent two different moments in one … common on Lydian and Phrygian coins: the infant Zeus is carried in … pictures in some public buildings, is confirmed by the fact that types … 3 The name Adrasteia was Phrygian ceia she is running as if in alarm holding … a form of the mother-goddess, Roscher Korybantes dance in front of it.

433

the infant Zeus in her arms, between two river-gods (Lykos and … walls of some public building in Apameia; and, if so, the long series … in the Hellenic period, but also in the Roman period (to which the … ings in the temple of Zeus, which were 2 25 statues of Erotes can hardly be … to show that I am not pressing the to have been treated at Akmonia in

434

during the second century in Asia Minor, whose subjects show general … several stoai in Apameia, as in Greek cities generally. … in the surface of the stone is a sunken panel, in which the inscription … Kelainai we have little information. A god was worshipped in … the name Kelainai, which apparently was commonly employed in the … at Xanthos in Lycia, Temenos at Temenothyrai, Alabandos at Ala-

435

banda, Pergamos at Pergamos1. In Christian time such heroes were … may be identified with Klan- in the city-name Klannoudda2; but the … a meaning in Greek ; but the word is pre-Greek. Hamilton says 3 … Athena often occurs on Apamean coins, chiefly in scenes from the … of Athena was made in Apameia, when Antiochus changed the site of … The dedication in gratitude to the Samothracian gods, inscr. 289, … Inschr. Perg. II p. 219 (Pergamos). and other fossils in the rocks over the

436

in the Roman period. I have copied a dedication to them on the … of the Sebastoi, probably the Flavian Emperors, occurs in no. 305. … that the foundation was not a ' Temple of Asia in Apameia,' for Dio … it had a meeting-place in Upper Phrygia (perhaps at Synnada or … a dedication in the city; another representative obtained a grant for … 2 See no. 302, 345, and p. 365. Phrygia in Arist. I p. 505 Dind. seems to … $pvyiav c'lva. Apameia was in rfj Kara in Emp. pp. 397, 426 : on the purple, see

437

priests of Asia was imposed on the great cities as a burden, in case … in Apameia, distinct from the High-priesthood of Asia which was … occurs often in common formulae ; and a Dekaprotos is once men- … (p. 64). The expression used in no. 314 (fiovXevrj) kou SeKanpcoTco) … the cities in Cilicia had found an ex- given add Dig. L 4, 3, 10, Marquardt I … LW 2760] to fill the office BCH 1883 1176, Humbert in Daremberg s. v.

438

in the Senate according to the regular practice. A meeting of the … Taken in association with the foundation of the Gerousia at Sebaste … of Roman provincial administration can answer it only in one way. … M. LeVy in his review of the evidence, p. 235, concludes that during … my argument to the same effect, but large powers religious and political, in … stated in these pages : I have not been EkklesiaandBoule; and there is nothing

439

members: the club became rich, partly because the city in founding … clared that the members did nothing but eat and drink in luxurious … seduced from their pride in, and love for, the exercise of their auto- … meia in the time of Vespasian retained Seleucian Gerousia, quoted by M. Levy … Gerousia in its later development from adolescentium [Neot], tertium denique … 2 The restriction is certain in some ciently to consider that the Gerousia … moreover revenues were, at least in some dates in 14-29 a. d. an inscr. CIG 3642

440

necessarily old men in the modern sense. They were admitted at … In general, grown men were classed as Neoi or as Gerontes 2; and … and wealth of the Gerousia, and hence it makes little show in inscrip- … in the Roman period, while we find clear proof that ease, comfort, … government, and, as home-rule in the cities decayed, the educational … calla be too late. and athletics are all regulated in the

441

The classing of trades to streets was not the universal rule in … in Apameia consisted of five persons. The generic term, apgavres, … used in the third century. The inscriptions throw no light on the … is mentioned; and the office is mentioned in the cursus honorum … in I p. 375 is certainly the Golden publishes a coin of Appia, struck under … of M.Weber in Sir C.Wilson's Handbook 6 The distinction is clearly brought

442

like the curatores kalendarii in the west; and, though there is not … official would be needed only in cities 1 where some important Pane- … coins3 and in inscr. 300 probably presided at games held in connexion … supply in stock to feed the population of the large cities of Asia. … mentioned in the Asian cities ; and may be assumed at Eumeneia … appointed to manage the purchase of corn when need arose. In … also in Athens, Nikomedeia, Nikaia, ~KapirpoTa.Tj]Il€pyap-qvav p.r]Tpow6\ei. These … In many of these it is known that Docimian marble.

443

The name Futheniarch was used in some places, apparently as … but oil was in them regarded as practically a necessity of life, and the … doubtless, managed by the Gymnasiarch. The system of exercise in … In Apameia the state paid to the Gymnasiarch 15,000 denarii to … (BCH 1887 p. 32) in a difficult phrase, gymnasium eo anno dedicatum a Nerone, … in the title enapxos evdijvias praefectus proves that state money was appro-

444

by a man who was not prepared to spend his own money. Thus, in … tion in moral fibre of the Graeco-Asiatic cities than the the trans- … in the face of many cases where Gymnasiarch and Ephebarch seem to … arch : BCH 1888 p. 206. infants in other cases besides this. … 2 See an instructive example in the p. 68 n, Paraphylax occurs at Ephesos … probable that they were conjoined in Eumeneia no. 88. On Trallcis refer

445

§ 24. Apameia in the Byzantine Period. When the province … • In the Byzantine Period Apameia practically disappears from history, … verged at the city in the Roman period, three2 form part of the system … resource in the inhabitants might have enabled it to keep its hold on … expected that it should grow in importance ; and, even amid the

446

in the Eyzantine administration. Like Laodiceia and Colossai, it was … or Soublaion, attracted the roads; and in later centuries, though we … The only interesting figure in its later history is Konon, a bishop of … Apameia still appears as a bishopric in 787 and 879, when its … the west. In 713 they took and pillaged Antioch of Pisidia, and

447

24. APAMEIA IN THE BYZANTINE PERIOD. 447 … country remained permanently in Turkish possession from 1072 … springs which feed the Maeander in the Siblian country that he con- … a comparatively small oval valley 2,800 feet above sea-level in the … (quoted in part p. 454) is very instruc- former official.

448

thus the dominating factor in the geography of the district, visible … examples of the imaginative interpretation of nature in Turkish, and … Pliny, whose Mons Signia must be a single peak in the chain, close to … side of Stektorion., the limit was in the rising ground, north of Bei-

449

the southern end, where the stream that flows from several heads in … rise again in the various fountains which feed the Maeander arms. … Probably in 371-2, Aurokra was separated from Apameia, and … In the later Notitiae, which gives the ecclesiastical arrangement, … in the troubled period of the Arab incursions, and was no longer … 2 Prof. Kiepert makes this river flow There is a marsh in the north, but the … the valley, near Bei-Keui; and so discharges into the river. In summer

450

suffered just in proportion as Northern Phrygia and Galatia flourished … Samsun has the look of an ancient name2. In the Acta SS. Tryphonis … sos. In the following notes on the Acta ' a city of Cappadocia.' It is therefore … latae, where the scene lies at Eukhaita, Bishop Macarius in his Travels (transl. … in support of his contention that Euk- 5 Vicus Sansorus in Ruinart, who … to Tchorum, 160 miles further SE., and graphical MSS. in the Bibl. Nat. Paris

451

avaKpifiarai (the skin of Marsyas, according to Xenophon, in the cave at … Maeandri fontibus oriens, in Maeandrum cadit......Maeander, ex arce … dimisisset, profectus eo die in Metropolitanum campum.....processit.

452

Pliny V 106. Sita est [Ap!\ in radice month Signiae circumfusa Marsna, … Pliny V 113. Amnis Maeander ortus e lacu in monte Aulocrene..... … The mountain, obviously, must be Djebel-Sultan (in the midst of which … of Aulokra is meant; but that lake could not reasonably be said to be in … Pliny XXXI19. Alt......TheopJiraslus Marsuae fontem in Phrygia … Hirschfeld is probably right in accepting aKptmuXfas from Kramer.

453

eius ex summo montis cacumine excurrens in subiectam petram magno strepilu … in ilia rupe considere. Ceterum quamdiu intra muros fiuit, nomen suum … through the streets of Apameia : this practice is still a favourite one in

454

some of the population) that the Maeander rises in the enormous marshes … so overwhelming, that Hirschfeld's error in calling it the Maeander is

455

does not rise under the acropolis of Kelainai1: (7) in order to make it … times ; his further error in speaking of two sources of the Dineir-Water … the Marsyas ; and Hirschfeld is mistaken in thinking that name is given … But in that case (1) the most striking characteristics of Sheikh-Arab … words must be taken in etwas weiterem are bound to take his words strictly.

456

in his D'mair-Celhies 1892 agrees exactly with the view stated by myself … sentiment in Asia Minor, the modern belief has some force as an argu- … this is in itself a strong (though not conclusive) argument, for Pliny, … be disregarded in ancient belief. (3) Livy says that the Maeander rose … is far more likely to have been near Sheikh-Arab in a higher and cooler … ■paient le meme site p. 27) in spite of the positive statements of Strabo and … The identification which has been given in these pages of the Marsyas

457

This inscription was probably erected in a.d. 105, when Plotina was … 282. (R. 1881). CIG 3958. Map/a'cu- 2e/3aorT/z> kt\. (as in no. 281). … stood in the same sense.

458

283. (R. 1881). CIG 3959- MaTTibtav 2e/3acrr?)z> ktX. (as in no. … the name Valerianus till after his brother's death in 259, and that the … with the twin-gods, the saviours of mariners in peril, the Dioskouroi, who

459

in Eph. Up. VII p. 44a2. He considers that the five Romans (the last … against this view. (1) Roman officials, making an official dedication in … (4) The body of resident Romans continues to be mentioned in the same … 1 MM. Legrand and Chamonard's in- 3 In Ephesus no C. E. consistentes are … made an error in the eighth word, read- imtfiiuov. … rav as second word (Weber confirms tou). resident Romans were in accord and

460

administer their internal affairs by their own laws, in spite of the strong … the supreme board of magistrates (p. 441) in the city; and they mark … 'Acriav oiKov[i>Tes 'Pw/xatoi], who presumably met in Ephesos as the Com- … The spelling Acvklos here (also no. 298) and Aovklos in no. 305 is … 2 See Mommsen in Histor. Zft. 1890 3 nparas has a similar sense in the

461

VTriaxero. In a meeting of the Koinon of Asia held in Miletos c. … 1 I could not attain certainty about p. 304 confirms AtcWvou in this in-

462

The different trades resided apparently in different streets of the city, … wrote), § 19. In the crowded city, as described in § 19, the expense of … from our copy in Eph. Ep. VII p. 436, M. Berard BCH 1893 p. 308 1}

463

Xapi<rap,evov tyj ttoXsi tov e£ eOovs bihdpevov in avrrjs tu> yvp.va<riap\ovvTi … along with 294 f, was placed in the front of a stoa, which ran along … shown by the dowel holes in its upper surface; and perhaps the names of … Had Granianus filled any office in the state before he became Gymna- … 2 Such promises made to secure elec- petition for municipal office in the

464

1 Mommsen explains tokov hpaxpi-alov resumed by avrwv is quite in accordance … 2 in-' avrav fiiSojueiw: (i) does this able to render, 'devoted regularly by … for the idea latent in the sentence ; the makes the same criticism,

465

The name Manneius is not uncommon in Italian inscriptions. The … inscr. seems not to be late in style j and the Augusti are perhaps … of the Koinon, at which representatives of the cities (sitting in an order … is right, the priest of the new temple is mentioned in no. 305. … and brnj.o<peXS>s were both in his mind. 345, probably in the way described no.

466

ManneiuSj an Italian, not an Apamean Roman, has not engaged in the … KPA(rto-rov, monogram) \T\hikov ACIdpxou on an anion, coin in Br. Mus.

467

therefore be identical with Mutas, father of Tyrannos, in no. 294 … av(\jnos is used in the later sense of nephew, as appears from the … The form \jsa\!.s is regularly used in literature. … The text is very uncertain, as here restored ; and two lines remain in which … the wife's name in our text.

468

247-8 in no. 31a; and the same person occurs on a coin of Gallienus … may have been either a grandson or a third son ; and in the latter case … L. Atilius L. P. Pal. Proclus was son of the L. Atilius mentioned in … occurred in the middle of the first century. Hence the Augusti here are … 1 The practice was widespread that In the eastern provinces examples occur, … mother's family; and we have seen 2 Antonius seems needed in order to

469

stage in the hellenization of this Phrygian city 2: I assume that ktIctis … his father had served on the supreme board of magistrates (avvapyjia) in … or sad in the life of the emperors : cp. the condolence of the Coroneans … to be <bov[T\avov. A text differing in many respects is published by … Kria-is is the foundation of the temple ktIo-is in the sense of aria-pa, ' the insti-

470

the simple title ol yepovres in no. 305. The title ' archon of the Gerontes' … Three natives of Metropolis place this inscription in .Apameia (as the … must remain uncertain. Consuls C. Antistius Vetus are known in

471

associated in the worship of a deity. They are most commonly found … 1889 p. 95). See the list of trade-guilds given by Oeliler in Eranos … Aur. Ammiae sarcofagum posuit in aram quam ipse construxit, in quo … Legio IV Flavia was formed in 71, styled Felix by Hadrian. It was … Aelius Tryphon, here mentioned as thrice Asiarch in a.d. 247-8, is … 1 Indicated as doubtful in cop}-. '- rw Mijca Cumont.

472

error, as I saw on re-examination in 1891. Perhaps Chr., pp. 498 ff. … often added. So we find (&pev added later and in different lettering from … Perhaps Te6f\, intended as a warning form in bad Phrygian Greek, … 1 Probably o£[8eis] re#ij[We] was in- no. 317, 391, 395, 399. … for TICG); but oi tqBtj is certain in since Hamilton copied it.

