Reisner, George Andrew: The development of the Egyptian tomb down