473

ciation of aoopos ; it occurs also in no. 670. Another steward of a wealthy … The fine is payable in Attic drachmae, as at Thyatira BCH 1887 p. 481 … and in the third year of her married life she died suddenly. /carao-rpotp?/ … The abbreviation 'Ap. also in no. 332. … [y\apov JG CAnderson. " K A11P ACfP A<J>E L in our copy.

474

Morzeos, which are found in Asia Minor, are variants of Mordios; cf. … 326. (R. 1891). M. Berard in BCH 1893 p. 320. AiprjkCa Nvo-a to … Claudius the titles Claudia Pia Fidelis. The legion was stationed in … The letter F was omitted by the engraver in the first line; and parts … This bilingual inscription was engraved on two blocks of limestone in

475

335. MM. Legrand and Chamonard in BCH 1893 p. 249. Ai/p. … 8 F-TPOC in copy.

476

340. (R. 1888). [M]evebrip.ov to avyelov1. The word avyelov in the … uncertain ; and in verse, of course, a wider choice of terms was practised … 1 The letters AI AH- H • •• XIN in 6 My copy in 1890 suggests tov [re]

477

is hard to understand why such difficulty has been found in making … Mrjvoyevov is common in Asia Minor. … friends is stigmatized as ' death in life/ … ences) are needed in it. 1, TOIC4>. when I copied the text). In 3 my copy … the stone). In 7 his XaKwv and in 6 cutting, evidently intentionally, whether

478

be given here. . They consist of (1) a letter in Latin from Paullus Pabius … ment was erected. In the decree of the Koinon it was ordered that copies … The Apamean inscribed stones were in some building like a temple. … which, though lowest, is larger than the Latin (letters in highest Latin … engraved in columns of thirteen lines on the .blocks of the side walls : … 2 The name Sebaste for some day of (6th Daisios) in the Lycian and Egyp- … (Th. Reinach): at Pergamos Insehr. no. 3 The holes in the top show that

479

Paullus Fabius Maximus left his mark on the province of Asia, in … in 1895 by Prof- Mommsen ; it has not not earlier than the end of the second

480

menos (no. 357), both given in Pape. The palmettes inserted so often … from Apameia to Apollonia : boundary stone of Apollonia in the form of … Aurokea is mentioned as a bishopric in several Notitiae: in I, VII, … nos 2; but I doubt whether any philologist will follow him in identifying … 7rdXf<»f Cone. Const, a. d. 448. Hierocles in topographical questions (but I can … his Bpidva (6 Bpiavav). in contradiction with mine, and Aurokla

481

universally admitted, as beyond question, that the fountains in the plain … Again, it is, in my opinion, a matter not admitting of doubt that the … important springs in the whole district, except those of the Maeander- … intermediate form AvpoKpiqval Hqyai, a form which in all probability … 1 The form shows that the native phenomenon in MSS. Mayhoff quotes … in Actiones III, VI, and XVI (in III Avpo- the MS. of Polybius, which Livy had

482

been in Pisidia. But this argument is very weak. (1) The boundary … extension of Pisidia in a. d. 372 to include Apameia is correct, we can … northern part of the valley was classed in Salutaris with the Pentapolis, … i. Julianus acted in company with Zoticus of Comama (Conana?)

483

of the Bithynian Apameia; but is placed in Pisidia by Le Quien. This … • 6. Conon Apameae in Phrygia episcopus, see p. 446. … see note p. 3. A few heights are added from my aneroid reckonings. In … contrasted with the Sangarios cities, and must therefore be placed in W. and S.

Chapter XII: The christian inscriptions of south-western Phrygia

484

§ 8. Eumeneia in the Third Century p. 502. § 9. The Massacre by Diocletian … most difficult and slippery in the whole range of the present work. … will be far from easy to distinguish the cases in which suspicion … series given in Ch. XII and XVII may affect their opinion.

485

better than they would otherwise have been. In several points his … suspected. In the former case they are printed among the Chr. inscr. ; … The progress of our knowledge tends, in general, to push back … ments, I erred sometimes in stating too late a date. … customs in the early period; we watch the gradual creation of … Even Tertullian, who was disposed to go further than most in the … fusion of Christianity over Phiygia from will be justified in the following chapter,

486

as men living in company with the latter, similar in respect of food, … ance of his life. People might converse with him in the street or the … were in the ordinary style V Yet we are now to essay the task … by everything which we find in the early Chr. inscr., but it is very … in sorrow ; healed no dissensions ; gave no good counsel; made poverty … in hoc saeculo. Abhandl. II p. 362 (a fragment implying … 2 St. Paid the Traveller pp. 20S f. a change from Bernays's earlier view in

487

shine as leaders and teachers), that are revealed to us in the sepulchral … in the Roman Empire, these common men are well worthy of some … in character during the course of the fourth century. M. Le Blant … earth; for one is your Fatlier which is in heaven. He quotes various … spread ; and Le Blant's examples show that in the fourth and fifth … ences in the following pages show with custom) verus pater nosier Christus est … Balsamus in Ruinart p. 526, S. Lucianus tion they showed sometimes traits,

488

sum, superseded them all. But it is only in the language of the … of Christian inscriptions known to him. In the eastern provinces his … have to treat of in this essay. M. Le Blant would distinguish the

489

(Gaul and Italy). A few cases occur also in Asia Minor; e. g. CIG … in other cases 2. But had it not been for M. Perrot's improved copy, … Inscriptions which have nothing in their form or symbolism or … The cross is occasionally 3 used in Phrygia, other symbols more … ship, the anchor, the pharos, and the horse, which are common in … 3 See no. 384, 427, 429, 434, 436, 441, tian inscription, but more commonly in

490

AGO, occur sometimes, no. 371,443, 673,690 ; the dove only in no. 690. … because it was also in pagan use and would therefore be less likely … than is supposed in the Phrygian inscr. They are generally rude … Chr. symbols accompanying several of the inscr. published in this … the importance of the monumental symbolism, that I observed in this … 1 M. Cumont p. 11 note I takes these a line (as in BCH 1893 p. 274 no. 70), or … which are certainly Chr. no. 654 and in the text (as in no. 350) or is employed

491

openly set up, not hidden in private Chr. cemeteries \ It was con- … though it is a difficulty in this theory that no specimen of this class … Apart from a small number of cases, then, the Christians in Phrygia … § 3. Christian Names. In some cases the sort of names used is … the rule in Christian than in Pagan inscriptions, yet the custom was … that the inscr. is Chr.; and if. in addition, we find in the text some … 1 No. 393 is in a retired position, but mentioned by him as only Christian … S., and not much more than a mile in Christian inscriptions; and the same … original position. Blant does not include in his list).

492

in virtue of the early saints and martyrs who bore them, and escaped … consecrated by some martyr, or in some other way pleased the … of its meaning. Tatia and Ammia are also very common in Eume- … Nicaeno'-Arab. cap. XXX Fideles nothina most of the examples quoted in these … nominihus utatur, ut gentiles suis utuntur venae (in Ruinart). Eirene in Kaibel … names, Thraseas is unknown in the female), Deus-det, Servus-Dei, Homo-

493

Quiriacus, Quiracos, Hyracius, &c), and in the Latin-speaking pro- … Sozomenos 400. But the subject must be studied in the detailed … glance at them, in order to detect the first traces of their appearance … good omen, in remarkable contrast to the self-abasement of this … of the Christians. In Gaul and Italy Vincentius, Victor, Nice 4, Gau-

494

Hardly any example of this class of name can be detected in the … braced in this chapter may be looked for in the inscr. … § 4. Christian Titles, Sentiments and Expressions. In the … 1 With v. I. Konon. In campania basiliani.

495

a Chr. churchl. The episkopos in no. 363 is a solitary exception, … in early inscr., none but Koi\n)Tr\piov is exclusively Chr. It had … M. Le Blant II p. 133 finds a few cases in which such expressions … In the closer study of epitaphs certain formulae catch the student's … of it, and the origin of the peculiarity must be sought for. In most … occur not rarely in Syrian pagan inscr. jrpoa-Kpova-as, or amicus omnium, or omnes

496

Iasos, and in the island of Cos. Sir C. Newton first observed them, … was taken up and reinforced by Prof. G. Hirschfeld 2. In addition to … its conception and principles in the treatment of the dead ; moreover, … grave should be open to others or to the poor. Hence in any case

497

both alike enacted legal penalties, and invoked divine punishment, in … they must be so general in expression as not to constitute an open … in ordinary circumstances declarations of that kind were not made in … grave in one's lifetime. G See e. g. Passio S. Bonifacii § 2 £v rjj

498

which seems to have been originated in Eumeneia, and to have thence … indicate the great local deity; and it is also common in the Christian … in a Christian society. The pagans often appealed to their God, but … There are twenty-six examples of it in Eumeneia alone, all obviously … Christian formulae were employed, probably originating in different … sion, for'in the example from Philomelion, the protasis retains the old … bably third century (in which period near Philomelion. Kaibel625 is probably … irpbs 6(6v 6 Ao'yor. the form in pagan use).

499

not wrong the God.' It occurs only in the Tembris valley, and once … but its character seems highly probable. It will come up in a later … more varied is its expression. In Eumeneia there are, I believe, many … 2 irapdevevo-ao-a, ibid. my Early Chr. Mon. I pp. 255 ff in Expo-

500

to suppose that the Chr. buried in concealed graves until about 220, … demonstrated in a very ingenious way that there is no single phrase … Probably, as the use of names by the early Chr. in Asia Minor … In Hierapolis there occur two inscr. no. 411 f, in which the Chr. … apparent when the situation of the Chr. in Phrygia is considered : … sary to press the point here. But when in no. 265, of four names, two belong

501

absolute concealment. It is certain that the Chr. were numerous in … accused them. But persecution in the Boman world could not be … prosecution. A spirit of forbearance in practice was encouraged on … 1 The whole subject is discussed in 2 It is doubtful whether successful … such as Neumann and Hardy, it is Melito, see Church in R. E. p. 336. … lius exercised the acknowledged prin- 4 Neumann in his list der rom. Staat

502

the communities of Chr. in the cities were therefore registered under … and learned epigraphist like Franz actually interpreted X in no. 371 … surface in the early Chr. epitaphs. In doing so mistakes are inevitable … predominance of the Chr. element would be more marked in the … 1 No. 218, 223, 229, 231, 235, 236, in the East can doubt that the Chr.

503

type; but, in the spirit of concession which evidently ruled at … break between Greek and Chr. culture in Eumeneia. There is no sign … of concession, of liberality, in which people of diverse thoughts were … practical conciliation of two hostile religions in a peaceful and orderly … 1 Church in R. E. p. 324; quoted with approval by Mommsen in Expositor 1893

504

the State religion was maintained in practice, we are denied all … politeness might honestly be carried in accepting the ordinary practices. … religious forms in a public way, for religion entered far more closely … 1 Church in B. E. p. 190. among the Turks, is often a mere … Fourteen of the 30 Chr. inscr. in App. the Permanent Attachment of Religious

505

8. EUMEN EI A IN THE THIRD CENTURY. 505 … which was in all probability at or close to the mosque. The buildings … This outline which we have drawn of a Chr. Eumeneia is in accord- … country in general must have been very strongly affected by the same … over the list of Chr. inscr. in the Appendix must suggest the question, … of the Christians in the third century and the inarticulate monotony of … Two facts stand out prominently with regard to this change. In … out, the reason for the change must lie in the great massacre by … were charged in the old Roman way a difficult one; but the result of the

506

sketched in preceding pages1, the over-centralization of government, … more active and varied in the city during that century than ever … must have taken in Eumeneia the form of a thorough-going massacre ; … initiative, but the Chr. were actively sought out by the government in … high and strongly religious motives. In the first two centuries of its

507

Child of God,' in which we recognize one of those by-names, which … of a whole people in Phrygia being burned along with their meeting- … it is liable to become distorted or exaggerated in repetition. That is … X"r]v avravSpov ap(p\ rtjv <$pvyiav hi KvKkq 2 Inst. Div. V II stent unus in Phrygia … \oyio-Ti']s re avrb? Ka\ o-rparrj-ybs avv reus in succeed in forcing any Chr. to comply :

508

the very city that suffered in this way; but, at any rate, the punish- … geous element in the population was annihilated with fire and sword … change in the State policy: they were, as a rule, energetic as indi- … Freedom of spirit is a more delicate plant in the East than in

509

between a.d. 47 and 303 had fostered that tender and frail plant in the … estimates are more liable to vary in matters of religious history than … period, regarded simply as a force in society and in politics. From … art with growing disfavour; its bishops were worse educated, till in … Diocletian, by exterminating the most progressive party in the eastern … § 10. Diffusion of Christianity in S.W. Phrygia. While Apa- … obtained the titles and rank in the Imperial system that were granted

510

numbers of Chr. documents found in different districts. But historical … In western Banaz-Ova, there is little evidence: inscr. are rare, and … and the Glaukos valley, being in constant communication with the … Towards E., evidence is too scanty. Pisidian Antioch shares in the … the theory of diffusion from Bithynia lecture in Oxford I felt compelled to

511

Paroreios Phrygia inscr. have perished in a larger proportion than … in Phrygia during the early centuries. The first comes up the … early Chr. inscr. are non-existent2, while in most cases late Chi-, … between that and the S.E. group, and shared in both influences. … ordinary extent in Eumeneia and Apameia. … armies and many raids; and ancient i Chr. trials in Phrygia occurred

512

In the Lycos valley, the early history of Christianity is very … house of Philemon at Colossai was still shown in the first half of the … names assumed by governors engaged in this persecution, § 9. The … to Caesareia in the governor's train. Perhaps, if some older form of … 1 Lightfoot remarks that Epaphras 2 See the lists in Appendices and … Apostle of the Lycos valley. His name 3 Church in R. E. Ch. XIX.

513

in a Vatican MS. by M. Laui'ent of the Fcole Francaise d'Athenes, … Notes, i. See the totals of earlier and later Chr. Inscr., given in Note p. 716. … by shorter horizontal line: one with equal limbs) are incised on the walls. In

514

rized use of the tomb ends, is believed by Franz in CIG not to be … 1 TtQvijvai in Hamilton's copy : en- it is not ordinary pagan style, … 4 Trpoo-amtlov, poppokvKciov Pollux IV occurs in two inscr. of Pessinus (Cumont

515

certainly Chr. as the longer ones. We might assume in almost every … sporadically elsewhere: once in Cyzicos CIG 3690 (better Perrot Explor. … A similar thought occurs in the early Chr. literature of Asia Minor: … fact that no inscr. containing this formula in any of its variations … sanctity of the tomb with punishment from god, either alone or in … Jewish-Christian, as is certainly irpbs 5 In my Early Chr. Mon. II p. 406 … Chr. Jews. Cumont in a Termessian inscr. (prohahly

516

In this case the change was not one to rouse any suspicion. The expres- … reference in general terms to ' the God/ which could be taken by every … was in full use a. d. 240-260, that about 270 some modifications to give … inscr. in which a double penalty, civil and religious, is threatened belong … in the form of an altar, like almost every Chr. inscr. at Eumeneia that … observe the formalities which would give them legal rights in their city. … in the comm. avoids the necessity which See p. 367 note 1.

517

quoted from the popular mouth, and that the Christians in Phrygia … spelling. In this respect they justify the complaint of Aristides about … in process of shaking off the old oriental characteristics, and who, being in … inscriptions in Gaul, which contain sentiments of a quite Epicurean type, … gravestones. In Phrygia there was no chasm separating the Chr. from … DincL). See Church in R. E. pp. 352 ff, - See CIG 9182, 9275.

518

or regarded as unsuitable in Christian inscriptions. Especially in metrical … were often preserved in Christian epitaphs1. See p. 387. … 356. (R. 1887). Yakasimak. M. Paris in BCH 1884 p. 2505, … 1 Quern nee Tartarus furens nee poena lowed in the restoration.

519

by the Chr., in contrast to eputs, and became a characteristic Chr. … and JHS 1883 p. 36. Gaiane at Eumeneia also in no. 229; she is … Christian Senators of Eumeneia no. 361, 364, 368. In Acta Carpi3, … ovv. M. Paris leaves a blank. as to religion in it. If it is late, it may

520

many Chr. objected to hold municipal office, as we see from Celsus (in … occurs, according to Waddington's reading, in a Chr. inscr. of Apameia … 361. (R. 1883). CIG 3891 incorrectly in some details in the tran- … The words povXevT^s K(al) yepaios occur here and in no. 364 (both … only in two Chr. inscr.) may mean a presbyter in the Church. Evidence

521

it kept separate \ but the older system long survived him. In the Acta … his case seems not to be exceptional but the ordinary custom in Phrygia … The respect in which Metrodoros the bishop was held is marked by his … But the letters vary a little in size, and are not in the best style of the … 2 AA SS 18th May IV 149 ff and Exuperius bishop of Toulouse in A. d. … of Assos no. 73 in Pap. Amer. Sch. Ath. I doing penance, and retired soldiers may

522

Chr. religion in the way of formulae or symbols or names. … 364. (R. 1890). Ishekli. M. Paris in BCH 1884 p. 2344. Cumont … The formula tiilKXrjv occurs often in Chr. inscr.; but I do not recollect … 2 Probably Pococke has here omitted found by any future traveller in a house … beginning, and IEP60C, transcribing 'E\Ikt]v in CIG 6254, Kaibel Ep. e Lapp. … [yjepedr). I compared M. Paris's copy 6 In such cases probably the original

523

a common formula to point in a covert way to his heavenly citizenship. … when it is certain that a symbolic form of expression was in use among … If the reading evpopois in the superscription be correct, it must be … certainty (see note on the text); and M, Cumont may be right in accept- … Julia-Gordus is published by M. Paris in BCH 1884 p. 385 Dig M[ani- … in a line by itself, is obscure. In CIG 9424 ev8a.be /cen-cu "Ayvos Scocrt-

524

buried in the same grave, and her name was added in small letters, nal … The date in this and many similar inscr. is not to be understood as the … construction of the monument was a fact that might be of importance in … rare in the Christian inscriptions of the West. The commonest is … moulding as large as those in the other in the Eastern provinces, it may be

525

no. 563. In both cases we may probably infer that tbe families were … form occurs in no. 652. Ammia Chr. no. 356, 368, etc. … In the concluding words a confusion between superlative and com- … 369. (R. 1887). Ishekli. CIG- 3902, Wadd. 740 and Cumont 145 in … louis Yaka in Railway Survey. I do 5 M.Paris readsUdw[w]ovforUmr[i]ov,

526

then the Chr. threat is added, as in no. 368, 0,61, 385 (Apameia, dated … argument in no. 372 fixes a.d. 224 as the probable approximate date … mentioned in no. 355, which perhaps was an earlier stone placed on the … monogram gave place to the Constantinian ^ in the fourth century, and … Deo et >fco eius, Mel. d'Archeol. XV 1895 p. 50: and in the conclusion … tions in angular brackets, which seem

527

of an epitaph scimus te in ^ (Le Blant I p. 68, no. 30, who quotes … tine; and its origin is likely to have been in the eastern provinces. The

528

account of the formula Scocrei rots abeXfpols1. This monogram occurs in … letters of the word l^dvs on a leaden cista found in Phoenicia at Saida 3, … onwards, its earliest occurrence on a public and official monument is in … also in the Chr. inscr. 370, where his father Menekrates allows him … The date of no. 371 would, in that case, hardly be earlier than … CIG 9290. ° The earliest is at Sion (Sitten) in

529

No. 370 is older than 373 : in 370 Alexander is allowed admission to his … wars and is mentioned in the letter of M. Aurelius to the senate3; but it is … by Tacitus Ann. II 16, and they are often alluded to in Notitia Digit. … in all other cases to the third century. We must, I think, conclude from … On the names Philip and Paula in Chr. inscr. see no. 361. … have originated early. see in Hierocles (c. 530 A.D.).

530

The inflection IVov for Irous occurs in two inscriptions of the district … 376. (R. 1887). Yakasimak. M. Paris in BCH 1884 p. 250 \ … Fronto, priest of a village near Ancyra Gal. under Diocletian, in Acta … 380. (R. 1887, Sterrett 1883): Dede Keui. M. Paris in BCH 1884 … £di>8pa>, [tovt]o K.o'.jir)\Tr]pio]v, omits 'A[/xia], plete in the later lines).

531

of the maker and owner. Special permission was accorded in a separate , … wives had been converted: in order that they might lie in a Chr. grave

532

(in consecrated ground ?), admission was granted them by the owner of … the burial of Chr. in Chr. graves. Probably religious reasons were con- … and 2 more contain a hint to that effect (in the words avzv or xoopls … We scrutinize them and find in them the following names which are … tion which seems, at first, to be a good 3 In some cases the owner may have

533

381. (E. 1887). Aidan. M. Paris in BCH 1884 p. 247, Cumont 155. … 383. (R. 1887). Tchivril. M. Paris in BCH 1884 p. 245, Cumont … 385. MM. Legrand and Chamonard in BCH 1893 p. 248, Cumont … The name Pancharios occurs elsewhere only in a Jewish inscr. of Rome … Zotikos (no. 369). On the Jews in Apameia cp. no. 399 bis and Ch. XV. … 1 Panchares is a pagan name, see '2 These two words are inserted in

534

placed later than the second century; and it might well be put early in … The knife in this relief shows that the deceased was a butcher. The

535

use of meat from sacrificial victims, which would often be found in the … 389. Wadd. 1733, improved by MM. Legrand and Chamonard in … in the active sense as 'hunters after the new,' veoOrjpoi: but, more … Auxanon Chr. name in Apameia no. 390, perhaps pagan no. 312. … 391. (R. 1888). Ramsay in Rev. j&t. Gr. 1889 p. 0,5, Cumont 208. … 1 Wadd. reads A.i£cwavbas, but MM. inscrr. in various forms, naeophyta, nio- - … seems preferable. being inserted in the space above.

536

The copy necessitates the restoration <5>\av[q (in CIGr Aaviq). … kept it almost as a personal name in her married life. Her mother … Demetriane in the inscription favours the hypothesis. The remarkable … Synkletikos and Synkletike were used as personal names in Asia … Chr. inscriptions which is more numerous in N. Phrygia, but of which … common in the mouths of martyrs (e.g. xpia-rtavos ek \piariav&v yovewv … The copy however is not trustworthy 3 Compare the story of Quintus in

537

after the triumph of Christianity', but when the population was still in … p. 159 no. 84 and one from Selymbria published in ATMit. 1894 p. 57 … occurs at Apollonia, Sterrett WE no. $$$, where in 1.15 I read Hp-qo-Tiavov … The form eTtiTt]bevo-ovv in third person plural is like the modern Greek … modern periphrastic future (there seems to be some error in his epigraphic … With p-qp. compare pr\v in no. 256, TeQrjvev 356, ecovav 445, eXnibav 382.

538

Domna Chr. occurs in N. Phrygia, Onesimos cp. 231 and p. 493. … The letters are very well formed, bold, and clear in this inscription. … T<u ktA..]. One may suspect that the unknown copyist has mistaken in … (with its interpretation) binding on all Jews in all countries. It seems … graves. This phrase is suggestive of a strong Jewish element in the

539

540

N is engraved below co in Aecovrava.

541

set in a square: fish, between tlie cross … of the fish, common in the earlier Roman … "A(yios). The inscr. is interesting in view of the early prevalence of the … ■noXKov (Interp. JEp. Coloss. II 16, Ed. Hal. Ill 490). In AA SS 29 Sept.

542

Motella. See p. 158. (In CB the inscr. was wrongly ascribed to Anasta- … Tolyc. ii p. 43, the thysiasterion was rather the sacrarium in which the … Irene was favoured by the Christians, but the religion must in this case … 2 CEAI KOY in the copy, which may letter of Qea-iv certain except 9. He

543

common in Chr. epitaphs ; but it is only with great doubt that this inscr. … Lat. 9072 p. 391, where Marini2 gives it in cursive (the words divided … length of the lines, or whether the M. Laurent's scholarly liberality in im-

544

the latter received it from some traveller in the East. In the text, no … of that name in 1. 3. The meaning of that line is obscure: if Eugenius … evidence that the inscr. had been copied in the Lycos valley. … than the defeat of Licinius in Sept. 323 a. d. The open rebuilding of … chios, bishop in 325 a. d. Now the rebuilding of the church would not … Assuming that Eugenius was bishop in Laodiceia, we must understand

545

411. Wagener in Rev. de l'instruction publ. en Belgique, Nouv. Serie

546

infants. We ask then if exposure was so common in Asia Minor that … Opeirros here is a citizen of position and rank. In those cases where foster … 3 In his edition of Colossians and nius Candidus et Caecilia Dumea fil[io)

547

foundlings. Especially clear in this respect is an inscription of Nikomedeia … The great number of references in Asian inscr. to Ope-rol is the one … that exposure of children was a horribly common practice in Asia Minor: … like soot, and may be taken in this case as the baptismal name of a … by master or mistress to alumni. Vit. Macrin. p. 178 (Morell). In Acta … Arv. p. 252 B (Le Blant). Nonna, no. 658. closely my words in Expositor 888 VIII

548

veil his intentions in very difficult phrases. The bequest to the Council … myself: in an accurate, well-engraved, and well-expressed testament, … to be used only here. In pagan inscr. bequests are usually intended for … iOipois fine/mis rots Mi6pai«ivois), for the bequest in that case is made to … In other respects the inscr. is assimilated to customary phraseology. … The salutation to the wayfarer in A is quite in the style of ordinary

549

trical alterations in names and circumstances. As Tripolis was near … we compare no. 389 and 455, we must infer that already in the early … societies had to be registered in order to be exempted from the general … with others; and in Hierapolis, where the Dyers were a great trade, … the making of carpets has probably always been practised in Phrygia … about the period in which both inscr. were engraved. … trades, united in the religion of some being the commonest purpose of the … Ramsay Church in B. E. pp. 359, 430 ft'. dippers,' esoterically ' dipped in blood.'

550

itself out on peaceful lines in the country during the third century. On … Church in Phrygia after the Antonine periodx was peaceful, and untrou- … Tripolis. Hogarth in Journal of Tliilology XIX p. 96, no. 20. r\ cropos … The only sign of religion in it is the name Maria. It is true that … Acholios, son of Ammianos, son of Molybas, probably in the fourth or … Sarcophagi that had been used by pagans were often appropriated in … Other Phrygian martyrs of the period also in BCH 1883 p. 19 (Ancyra Gal.),

551

observed this especially often in Mysia and Bithynia; and that the … published in 340, 349, 356, 357, 381, 386 (Cod. Theod. IX 17): the … walls (Cod. Theod. XV 1, 36). In 399 an order was issued that temples … The dislike of the Church for Greek art, and also the use in Amaseia … In the time of Julian the temple of Artemis at Ilium had been with

552

tion of a church of St. George in a.d. 1332, which he attributes to … probably be the same as no. 11 in our list p. 120. But CockerelFs … The KTi]Topes were, strictly, all owners of property in the city (on whom … 6eo\6yov ^lXltittov. In garland underneath, the monogram of Xp(icrrds) … 1 So Cockerell in JHS 1. c. CIG has 2 9HAAB in copy for OEYAAB. … j)oints of agreement in both copies. ovopi^ei d\6yas, pi) ei'Sws to Stun'.

553

There is much discrepancy in opinion whether it was Philip the Deacon … He says that Philip, one of the Twelve Apostles, was laid to rest in … Acts as mentioning these daughters in Caesareia. … The religion is doubtful. The extreme freedom in granting the use of … name Flavius in every case. See above pp. 106 f. … the maker of the tomb ceases to be mentioned in Roman Chr. inscr. after

554

The expression Xpio-rds axpavros occurs in an inscription of Hadriani … (which is used by both pagans and Chr.); it occurs in the Catacombs, … TevvqOels. XMT is found on many inscriptions in Syria, most of which

555

Mittli. 1881 p. 126), at Bargylia (BCH 1894 p. 24), at Thebes in Egypt, at … Inscr. of this common form are probably, in some cases at least, … (3orjdei tw 8oi>A.<j) aov is remarkably common in the fifth and sixth … 429. MM. Paris and Holleaux in BCH 1885 p. 83, Cumont 87. 6 … The curse of the 318 fathers who assembled at the Nicene Council in

556

free in expression. … form of Epaphroditos, was also in ordinary pagan use; but the Colossian

557

434. (R. 1886). Beuyeuk Yaka, in front of the mosque. … gap at the right would suggest that nothing is lost, except one letter in 2. … with which compare CIGr 3915 LW 1683. A similar mixture in no. 563. … 2 yiji is certain. 6 0 for 0 in copy.

558

Marius, which descended in the family of one of the coloui settled by … widely spread in Phrygia [Church in B. E. p. 477 and no. 404, 678). … The symbol AGJ belongs to the period 355 to 509 in Rome, and 377 … added in that district; cp. Mordtmann Ath. Miith. 1885 p. 17, CIG 3830, … 445. (R. 1883, 1887). Sarikli1. Incomplete in JHS 1883 p. 407,

559

that it was Christian, I returned in 1887, and dug it up with the con- … Prymnessos) of curse against violation of the tomb. In reliance on this … In 1884 I mentioned that this inscription was engraved on a sepulchral … the lady who made the tomb for her husband, her father-in-law and … diceia Combusta CIG 3989. A place in the agora of Hieropolis was named … 1 imvav in 1887, iava 1883 : erepos 2 The name is doubtful; it is not

560

two feet in height. … 449. (R. 1883). Seljiikler. M. Paris in BCH 1883 p. 456, Cumont … 450. (R. 1883). M. Paris in BCH 1883 p. 457, Cumont 163. KX(avbios) … A's in ITa^AJAoy, and that spelling would favour a pagan origin.

561

M. Radet treats this inscr. in Rev. des Univ. dm Midi 1896 p. 290 and … (K for B and T for Z are easy mistakes in a difficult text, as bitter … is hardly found in the East, as M. Cumont remarks.

562

\xiTa t&v ayia>v av(\y')iicj)6r] in an inscr. found on the Via Latina, and … Dating by indictions begins in Gaul only a.d. 491 as M. Le Blant III … dwell on such mournful facts1: the day of death is recorded only in the … a later time in smaller and ruder letters, KareaKevacrav ra ri\<va avrov … Defaced symbols on side C. In the middle of side B a crown, across

563

in A contained one number, or perhaps two; the space is narrow for … As we see in Ch. XIV § 3 (1), Akmonia or more probably Keramon … rod \6pov (i.e. yJ>P0Vi eP- P- 3^)- And in Rome each Synagogue was … The use of roses, which was very frequent among the pagans in … 1 He speaks of flowers in general; Felix Ociav. 38, 3, it is clear that he

564

(24th May) in the Imperial cultus at Pergamos Frankel 1. c.: Rosaria at … Syntrephus CIL VI 10239 on 2IS* May: these ceremonies consisted in … The initial cross in monumental inscr. (as distinguished from epitaphs) … 460. Islam-Keui. Sterrett in 1883 copied the following on the back … 461. (R. 1881). Ahat-Keui: on a fragment of architrave in very late … The surname 'Axo'A.is for 'Axo'Aio? looks Chr.; it is only found in late … ' door-stone' which was seen in 1881 by me at a fountain between

565

by Sterrett in a waggon going along the road near Ushak1. C™|°"'[y | … in any of the earlier martyrologies. This inscr. is late, and cannot be … The curse in (B) seems to be directed against certain persons specified … The name Amerimnos is a remarkable one. It is not in accordance … already given of the transport of large which in BCH has been taken for Po. … p. 326) iv rrj tyofiepq rjl+epa rrjs SiKmoKpi- above K in Kai.

566

remain only the tops of the letters in the line following erepov (they … in the restoration (eojYai k-niKardpaTos] would suit equally well). … not native Phrygian : the style has something of the Semitic type, and … him in his going.' Yet the name Amerimnos seems not likely to be … Defaced relief in the centre: a rude cross incised in its place.

567

naTpibos, i>o/xo0e'r[cu]. Relief : bird with a ring in its mouth. … the gods, Hekate and Zeus and Apollo. He was succeeded in the high- … Licinius, in his struggle with Maximin, favoured the Christians : pre- … 2 Compare the expression used about Seira is rare in this part of Phrygia

568

and Appia, but coins of Apameia show the goddess CQT£I PA in the form … illustration of this quaint inscr. In it the term lepevs t&v 6eS>v is treated … On Chr. and Jewish analogies in Asia Minor, see pp. 300, 545 f, 675.

Chapter XIII: The Banaz-Ova

569

p. 618. (8) Alia p. 618. III. Routes in Banaz and Tchal Districts p. 618. … historical and epigraphical reasons has been already treated in the … rugged broken countiy amid which the Maeander finds its way in an

570

Hippourios. ■ The Banaz-Tchai is more than 70 miles in length from … where the great roads pass them. In the upper part of their course … ditions of the district were probably the same in ancient as in modern … village; on W., along the Lydian frontier, and frequently included in … tine period it was definitely included in Lydia. On SW. the frontier … 1 I have never suffered so much from biting winds as in Banaz-Ova in Nov.

571

in all my experience of Turkey. It seems to have been the line of … manent importance in its own nature, being second only to the … the importance of the more northerly route in recent years.

572

was used by Manuel Conmenus in 1175, when he advanced from the … Ephesos in the Graeco-Roman period. … knot of communication in the busy times of the Roman Empire. … but in the centre and south the great canons of the rivers and of all … keep N. of the straight air-line between them, in order to take the … 2 The two villages are in the same monia (Ch. XIV) made the roads con-

573

574

it and the cities of Eumeneia, fee, in which the opposition to Mon- … of the true Church, the New Jerusalem in this world, and a neigh- … The Montanists continued to live for centuries in their own quarter … directed against them are given in Codex Theodos. XVI Tit. 5. But … but that region does not suit the other pression (so also in 428) Cod. Theodos. … 'lepovcrdkrifx avofiaae Comment, of Aris- 5 Theophan. p. 401. Dr. Salmon in … Xijfi ovopdaas {irokeis hi daw avrm fwcpm Gibbon, we see in Theophanes a proof … 3 Sozomen H. E. VII 18 and 19. view in the Table in JHS 1883 p. 373

575

nized in the older class of Notitiae, is because it was given up to … a bishopric by Leo VI about 900 in his reorganization of the ecclesias- … that Oikokome was in that valley at Sarilar. The mountains must be … a Novatian synod was held there in 368 2. It is probably the same … probable *. Further, forms with 8 and £ are interchangeable in Asia … stroyed in 525, it was restored by Justin where the Pepouza of the Galatian … in vowel see pp. 382, 222. c Compare Gereli p. 168, Sivasli § 5.

576

intolerant there than in any other place which I ever visited. It … Sarikli1, which has a rather fine mosque (no. 445), is in all prob- … The ritual of the Montanists in Pepouza retained many traces that … the blood of a child in their sacred rites, was reported of the Mon- … § 3. Bkia. Hierocles places in this part of Phrygia, between Pepouza … 3 The nickname was also rendered in the legend TOMAPHNflN, which

577

or city1. It occurs in Mesembria, Menebria, Poltyobria, Alaaibria2, … proper names in the sense of 'the city.' Bergoula of Thrace is still … there. Sterrett and I passed through the village hurriedly in 1883 °; … as a whole, still less.the neighbourhood. M.Paris in 1883, and … where in the neighbourhood on the eastern side, upon the skirts of … ing to be accurate. ing southwards late in the day.

578

Writing in 1883, I inferred from Hierocles that the territory of … now seen reason to conclude that there must have been two cities in … In the earlier Notitlae the name Bria is usually corrupted to'iKpia, … Justinianopolis is always united in the same bishopric with Oiko- … In these identifications I have returned to my original view, as

579

for a time, taking Oikokome, which was grouped in the same bishopric … both Justinianopolis and Siblia in the hist of Leo is a strong objection … I must therefore beg the reader to make some changes in Ch. VI … siderable part in history; but it is very obscure, and little notice … over Duz-Bel. In 1886 I attempted to show how important the route … a much lower level in its western stages. In studying M. Radet's … 2 Read Khoma-Soublaion for Justini- 5 Church in S. E. pp. 93 f: the Apo-

580

really the Duz-Bel route: with some slight modifications in details1 … adelpheia are mixed in one on the Table. When we cut out the first … Now all these places have already been discussed in our pages. … 1 The real value of a topographical of the principles in M. Radet's work … of this line in the Peutinger Table until I can accept. … tion this expressly, as the superficial of certain corruptions in the Table is

581

Philadelpheia-Tripolis coincided in part with the road Philadelpheia- … in the Table, while using only the identifications which we had already … name in a form adapted to give a more Turkish sound. Either on the … sess, gives some help in such questions, Mohammedan settlers, p. 31. See … irregularity in their arrangement. It of the city, may be these springs;

582

transplanted to the new foundation the people of the towns in the … not as yet been found in Sebaste ; but, as it was in use in the Sebas- … occur in inscr. 480. … In this district we meet a new class of sepulchral monument, a slab of … sometimes sculptured ; and in the upper Tembris valley, e. g. the … sometimes on the lower rim, occasionally on the actual door in viola- … Tombstones of the door-type are very common in northern, central,

583

been very thoroughly carried out in the territory of Sebaste, for the … remained in their hands, for the title Katoikia seems to indicate what … very suitable for the old pre-Augustan village in this locality (see … swallowed up in the new foundation, but continued to exist at its … colonists settled by the Greek kings in that in an inscr. c. 246 A. d. it implies … asicuroi'-oi. Further, strangers settled in mosque and fountain: now for build- … were called KarotKoiWes (sometimes ol- brought in considerable numbers by the

584

nearest \ In that case the remains at Khirka nos. 500-503, and those … neighbouring city of Alia, Men is represented precisely as in the relief … hieron, as is shown by its name3; and that it was incorporated in … Akmonia. There is every probability that in an earlier and more … is stated Ch. XVI App. I. very common element in Turkish local … in an inscr. of Altyntasb (CB § 92) is

585

respect. I was of opinion, that the name cannot in our present state of … The inscriptions in this place would probably reward a more careful … noudda and Attoudda4, and in later time the spelling Alouda (like … The form Elaza also occurs in Notitia III: it is probably a dialectic … 1 As a heading for the section in CB, … 3 I went out from Sebaste in the fore- … sciousl}' in rejecting it. … in every respect except name to the

586

in the earlier Notitiae between Bria and Trajanopolis, and in the later … In Nov. 1881 I spent a night at Hadjimlar3, and saw at once that … defaced, and he was only in time to copy the fragmentary decree of … lies in the fact that it is the furthest south place which is able to … moreover Agathe-Kome appears only in villages (Hadjim and Geubek are excep-

587

not important enough to find a place in the Table; but in the busy … at Atyo-khorion. Again, in the Peutinger Table, Aloudda is marked … towns near the road and sharing in its advantages, but not exactly … It is remarkable that a town in such a position as Aloudda on the … despoiled of their population and their autonomous city rights in … § 8. Nais is never mentioned except in inscr. 513. The name has

588

there can be no doubt what was the road in question, § 9. … Thereafter the modern trade-route keeps up to N. in order to cross … described in the Peutinger Table as running from Kotiaion to Phil- … through traffic in ancient times 4. The case is the same at the present

589

stages in the Table. … name Nais was substituted in the grecizing spirit for the Phrygian … in the Kogamis valley, as the town guarding the exit from the hill … matic lists is due either to change of name or to absorption in another … as it is, has occurred to others. In 1883, while Sterrett and I were

590

appointing to him: he found nothing ancient in the village or in an … like Aloudda and Klannoudda are mentioned in the Table is that they … and making a distinct step in the elucidation of an obscure sub- … 2 Discoveries in Asia Minor I pp. Geubek and (Jeune. … sequence in ancient time: the road plored Banaz-Ova.

591

Kalin-Kilisa, I shall he perfectly ready to accept the resemblance in … ' thick' : the expression ' kalin kafa' ' thick head1' is often heard in … find Suleimanli and Blaundos, but having no idea in what direction … Suleimanli in the darkness. … pancy in respect of form between the s I give here only coins of which

592

A specimen exists in the Brit. Mus. and reads Tl • KAAYAIOC • … in Greek letters, and probably difficult for Greeks to pronounce. … pair are united in one bishopric; the bishop for a time ranks with … accepted. At the same time we must bear in mind that some diffi- … Akmonia, separated from the rest of Phrygia Pacatiana in the earlier … arguments weighed with me in Hist. Geogr. p. 138 so much that … able. Ph in later documents for earlier p. 364), which appears as two separate

593

territory of Akmonia, using the coinage of that city (being in fact the … As at Sehaste, the coin-types show that Men was the chief deity in … Dedications to the city-goddess were sometimes made in the form … and to pray to her in particular. So a person who had reason to … The name is distorted in the Byzantine documents. Hierocles has … of the people of Alia). The lists at the Councils give the name in … Asia Minor p. 131. Cuinet Turgiiie fact that the great hammams in Anatolia

594

begged help for the state in some enterprise 4 either from the emperor, … This was the easiest form in which an embassy could be comme- … 1 S. Reinach in Rev. £t. Gr. 1890 may therefore understand that in each

595

fortress lying off the main track in a strong position: Keramon- … my regular experience that the stones of an ancient site are found in … the villagers assured me that the fine stones in Tcharik-Keui were all … Dindymoswasreckoned in Mysia: rather Ptolemy V 2, 15.

596

to be struck in this and the following reigns in a series parallel to … tinct town of the Temenothyreis 3 seems to me in the highest degree … With the abbreviated form Tranoupolis, which occurs often in … new illustration from a report of Dr. Carl Buresch. In the last letter

597

§15. Leonnaia or LEONNA. After this chapter was in print1, … which coined money belong almost exclusively to the west. In central … look for Leonnaia, therefore, in the western part of Phrygia: an … 1 The name is inserted in the proofs speaks of Hissar as being on ' le chemhi

598

capitale primitive, to which in that case the name Leonnaia or Leonna … there a city or merely a village on the site of Sebaste in the pre- … foundation, but only an old city renamed (in which case it would be … of the district; but it is evident from the campaign of Manuel in the

599

is clear that the Pentapolis was reserved for the Byzantine empire in … MOK AAA). In giving the Mokkadenoi to Phrygia, Ptolemy may appear hardly … the map and in Hist. Geogr. p. 138 (as possible alternative). Islam-Keui would then

600

ap}yovTa>v. The restoration Seovrjpov is given in brackets in Arundel's … 1 In 1883 my copy bears -aaav. The stranger. Hassan was, probably, the

601

either in the year 351-2 or 253-3, and the title First Archon was … AM€ZAAIOY; but in the Br. Mus. coins of Julia Domna mention … under Domitian. In no. 475, which is dated in 99, MeXirav KgSkou … in the hand'' for rubbing on the body, i.e. oil for use in the palaestra3;

602

The numerous strictly Italian names in the inscriptions show that … the Gerousia in that year, i. e. that the Gerousia was founded in that … think it must be assumed either that Julia Teuthrantis was omitted in … quite possible that father and son might both be enrolled in the Gerousia … 2 In this list M. Paris's text must be 8a>v (perhaps scribe's error for TeWias,

603

a considerable extent a family matter in Sebaste: probably it was … age in the family of Julius Proclus is extreme, and suits rather an … Names connected with the cult of Mithras are very rare in Asia … ring five times in Lydia, twice in Caria, once in Pisidia, and once in … Anab. II 5j 35; HI 3, 4, and in later time became almost universal. It … pro Flacco 17). This inscription of Sebaste is almost unparalleled in … The date is a. d. 205. Evidently Claudia Teutbrantis, no. 475, in … 477. (R. 1883). Sivasli. M. Paris in BCH 1883 p. 451. ['Ay}adfj

604

479. Sivasli. MM. Legrand and Chamonard in BCH 1893 p. 26J. … 478 about 161-6. It seems possible that 'Epprjs might be used in nom.

605

with 'Epjxiov in gen., as nouns in -is (for -10s) gen. -lov are frequent in … e[vcre]l3io-Tarov 4>X. [OjvaXevrav Se/3acrroV. In this inscription, all except … This inscription is written in a vertical line, each letter above the one

606

seems clear : ' Augustus came hither, in execution of the prophecy 2, and

607

The restoration of these lines will, doubtless, be improved in details; … graved, as M. Cumont supposes, in long lines containing each two or … derson are used in it). A council of the gods seems to be held, at which … 295 etc.), The { highest summit' 1. 3 is resumed in jj.tr{]opov 5 and plov … in its lofty situation on the hilltop of Hissar, was the capital city of the

608

spelling vaioTTV-qv is remarkable : veoirv^s occurs CIG 2836, etc. In 1. 10 … 498 lis. (R. 1883). Tabaklar, in a fountain. [el tis elafiiaQvTo … jecturally one of the few letters in the copy on which the restoration has

609

Kal irav\j/ij(pa [— yrjjra TtTei\x[r\pivov. TH in last line doubtful. … degeneracy; but that is quite consistent with the period in Asia Minor, … In one case iota is adscript, in another it is omitted.

610

The date is a.d. 169-70. <5>paTpa seems to be used perhaps in the … Panemos was the eighth month); but it is quite in accordance with the

611

514. (R. 1881). Geubek. Different in CIG 3866. BXavvbewv MaKe- … mentioned in the inscr. Niger was grandfather of the latter, and great- … The epimeletai of the erection are father and son. The date in autumn … we must modify the expression of M. Radet BCH 1887 p. 118, in … whiek is now widespread, lies in S. stands the formula always, if I recollect

612

Germe, Nakrasa, Stratonikaia, and Thyatira, to Sardis in the autumn … The date is day 11, month 12, a.d. 167. The final y in a separate … 517. MM. Legrand and Chamonard in BCH 1893 p. 265. 'Ayadrj … This inscr. must be compared with the legend on a coin in Brit. Mus. … 518. Ushak. S. Reinach in Sev. Et. Gr. 1890 p. 56. [r}dv a£io- … thyrai, and had gone through the regular course of municipal office in

613

with Eusios, a surname of Dionysos in Laconia, from eScrot (for the usual … I assign to Alia those found in Islam-Keui and villages on the higher … Agora. Inscr. are very easily carried in a return waggon. … p. 152 note). But in this case a different explanation should probably be … Menogenes, a trader or traveller, deposited money in some one's charge … which was accidentally omitted in its proper place in Ch. IV. … have been longer. Beneath the inscription was a relief, showing in the

614

Isochrysos is given as a man's name in Pape. 'Ia-o'xpucnw, wife of … in slightly varied forms in the rustic and less civilized parts of Phrygia … conditions of Alia, and solves the difficulty which I formerly felt in … in BCH J 893 p. 2621. A. "Etovs rr(. XeXeibav 'AttoWcoviov 'HXidbrj

615

536. Banaz. MM. Legrand and Chamonard in BCH 1893 P- 273- … 527. Gumulu1. MM. Legrand and Chamonard in BCH 1893 p. 272. … described on p. 281. This estate was in all probability the imperial estate … Chamonard arrange them in their paper are several villages there, which I have … Gumulu and Hassan-Keui are unknown 2 C A AT AT • • OC in copy,

616

mysterious signatures at the Council of Constantinople in 536; and … same bishop. But in Actio V the signature is Maicebovios eir. rijs Bpov- … present two bishops, of Bria in Act. I-IV, and of Brouzos Act. V, the … of Sebaste in Armenia was also present. Le Quien assigns Anatolius to

617

In a list of bishops present at Cone. EpJies. a.d. 431, which is printed … 2. Alexander 536. Le Quien gives Macedonius as still in office in $36; … both were certainly present at Act. Ill and IV, as they appear in the … 1. Phoebus «r. UoXv^aXavbov Avbtas 359. In this name the second … politanae civitatis. 3 Theodoulos in 431 belongs to Elousa

618

ROUTES IN BANAZ AND TCHAL DISTEICTS. … and quoted some of his words in a foot- pondered for months over some of his

619

judiced against (as a glance into the discussion given in any geographical … vation (though reports of natives and travellers in several cases assured

620

Kaikilli, Sarikli, Karib-Hassan, Ekuz-Baba, Yaka-Keui in Eumenian

Chapter XIV: Akmonia ant the Akmonian dioces

621

was situated the great city Akmonia. The highest point in these … The Ahar-Dagh, as a central point in the mountain system of … seemed only one break in its lofty side- the sides of the ridge that contains the

622

ridge into the Sandykli-Ovaz. The fine open valley in which the … been incorporated in Mohammedanism Bei-Keui). See pp. 29 f.

623

of a genealogical myth the relation in which the plain stood to the … maintain city life, but villages or small towns flourished in the green … Siokharax, Aristion and Kidyessos. Now in the older ecclesiastical

624

constituted, it should never be mentioned in the early Notitiae, as … Still, if our conjectural reading Akmonia in 680 be right3, it would

625

in character to those of Blaundos, of Lounda, and of Leonna2. On … Neokorate, and as the seat of a high-priesthood in the Imperial cultus. … In this situation Akmonia was in frequent communication with the … in his most recent map indicates Ak- Hamilton I 112ft'., BOH 1893 pp. 259^

626

in his course,' and he is represented as the Sun-god with radiated … a meaning in Greek3. Akmon is originally a name used in the cultus. … 3 Manes appears in Lydian legend as … Hesychius. It occurs in the correspond-

627

familiar in Akmonia. It is represented on coins \ and, probably, in … sented the authority in political matters, which originally belonged to … coins the ' Goddess Rome' appears in the features of Agrippina the … taken as a fair specimen. Such stones were prepared in the trade, … are surmounted by a pointed or semi-circular pediment, in which case

628

11, id. no. 23. The club of Herakles in ness of the latter for the casts which

629

to their city by rich citizens, whether in their private capacity or … weights and measures; and in no. 549 both purposes were fulfilled … position, duties, and number of the Agoranomoi in a Phrygian city. … there was a body of agoranomoi (such as existed in Athens, Sparta, … assimilated Greek institutions only in Roman times, the facts that … § 3. Population of Akmonia (i) Tribes and Guilds. In Akmonia … (against Wadd.) -wrongly connects /3' in JHS Suppl. Papers 1892 p. 24). No. … as in CIG 2572, 2583, Ath. Mittli. 1889 2 17 t&v yvacpioiv avvepyao-ia no. 532,

630

Pergamenian kings. In the third and second centuries B. c. Attalus … (2) Gekousia, Nf.oi. Both these bodies are mentioned in inscr. … character in honour of the gods, as their name denotes, but also in all … secured according to the method that has remained in use in Anatolia … descended in his family ; and, so long as he paid the fixed rent to the … should be deleted in 1. 18). Seljuk cities pp. 97 f. The existence of … character, half religious, half social, in his native city Comum, he provided

631

according to Mommsen, styled avitum in an inscr. of Ferentinum … general probability are in favour of the theory. It is probable that the … When the cultus of the Emperors was founded in an Asian city, it … theologoi connected with the hieron, so we find hymnodoi in the … acting in comedy at the Artemisia in Ephesos (probably in the second

632

in favour of the latter. In this sequestered situation, they could not … Emperor; and in inscr. 615 the people of Diokleia boast that it had … Nikaia, Philippi with Amphipolis3; and in such cases, each claimant … or Dola, near which it was found; but no traces in situ of Diokleia … The reading AoxeXa in place of AioxXeia given in the older editions … coins: the first known belonged to H. Waddington; and when in

633

1883 my paper in JHS pp. 417 f was published, he sent me an … in Hierocles 'lov^apccTa^ between Alia and Diokieia can be easily … eastern Moxeanoi; but that does not suit so well the order in Hierocles … in Byzantine times, as was natural with such a strange form : c. A. D. … § 7. Abistion is even more obscure than Siokharax. The order in … but there is no sufficient evidence. The order in De Boor's Nbtitia, … Aristion was a bishopric; and a bishopric is wanted in the valley … X°s is probably a native Phrygian name i The names are much corrupted in … village (Handbook p. 131): in 1883

634

M. Radet places Aristion in the country of the Moxeanoi at the … in the resemblance between Aristion and the form Aldizoun, which … In the time of Domitian we can hardly suppose that the term high- … fertile ; and a city of some importance is to be expected in it. But it … map from Diokleia to Kidyessos, and 3 The form KvS&j]ireii in Ptolemy may

635

a critical step in the progress of Phrygian topography; for, without … few in number. The continuous demands made by a large city like … also a town which he calls Orvne. Hierocles mentions in Salutaris … earlier forms being 'Opaxcov and 'AXi'vcov for 'AXioov (as in De Boor's … 1 'Opivrjs in Burckhardt's text: w. 11. on the same road.

636

when Orina and Propniasa-Praipenissos are in the former and

637

in ordinary years. So in no. 294-397 the gymnasiarchate in the year of … The alternative name originates in bilingual countries. A person who

638

he had also his native name and used his own language in the proper … In the older documents the two names are generally taken from two … Examples of both types occur in a Pergamenian inscr. (Frankel II … or Latin name seems to have determined the choice in many cases. … 1 The cognomen in Rome had developed Eeise pp. 17, 8 (Wien. Sitzungsb. 1894). … even after it acquired a footing in the et) : this unidiomatic and ungramma-

639

CeOYHPAC • AKMONEHN ; sometimes em • APX • in monograms is … The reference to Julia Severa and Tyrronius Papon is introduced in … nius Papon were in all probability married2, and held office for some … wife gets precedence in office and in order3. Their marriage would be … was gymnasiarch. Julia was high-priestess and Agonothetis no. 550. In … BASTH and having the names of Ser- a woman so markedly as is done in this … 0GAM • PflMHN on a coin of these or Prisca in the New Testament, who

640

on the coins just mentioned and in this inscr., two magistrates are … the board is out of keeping with the usual rule in Asian cities, and is not … having been held in years when Julia and Tyrronius were in office. … founded in honour of Agrippina was afterwards turned into a compliment … 'Afavoi quoting Hermogenes. . in succession.

641

532. Devrent-Keui. S. Reinach in Rev. Et. Gr. 1890 p. 66 from copy … coins (all in Br. Mus.). … Another coin in Mionnet reads … and was probably the person mentioned in this inscription; but the … Susuz-Keui or in Akmonia, and not at the insignificant Alia. See … and assigns to Elagabalus ; but Mr. Kopov (as Marx does in the case of an … Wroth's careful note in Br. Mus. Catal. near Islam-Keui; and 3875, 3876 belong

642

the provincial cultus in Ephesos, which took place under Antoninus Pius. … office of Archiereus of the Emperors. But in the Pessinuntine inscrip- … Ushak; and the occurrence of the name Symmachos in no. 530 and … equivalent to ' auditor of the two bodies in the city which control the

643

537. (R. 1881 in part). Two separate fragments, (a) in CIG 3858 m … Lartidius may have been adopted in Akmonia from S. Lartidius, legalus … 538. (R. 1888) and 539 (R. 1881) : Susuz-Keui: in long lines on two … The dedicatory inscription of a public building in Keramon-Agora. … better (Latin Gillo). for TTATP, and puts the rest in a third

644

TpicrToov is not understood in CIL III 7049. … 543. (R. 1888) : on a fragment of architrave simple in character. First … into the archives in an attested copy (Ch. X § 5), see no. 631. Perhaps … was also the chief god at Teos, and in his worship the great association

645

Reichel Wien. Akad. Anzeiger 16 Nov. 1893 p. 13 in reprint). … 548. (R. 1881). Emiraz. Unintelligible in CIG 3860 i and Wadd. … in 1881 that part of the stone was broken away completely. Perhaps

646

within and around a crown. MM. Legrand and Chamonard in BCH … united with the Neoi in honouring the deceased on account of his action … was instituted in Asian cities, it was modelled after the ancient religious … why Neoi and Hymnodoi honoured the Argyrotamias must have lain in … 1 As is clear in such expressions lp- … 2 dea-fiaSoi in 11. 328, 371, which sug-

647

but the fact that in CIG 3170 the Hymnodos makes a dedication to his … weights. The rare word Zygostasion is explained by the reference in … In no. 551 we have an exact parallel to this fragment. … 552-558. (R. 1883). There was in Akmonia a heroon in honour of

648

They are put together in Amer. Journ. Arch. I p. 146. The most impor- … probably in the form of a small temple, with a long inscription in two … province Galatia should place a decree in Akmonia; but this is explained … L. Servenius Cornutus in a decree which was engraved on his splendid

649

descent, which intermarry. Further Ti. Severus, who is mentioned in … a prominent part in Asia, and also have a distinguished career in the … C60YHPAC. The conjunction of a man's name with a woman's in this … Thus we find that the three families of royal descent in Ancyra and … error in Tournefort's copy : he suggests has N for AI in 6€fj.([\i]o>v and I for P … 2f(3ijpoy t5>v dirb rrjs avadev i'pvylas that in line 5 IloTrXios should be read for

650

Paul in Acts XXVI 4 with Blass and Wetstein's notes, Steph. T/tes.): … time under Agrippina, i.e. not later than a.d. 59, and they were in office … in the Synagogue, like another Jewess Rufina in Smyrna 3. The use of … It may be inferred that all the persons mentioned in this inscription … relating to members of these families that they held priesthoods in the … p. 10 of reprint. 3 S. Reinach in Rev. JEt. Juives VII

651

pletely Romans or Asians as persons of Jewish descent in England now … established in the city, and maintained for years after her death by none … come into use in her family 2 ; and, as Mordtmann points out, a Cornelia … 2 Text quoted on no. 55Q. mann omits ff in his transcription

652

certainly Jewish. Below the word itwrpibi is indicated in incised lines … intended to designate Akmonia as his fatherland. Even in the earlier … settlers in the valley of Akmonia and Diokleia, though strictly it belongs … forms often occur in Phrygia, Aittoito, rvypirov, evvuyoiro, irepnreo-oiTo, … The formula 8eb$ v\j/lo-tos has been alluded to on p. 33, and its Semitic … in the temple of Peace, and was after- 2 fxrjrpair o\iv /iiv t!jv 'lepoirokw r)yovfj.evoi, … The candlestick was captured by Alaric ayios, as S' Tkaxov in narepav liai wdirniov … but it was captured by Genseric in eyevvr/drja-av koi erpdcprjo-av' tit ivlas Se

653

In the present inscription there is every probability that we have … a strong curse in such circumstances 1; but those formulae of curse, which … among both simultaneously in the third century, which would suggest … The curses in this and the following inscr. connect them .with the … 1 See no. 435, 445. In Aphrodisias (whose name Ninoe. p. 188, points to

655

engraver has erred in re0[pe];x/xe;!>^). … The name SilyOn occurs in Anthol. XI 32 (Si/aw Diibner). CIAAHN … earlier than late second century, and was common in the third. The … Bittius: yet MM. Lechat and Radet in in question.

656

Evrvxris irarpl k[cu /xijrpt'. Waddington may be right in reading ETarpt- … copied it in 1891, BCH 1893 p. 266 (where the copy differs in several … engraved in small letters round the

657

601. (R. 1881). Ahat-Keui: in large letters. TePTYAAA. … but I was told in the village that this building-stones went to Ahat-Keui for

658

eavTols C&vres KarecrKcvaaav. The name Tibereinianos occurs in an inscr. … [Fl. Val. Con]sta>itiniis et Vol. Licinnianus Licinnins in Latin and to the

660

never was Sarm. or Ger., and became Brit, in 210. … Wadd. thinks; but I read M.('T(toV)}, cp. no. 329. An Egnatius in BCH … BperavviKov and ypappaTevovTmv ; but I are shown in my copy,

662

626. (Sterrett 1883). Khirka in Sitchanli-Ova. [17 /3. Kal 6 8. ejret- … 2 The date is put irregularly in larger copyist's error than insertion. … 3 Hanmavus in BCH may be right:

663

No names are known: doubtless it was united in the same bishopric … shows this to be in Pacatiana). … It is liable to be confused with the bishopric Ariste in Bithynia.

664

while with it the description is good and instructive in every detail. The … This important passage is to be understood thus : ' In Phrygia along … Lykaones is determined by the two facts, that they were in the convening … position of the Phylakensioi is assured beyond question in the extreme

665

side by side in the long valley, Kara-Eyuk-Ova, which is the extreme … Phrygia, he shows a geographical incapacity far beyond anything else in … make this alteration in the text, we have good geography and good sense … argument in questions of topography. … using that term in the early sense, as distinguished from Phrygia Helles- … (3) ra irepl 'Ap-opiov ko.1 ['A(c]|oi[o]j>€iaj> kol "Svvvaba (i.e. central Phrygia in … south-western part of Phrygia, taking it in the widest sense). This … precision, for Eumeneia and Peltai must go together in one group.

666

ROUTES IN THE SITCHANLI-OVA AND MQXEANOl1.

Chapter XV: The jews in Phrygia

667

THE JEWS IN PHRYGIA … large Jewish population in Phrygia; and this is known from some … numerous in Apameia and the cities connected with it than they were … which he considers must either have centre of a district in which a very

668

668 XV. THE JEWS IN PHRYGIA. … therefore proceed to investigate the traces of it in the inscr. … community, ' the Nation of the Jews' in Apameiax; but after that … . Probably the Jewish community in Apameia is as old as the founda- … Greeks, in all the cities which he founded3; and this may doubtless … an equivalent in money G, a right confirmed by Mucianus in Antioch … 1 to Wvos Tav 'lovUmav at Smyrna, them citizenship in the Ionian cities,

669

1. THE JEWS IN A PAM EI A. 669 … aristocratic faction in the Phrygian cities; and, though the Perga- … In a.d. 70, they lost their separate and peculiar position before … Jews, they would obviously have lost their citizenship in all similar … § 2. The Legend of the Flood 'in Apameia. On Apamean … his predecessors for the Jewish settlers. in esoteric private use.

670

670 XV. THE JEWS IN PHRYGIA. … Lenormant has published a relief found in the Catacombs at Rome, … used as their model a picture exhibited in a public place in the city 3, … Apamean scene. In adapting the Hebrew tale to pictorial representa- … in the imperial period, mentions that the ark (ki(3o>t6s) rested on the … 1 and 2. Danae in Roscher's Lexicon; but has … or a scene in low relief, which is go- scribed by Overbeds Kunstmytli. d. Zeus … given by Marx in Ath.Mitth. 1886 pp. 23 f, Nonnus Bionys. XIII 522 ft'also describe

671

2. THE LEGEND OF THE FLOOD IN APAMEIA. 671 … and that in this way the Jews of Apameia selected the mountain behind … two other mountains in full view from any prominent point in the … used in S. Phrygia (like Askania): s Melanges de Numism. I pp. 165 if

672

672 XV. THE JEWS IN PHRYGIA. … in which it was probably current; but, taken as it is, it seems quite … This type was favoured in Apameia beyond any of the other … If Alexander, who chose the Noah-type in the time of Philip, was … this is incorrect (as is proved by another was in use among the Greek-speaking

673

2. THE LEGEND OF THE FLOOD IN APAMEIA. 673 … persons in the whole province are mentioned in so many documents … both with Akmonia and with Ancyra in Galatia, boasting of royal … Asia in A.d. 153-4, is believed by Waddington to have been named … The extreme interest of this hypothesis warrants us in allowing it … 2 A Jewish colony in Iconium Acts pdiXa t£>v yvapifiav 2f/3i)pos- rwv ioto rrjs … 4 CIG-4033, 4034: one in AE'Hit. IX ' avijp iv^ijAo?tovs Tponovs, Kai on yvoi-q

674

674 XV. THE JEWS IN PHRYGIA. … At Akmonia, and in Phrygia generally, Christians and Jews seem … and formulae were used by both. In a Chr. inscr. 466, a form which … sidered in the Talmud as the Ten Tribes ; and it is said that the … they forgot their language; they did not participate in the philosophy … of the exclusive Jewish standard in Lycaonia and Phrygia and an … p. 16, Domaszewski AEMit. IX p. 129 4 Neubauer 1. c. In my St. Paul the

675

3. THE JEWS IN AKMONIA. 675 … fatherland, not merely in name (no. 561), but in reality. They took … more likely than other countries to come under that influence. In … tices, and the multitudes that flocked to the synagogue in Antioch, … of the Phrygian Jews. Why do we never hear of them in later … porters of the Imperial policy, and engaged in the Imperial cultus (at

676

676 XV. THE JEWS IN PHRYGIA. … Note.—It is not possible to give a sure list of Jewish inscr. in

Chapter XVI: The Pentapolis of Phrygia

677

the Glaukos1 river are in a lofty chain of bare rocky volcanic moun- … Gumalar-Dagh in 1891 from the Pentapolis to Metropolis2, the

678

ductive in its southern and higher parts, but fertile lower down, … chief of which is Saoran (3,950). Saoran lies in the corner between … Ak-Dagh towards S., penned in between them and Burgas-Dagh, it … tioned only twice: (1) in the signature of bishop Paul at the Council

679

in the Pentapolis. This is interpreted in § 9 as a grecized form of the … ancient city.' It probably arose in the later Byzantine period; and, … In the Sandykli valley it is noteworthy that the ancient cities … the hills to E. In the Ishekli district, likewise, the three ancient … 2 M. Radet identifies the Pentademi- in S.Reinaeh Chroniques d'Orient p. 711). … obvious that Ptolemy is there describing Bithynia in the signature of Callinicus

680

S. from it, and are closely connected with it in the local legend … or mephitic exhalations, in the neighbourhood of any place called … be identified as the old religious centre of the valley, occupying in … as in almost every other Phrygian valley, new foundations were … name Hieropolis in defiance of the MSS. Yet this is what all editors … ment. They repeat a fragment of the principle laid down in my … 1 See Franz Fimf Inschr. u. flinf St. 3 The name was introduced in my

681

The form Hieropolis, in place of the strict Greek Hlera Polls, was … affected the region strongly, the name became Hierapolis. In the … Hieropolis-Kastabala4, and in Upper Phrygia. To the Greek view … polis in the Lycos valley is therefore important as proving the complete … In the third century the valley of the Pentapolis was still not … 1 See p. 107. 4 In inser. discovered by Mr. Bent

682

discussed the subject. Official usage in the third century is clear: … It would be uncritical to suggest that such unanimity in several … it was originally due in a much greater degree to the feeling in the … where that in Phrygia Christianity necessarily told in favour of the … II): Hierapolis of Syria 325, 381, 431, tion against Christianity (Church in

683

In his epitaph metre and the MSS. agree that he used the form Hiera- … standing in an open space outside the mosque. The remains of the … to us to be actually in its original position, in which case the mosque … ing illustrations are by Mr. A. C. Blunt, who travelled with us in … 2 Des fragments de construction encore tween Z and Z in spelling is found

685

has convinced MM. Legrand and Chamonard1; but, in spite of this … A coin-type in several varieties is characteristic of the Pentapolis. … a weapon in his right hand and protecting himself with a shield 4.

686

holds no weapon, but in his lowered left he grasps a spear. The … identical with one of Brouzos in his collectionx. Another Hieropolitan … sents Zeus sitting aloft with sceptre in his left hand, and patera in … and they probably originate in two works of art. which were dedicated … On coins of Brouzos TT • AIK • POYCJ5INOC (wrongly read in Mionnet … worshipped also in the Pentapolis. examined by Sterrett in 1883; and

687

was situated on the E. side. All the old sites are clustered in the … reported ' old stones ' in the fields. Exploration can rarely be reckoned … return to that opinion2. But I have tried in vain to find any site in … else in that neighbourhood, because (as they say) they were prevented … mercenary soldiers, formed to strengthen Pergamenian influence in the … s The resemblance is too slight to ing in Turkish, cp. Sivasli p. 581,

688

valley in opposition to Brouzos. For this reason it was placed near … Pergamenian settlements at Dionysopolis and Eumeneia; and in each … a case of the same class that meets us so frequently in Phrygia, … Otroia on lake Askania in Bithynia3. A coin type representing Aeneas … settled in Otrous came partly from Europe and partly from theBithynian … its share in the burden imposed on Asian cities of finding persons at

689

§ 6. Stektokion is fixed by inscr. 640, found in the Turbe of … life in the few intervening villages of these almost deserted uplands, … In the territory of Stektorion an interesting monument was shown. … describe a large sepulchral tumulus. Now in the valley there is just … Stektorion.' The discovery of inscr. 640 in 1891 shattered the second

690

search for a 'conspicuous sign' in the neighbourhood of Mentesh, but … described the situation (perhaps because he saw it from some point in … luck or greater skill in search. … A high-priesthood existed at Stektorion in the third century : on … was in a state of extreme dilapidation in 1883, when we visited it; … formation, of which there are several in different parts of the plain, … 1 This type with slight variations is 2 Researches in As.Min. II p. 169 : he

691

in the plain, and five sites alone have been found. Eut see § 6. … distant XXX M. P., must have been in the Sandykli-Ova, unless the … change the number in the Table from XXX to XXV 3. … district4 ; and coinage indicates Eukarpia as the wealthiest city in … until the discovery of no. 640 in 1891. 4 The site of Stektorion contains a … 3 The next stage on the road (after mon in Phrygia.

692

old goddess in her primitive form with a high ornament like a polos

693

goddess in her hellenized character leaning on her ancient xoanon1, … variation in the dress and action of Artemis (who holds a torch in her … sculptural work of this common type in Tiberiopolis. It approxi- … 1 See J. Friedlftndej: in Arch. Ztg. provincial cities could undertake any … Artemis represented in this way: so • The statue is published Arch. Ztg. … 3 Many examples showing that leave arranging them in their proper places

694

occupied in the Western part by the Moxeanoi, in the Eastern part by … In this situation the Lykaones would extend down on N. to … is mentioned in some of the following entries at the Council held in … been in Constantinople or in the region of Jerusalem. One might … after proper systematic investigation in 3 See Labbe V pp.33, 53, 76, 112,

695

in one of the great centres to which they were attracted *. No bishop … easy route, not in a strong situation likely to be a refuge : moreover … in the line of frontier defence, for communication between Khoma and … whereas in the time of Manuel it evidently had to be maintained … The most serious danger in the situation of Asia Minor in the … 1 A monastery of the Galatai at Ico- was in the Theme Cappadocia {Hist. … 2 Lycaonia provincia Asiae est; et marched through it in 1092, Ch. 1 § 8.

696

armies. Their progress was most rapid in time of peace. When war … Nomads. Hence, although in 1097 it is clear that the Pentapolis was … needed in the Pentapolis, when it was on the frontier lines between … In 1175 Manuel Comnenus, preparing for his great blow against … Siblia, and restored its fortifications ; but, in place of taking the … Anderson in Class. Bevieiv April 1896. mation on the subject. We have in-

697

the last time in 1176.

698

inscr. found in the different villages in Sandykli-Ova. Communication … distinct evidence either in the inscr. or from the statements of natives … them in their carte some stones : on the other hand, stones standing free2 … more likely is a stone in it to have been carried from a distance. … show that the classification founded on them in the following pages

699

Tia[v«>} squeezed into its place in smaller characters) SjeySoafT^] r) \ap.-po- … The inscription to Prohus was engraved in fine well-cut letters (shapes … in the archives (see no. 544) was imitated in the Asian cities. Generally … probably the first person in the concluding formula is the ypap-ixarevs, … " In place of a personal naine here.

700

in an inscr. of Orkistos to be published in a later chapter. … 210 (Severus took the title Parth. Max. in 199, Brit, in 210). … |ioi|- 6 {3Cos I TaOTa|. xaipeTe Trapobdrat. The moral maxim is engraved in … influenced either by Chr. feeling (against which it protests in the moral

701

occur in full on some Christian epitaphs; and D. 31. or D. M. S. on … see in it the hold of old superstition on the Chr. In some places … 2 In proof of this M. Le Blant I p. 491

702

by a philosophic pagan in the later third century, when Christianity had … size and shape of the stone is given in BCH); but the editors'" restora- … After visiting every other village in the valley to discover the site of the … to that site. Hence I cannot accept the suggestion made in BCH 1893 … hand it commemorates the elevation of Otrous to the rank of a polls in

703

a village in which a small colony of mercenaries had been planted by one … here may be the same as in the preceding text: we should expect his … must be discarded and a[va6ea-eco]s read in 1. 9; and 6 [Bpov&vav is im- … number: ov in gen. termination occupies the citj'name cannot be supposed to be

704

[Kopv}ovTov seems too long in 1. 11; perhaps [Bp}ovrov, or Movrov (cp. … dressed stones (not in their original place): and there is therefore more … Published in CIG no> 3888 as belonging to Eumeneia^ owing to … out that the Emperor was not in castra while he was residing in his

705

Emperor's domus, though in the Augustan theory not military, became … 643. (R. 1891). In a fountain on the upper (eastern) track from … belong to one stone I could not decipher the inscr., in which perhaps … 645. (R. 1883). Near Kusura on the road to Ballyk in a fountain.

706

The two sons were evidently born in the reign of M. Ulpius Trajanus; … Avmcius Maecellus 0. 180-200 in Hieropolis or Hierapolis: it is

707

Georgius Stectorii 879 (given by Le Quien ; not in my transcribed list). … ROUTES IN THE GLAUKOS VALLEY.

708

Karghyn, over Gumalar-Dagh (in search of sources of river and place

Chapter XVII: The christian inscriptions of central Phrygia

709

St. Abercius p. 713. § 3. Diffusion of Christianity in Central Phrygia p. 715- … makes it probable that Central Phrygia was the country in which his … prominent Church leader in a district already permeated with Chr. … ones in the territory which we assign 6 Euseb. It. E.

710

evidently influential persons in the Church of the Pentapolis. The … consequence in studying the text. It was composed in the heat of … in Rome and the extreme E., his sentiments were those of the Uni- … objects which the ancients aimed at in inscribing their laws and … 2 M. Duchesne dates the treatise made this in my lifetime in order that

711

a proof that it was in the original epitaph of Avircius. Yet many … is in sympathy with the author, pray for him,' contains an obvious … into the mind of the ordinary reader, ' in Rome I saw the Emperor … 4 See Church in E. E. pp. 288, 318 f. t<S &p8S \6ya (cp. Bom. XV 32), where

712

in 154, and he speaks to the Philippians of his intention to visit … against any heresy prevalent in the same region. In the neighbour- … affected other Chr. writers5; and it was imitated in the Pentapolis. … surrecturus in XPO, inspe resurrect ionis resurrectionis. … standing in the attitude of prayer as (see comm. on no. 657), Acta Pionii (see

713

when we compare the two inscr., the change in the lettering is so … well be earlier. But the boldness with which it was placed in a … the Pentapolis is opened up by the Acta 8. Abercii, in which the … name was in use during the fourth century (the examples range from … In the Acta the historical Avircius Marcellus is transformed into … orders the devil to carry an altar from the Circus in Rome to Hiero- … the popular conception of the early history of Christianit}^ in Phrygia,

714

to the Eleusinian was current in the Pentapolis). Along with these, … The legend grew in the valley, and, except in some details, was not … after Synnada the couriers required to employ guides, and arrived in … S. to Attaleia (which he could easily reach in five days), and there … bending' was probably a secluded place in the mountains, where … 1 See Liglitfoot Ignal. and Poli/c. II 3 Church in R. E. p. 436 n : see also

715

inclination, shown in some other tales, to make the good Emperor … seven Chr. inscr. before Constantine2, and only two later. In the … The origin of Christianity in this district goes back to the Pauline … In the obscurity that envelopes the history of the time, we can make … that there is any historical element * Acts XIX 1. See Church in R. E. … beare in Academy 1896 I pp. 468 f. s SieXtfwi/ Acts XIX 1 implies evan- … tianity in the district.

716

E. or N. of the Pentapolis. In the Synnada district we find no Chr. … sion produced by the endurance of the martyrs, resulted in a rapid … We notice, in passing, how irreconcilable are the facts of Chr. … are the traces of Christianity. Only near his routes in Lycaonia, … ment which produced the Acta S. Abercii. In both documents … 1 In the districts where the 'Eume- bers in the country immediately W.

717

651. (R. 1883). Hodjalar. Ramsay in JHS 1883 p. 428, Cumont … under the principle there stated, for Aurelia is in this case the nomen … of soldiers mentioned in Christian epitaphs as compared with pagan 3.

718

Christ absorbed and replaced any other kind of service in which they had … the stones in it are said to be brought. JHS 1883 p. 405, Cumont 156. … rw for airy, as in no. 367. … formulae in it are so frequent. The opening formula (if correctly … probable. bov\os rod deov, famulus dei, dates in Gaul about a. d. 449- … siderable number of cases in which the quoted by Le Blant I p. 86.)

719

The Chr. term Koi\u\Tf\pwv was in use as early as a.d. 251, no. 445.

720

salutation which was given to everyone in earlier inscr. (656, 658) is now … by M. Duchesne in Mel. d'Arcli. et d'liist. 1895 Plate I. … The date of this remarkable inscription, early in a. d. 2L(5, is of the … no. 657, which is here imitated. The imitation of metrical models in

721

substituted unmetrically for the original names. In the present case … of similar errors, and also of verbatim reproduction of a formula in

722

larger numbers are named in inser. about a-, d. 300 or later : 3000000 … of earlier time, but the small copper of late imperial time (6000 in the … Fines were commonly made payable in gold in the fifth century … 1879 P- 33^j Smyrn. Mous. no. 166), and at Philippi and in Thrace'2. … agree with R.'s published copy, except in places where the stone has

723

copying1 of faint letters, but much more from corruption in the trans- … have suffered much in transmission and a 9 Al blAANE … in 1883. EYcbPATHN*'* … in JHS 1883 pp. 339 ff, 1883 pp. 424 ff, Expositor 1889 IX pp. 253 ff.

724

The circumstances in which this epitaph was composed bear intimately … cally it is the heavenly city. Ignatius calls the Church in Tralleis … 2. (pavep is certain in no. 656 (the fifth letter can only be P or T). … was, I thinkj in this line : the cj) A had become faint, and he did not … agreed in opetnv, and I have therefore printed it. But I retain my … altered into the unmetrical reading of the MSS. Moreover in Orac. Sihyll. … are agreed in reading navrr] KaOop&vras. Here again, as Prof. Bywater

725

in margin or above the line; thus it came into the wrong place after … Mr. Conybeare in the Classical Review 1896. The line which he suggests … 7. BAZ AH was on the stone distinct and certain in 1883 and 1888. … obliterated. The H was read by Sterrett and myself in 1883. We knew … in JTIS 1883 p. 424 (compare p. 370), and accepted by most editors. … proceeding to pass in silence over adverse evidence 3. Apart from these … every sympathy with M. Duchesne in rejecting it: it is a monstrum … have suffered in other places also. * M. Duchesne quotes Clemens Rom- … scholars with whom I have been in in 500 A. D. (but that was a Chr. Rome), … that M. Duchesne wished to save him- cp. 77 jjao-iWs 'Pco^ in inscr., Kaibel 1819,-

726

l&vav no. 445, eX-nihav no. 382, l\>Av in this epitaph 1. 7 (CIG 3440) l. … monest in the time of Augustus2). … take [3aui\ijav in the natural sense, accus. of fiaatAevs. There seems … ness of Eome. The Christian Church was not disloyal in principle to the … Again, in a poem of an allegorical and mystical character like this, … e.g. in 1. 10, N£<ny3tv is mentioned without esoteric intention. … 1 Misconception of this added -v final v was retained in such accusatives … 'AvaeiTiv in his GHeksche Opschr. uit " S. Reinach Epigr. Grecque p. 263. … of the Phrygian language, in which

727

is so given for the first time in my publication JHS 1883 p. 425 ; this … 11. Euphrates and ovpecriv occur together in Orac.Sihyll.N 437 (quoted … when the stone was transported to be utilized in the building. But the … fracture. Accidental injury to the surface (as in 1. 2), therefore, was all … thing which appears in MSS. as the unmetrical and non-existent word … tall, gives rods to various persons (in have been serious; and I therefore … fragment, which in 1888 was obviously in 1888, prescribed that I should now

728

antithesis of (■nojj.rjv and irporjye in the two corresponding positions in the … before his eyes and in his hands. Many read tuti^ov). … 'IxQvs nosier (de Bapt. ]); and in representations of the Last Supper in … 17. The true form was corrupted in MSS. into the current late form ■ … late form, which was not used in the second century, see no. 672. (2) It … for T in 1. 12; but the stone in Rome rett and me, except where the edge

729

is a gloss explaining the pronoun used in the original text. Pitra and … person and avros (or eauroO) in inscr. is one of the most marked character- … nearly so clear as p,ov, and in fact, any one reading the text to a class … to which fines are made payable in epitaphs is the Roman or the city … The consensus of MSS. and no. 656 in this unmetrical line is certainly … Z1. 'UpoiToXeL is impossible metrically. It is shown in Ch. XVI § 3

730

In the copy of Hamilton, II p. 475, on which the restoration depends. … kind of errors which are found in his copies of this and of other similar

731

both Hogarth and I searched and offered rewards in vain. … the alteration of NZAN60Y into NEANOOY seems slight3: in that case … These forms, with ehua, the omission of article in 1. 9, the construction … is not improbable. that 0 for O, £ for C or 0, omission of letter in 12, … tombstones (Le Blant II p. 268). In laser. Br. Mm. 674 elprjvr] is possibly … It is in the last degree improbable that five children of a family should … 1 Y and K are often confused. M was Hamilton in 1. 3. … 2 vim[v] ro[i]f KaAXo[i]f Cumont, ip[t]v inserted: but I find no parallel in … from putting it in the text; €, not E, the two restorations: in Expositor VIII

732

is reminded of the plague that devastated Gaul in the sixth century; … to be buried by their friends. In DiocletianJs persecution this permis- … eri/xTjca with accus., is very common in B. Phrygia and Lycaonia: see … chastity and became almost a special order in the Church. … eaTiv, probably rightly. But the analogy of 380 might be adduced in … tomb is common to the (five) brothers.' On the freedom in admitting to

733

near the grave of any distinguished saints or martyrs1 is natural in … within the city. That healthy feeling was very strong in pre-Christian … 659. (R. 1887). Kotch-Hissar. Incomplete in BCH 1893 p, 376*. … Pentapolis. Now, as in Eumeneia the formula was at its strongest … sanctos, ante Doinna Emerita, at Ippolitu, * In BCH the words after x"Plv are

734

o-Kvkkw (necessary in o-Kvke aor. infin. for o-Kikai). The accentuation is … ira[—]. Compare also the following : (1) in museum of Bukarest3, em- … cannot guarantee in details, is here reproduced. I was not at that time … character of the design induced me to make a rapid sketch in my note- … 1 01101 in copy for OITOI. vol. 77, 1874, p. 404.

735

notes or indications in my sketch. The marble, which is broken on three … lettering: on a stele ornamented in much coarser and later style than … 664 bis. (R. 1891). At Yiprak in the valley of Metropolis I found … 665. (R. 1883). Aghzi-Kara. MM. Legrand and Chamonard in BCH … The stone had suffered since I copied it, for the text in BCH is … 667. Alayunt. MM. Legrand and Chamonard in BCH 1893 p. 287,

736

centra] dividing stone in the window of a ruined church near Sultan-Boyali … 672. (R. 1884). Seulun (Prymnessos). Church in B. E. p. 440. MM. … (who, as in other early sculptures, is represented as a youth). He stands … Theuprepia has individuality and beauty, beyond what appears in the

737

We observe the gradual degeneration of the name Avircius in the … and in the third century it became almost universal2. Hence the name … Theudosia in Latin7: Claudian Bell. Gild. 216 begins a hexameter with … 1 Aburous in an old inscr. at Falerii

738

Afion-Kara-Hissar, unless they contain evidence in their contents. … but except where several ancient sites are very close together (as in the … 1 In 1. 4 the upper oblique stroke of inserted as a correction,

739

tation is here added to the epitaph, as was customary in the Pentapolis, … survivors, or by the spirit to the survivors or passers by, are common in … ev\j/vxei with the name of deceased in vocative is very common (Kaibel … out :£ is used in Rome between a.d. 298 or 3231 and 451 or 474, and in … late as a.d. 500 in an inser. of the northern Hauran (along with the … Dates a little earlier are likely to rule in the East than in Rome, as … a.d. 330. At the same time none of the signs of lateness occur in it;

740

another of which is preserved, no. 675- Eusebius in describing the great … words from ayaWiaado) to Koapui occur in Eusebius's description of the … first eight words are the opening of a quotation in Luke IV 18, the text

741

Isaiah LX 1-3 here appears in the commonest type of text (see the … This inscr. is given out of proper local order, in order to illustrate the … (no. 658) and end (654-656) have become markedly Chr. in character; … 678. (R. 1881). Afion-Kara-Hissar. R. in Mitth. Atli. 1882 p. 144,

742

Church in R. E. p. 477, AA SS 29 Sept. pp. 4 ft and pp. 32 f (on worship … Kai 'lcraan kcu 'I<zkco/3). In I p. 95 note he quotes several examples from

743

Eunomios, son of Saturninus, is evidently the same person as in no. 680. … belonged, no. 683. Allusions to the Moirai are quite usual in Chr. … > Copy: COIC in 1. 2, AAET IN in 4. » Copy: ION.

744

A large part of the restoration is due to Mr. J. G. C. Anderson. In … church in Dolcimion, prepared the … or the dveWab in Homer) had … their career, after giving proof of the faith that is in them; but they … The gap in sense at the beginning of 4 implies an omission of some

745

inscr. is engraved may have been one of a series in a church, with moral … avTTjv is probably (rip ukovo). The inscr. is perhaps an early stage in

Chapter XVIII: Line of the trade-route to the east

747

describe the great Highway in this chapter. But the evidence is … in direct distance ' by road), it enters Gungermez-Ova, a small glen … Metropolitanus, stretching towards N.E., and entirely shut in by … point in the plain, 3770 ft., where the water of the valley collects in … difficulty in rising first from Dineir-Ova loses probably 7 miles in winding

748

gathers in a lake and great marsh at the S.W. end beside Geneli, about … This line is clearly marked by nature. It is hemmed in on the … In the valleys along this great road, we should expect to find … In that great valley more than one site must be discoverable. Ein- … error in one of the numbers. The stages are … servant, making an experiment for sians, who have a village in the finest

749

It is obvious that the numbers in stages (2) and (6) are much under- … Apameia, p. 22, published in 1875, Prof. G. Hirschfeld indicated his … the Paroreios ; and it must therefore have been situated in one of … the edge of the TchuhOva. Those coins belong to a city in the … 2 Agathemeros in Geog. Or. Mm. II estimate). To Strabo's numbers we

750

closer : the ancient city lay in the centre, and must have been supplied … evident that Metropolis was in close relations with Apollonia and … valley, was in Pisidia under the Byzantine classification, proves that … beni in the conventus of Apameia, and on the Peutinger Table, where … Hence the latter struck no coins, while in Metropolis the wealth and … The hero Euphorbus played some considerable part in Phrygian

751

also, Eupliorbus was a figure in old religious legend1. The name … ancient author or in any list of bishoprics. M. Imhoof-Blumer infers … Metropolis that the two might well be classed in a single bishopric, … perfect ease and confidence. In 1888 I started from Synnada with … on the line of a Roman road (in 1891 this was confirmed by the

752

journeys of 1881, 1883, and 1884—a view which is expressed in CB … from Metropolis to Atly-Hissar.' But, [For clearness I use in this section

753

in favour of the Oinan-Ova line; but it is not conclusive, for the … But it seems not impossible that there were two roads, alike in … in that case remain uncertain on which of the two roads Melissa lay ; … In that case the ancient site at Bedesh on the road between … Synnada, is natural, when we recognize that Lysias was in Oinan- … occur. In the classified list in Actio p compare Ptolemy's BXeavSpos for

754

§ 6. Ltsias. This city is hardly ever alluded to in literature. … debarred from placing it in the Synnada valley4 by the classification … passage, which is almost conclusive: in the Acta 8. Aberciib it is. … Pentapolis. in one MS. of Hierocles, and perhaps at

755

alluded to in describing the journey of the Magistrianoi from Synnada … In 1891 we ascended from Karghyn, but bad weather and dense mist … § 7. Oiniatai, a people mentioned only in the Tekmorian lists … in my Church in B. E., map : that would explain why it is so rarely mentioned.

757

The name of Irenaeus, in all probability, belongs to a freedman and … In the position of the inscr., it is clear that Sibidonda lay towards N., … Pankration at the first Themis. In a Themis (or aycov deixaracos) the … 2 MM. Legrand and Chamonard in mention formally the re-copying of an

758

and is rare in Phrygia proper: it has spread to Metropolis from Apollonia, … Aur. Menneas is, in all probability, the founder of the Themis Men- … the same as Alexander, son of Karikos, mentioned in no. 694. Tieiou then … the correction needed by comparison with coins in his collection. … cap and short tunic, crescent on shoulders, spear in r., patera in 1. … no. 70 Attoudda Nefpcowa ? a-nrpai'cc] ra described in JHS 1. c.

759

citizen in Metropolis. If he were then aged 48, his victory in the Pan- … fact that an inscription or a statue in honour of a victor may be erected … erected in honour of his victory in a boys' stadion by his grandson ac- … be needed, as they recognize in the victor a son of Alexander Tieiou. … of Karikos no. 694. The stemma, in that case, is

760

70 r. (R. 1881). Tatarli. Imperfect in Hirschfeld iiber Kelaindi- … in the Anatolian nomenclature (see s YOYTON doubtfully in copy.

761

a 10 (Brit, omitted). The Roman letter V is here adopted in the name … 705. A long inscription in 5 columns on the rock about i\ hours from … copied by me in 1881 in this and other villages. … In a fountain at the foot of the slope up to Kara-Dil-li is an inscr. in

762

710. (R. 1886). Aresli: in a fountain. Viereck Sermo Graecus p. 51 … by the Romans ; and was on his death in 120 probably placed in a state … 1 Viereck however considers that the guidance). But in that case we should

Index of geographical names in volume I. Parts I and II

763

IN VOLUME I. PARTS I and II … A'in-Wassel 596.

767

Chios, in n., 376, 470 n.

771

Iasos 33 n., 56, 109, no n., in n., 113 n.,

774

593 n. (also city in Katakekaumene … Krassos (in Hieroel.) 238 n., 241, 243,

777

Neocaesareia (in Pontus) 201.

778

in n., 123 n., 126, 183, 193, 199, 251,

Corrections of views in part I

785

CORRECTIONS OF VIEWS IN PART I. … describes a Duclen in the former, and there is a Duden in the latter): … I was wrong in disregarding his account of the Laodicean streams. Let

786

786 CORRECTIONS OF VIEWS IN PART I. … kapros used in a late document perhaps points to this union of two equally … view taken in pp. 35 f; and this piece of evidence formerly seemed to … certainly not in its original position). … P. 140. Professor Sayce rightly points out that the sheep appears in

787

CORRECTIONS OF VIEWS IN PART I. 787 … Khoma. (This returns to my view in OB part I, and approximates to … In a scholarly review of Part I in Eeiermaims Mitt. 1896 Heft 11 … was in Pamphylia II.

Notes on part II

788

1. On p. 538 the belief is expressed that the date in no. 399 has … my case; but I did not venture to insert the conjecture in the text. At … proof of the argument in Ch. XII. Mr. Anderson reads also nr)[v6s], … reading boopeq against bcopedv (as given in BCH 1893 p. 247); this … pamphlet die Grabschrift des Aberkios, 1896, reached me early in … said from the beginning, the reading Ularis is not certain (except in the … here, but accepts my authority for fiao-t- Dietrich) Monsignor Wilpert, in his

789

(3) As is shown in Cli. XII, it is natural and necessary that a Chr. … about a. d. 220 should be expressed in language which could be under- … in such terms that his religion might readily be taken as Chr.; whereas … revolutionized in many respects, if Dietrich were right: see p. 711 on … Aberkios, nourished in Hieropolis about a. d. 150-220, while a leading … with scrupulous and jealous care in Christians borrowed the idea that the … numerous inscr. stand before the world, in the Sacrament, and the other ideas

790

in the district ? The subsequent history of the Aberkios-legend, with its … is entirely improbable; and Dietrich's reasons in its favour have no … an epigram, which I copied at Doghan-Arslan in the country of the … equally skilled in his arts. The date is evidently late third century (to … 14 acTTeai 8' in iroWolcriv Wayevimv Adxe Tup.A's, … longest; cp. no. 232, where the dis- In 14 the construction changes, and E.

791

and exercised wide influence in N.E. Phrygia, which (as is proved in … 4. Zahn in Bcalencykl. f. prat. T/woL, s. v. Avercius, takes the name as … 16 O marked doubtfully in OEAON: this suggests that il … expedient in 12, is now proved to be untenable. In Bev. Univ. Midi 1896 … In 15, M. Weil takes the same view as I do about em (eirei), and ype'a

Errata in part I / Errata in part II

ERRATA IN PART I. … ERRATUM IN PART II.

Maßstab/Farbkeil

Massstab

and exercised wide influence in N.E. Phrygia, which (as is proved in … 4. Zahn in Ilealencyhl. f. prot. Tkeol., s> v. Avercius, takes the name as … expedient in 12, is now proved toE _ … In 15, M. Weil takes the samfE-t

OCR fulltext

Information about OCR text

8

688 XVI. THE PENTAPOLIS OF PHRYGIA.

valley in opposition to Brouzos. For this reason it was placed near
the hieron, and probably on a part of the land that belonged to the
god and his priests1. That was probably the case with the other
Pergamenian settlements at Dionysopolis and Eumeneia; and in each
case there is reason to think that the new foundation was made with
the consent of the priests and in pursuance of a policy with which
they were in sympathy2, viz. the construction of a Graeco-Asianic
society and civilization. Thus Otrous is presented to us as the Perga-
menian counterpoise to the Seleucid Brouzos; we have once more
a case of the same class that meets us so frequently in Phrygia,
Tripolis opposing Laodiceia in the Lycos valley, Phylakaion against
Themisonion in the Kazanes valley, Eumeneia balancing Peltai in the
Maeander valley, and Tralla-Aetos opposite to the Mysomakedones
on the great pass of the Pergamenian and Seleucid struggle. At
Eumeneia and Otrous we notice that the Pergamenian settlement
is planted still closer to the hieron than the Seleucid, which had been
placed near it.

The name Otrous probably connects the hatoikia with Otruai or
Otroia on lake Askania in Bithynia3. A coin type representing Aeneas
carrying Anchises and leading his little son Askanioscby the hand
may be interpreted as symbolizing an emigration from the Askanian
shore. The type previously described implies an emigration beyond
the sea; and we thus arrive at the conclusion that the mercenaries
settled in Otrous came partly from Europe and partly from theBithynian
lake Askania. From one of the European mercenary families sprang
Alexander the Macedonian, mentioned no. 638 and perhaps 639, who
may be identified by a highly probable conjecture with a person
commemorated on coins, AAE^ANAPOC • ACIAPXHC • ANG0HK6N •
OTPOHN£lN—evidently a man of property and influence, who had
held the Asiarchate. Probably it was he who enabled Otrous to take
its share in the burden imposed on Asian cities of finding persons at
intervals to fill such expensive but honourable positions in the pro-
vincial cultus4. Doubtless some guarantee was required that Otrous
would be able to fulfil its obligations, and Alexander aided it to give
the guarantee5. The Curators who were imposed for a time on

1 Upa yi) or xcopn. from this heroic name comes 'Arpofm

2 See Ch. X § 1 and 2, and p. 126. or 'Orpofla, and "Orpofos (cp. Kddofos

3 See Hist. Geogr. p. 189, where G. usually plur. KdSofoi).
Curtius's identification of Atreus and 4 See pp. 436 f.

Otreus (compare Tataion-Tottaion &c. 6 Hence he was oilcistes, no. 638.
p. 153, Hist. Geogr. p. 240) is quoted:

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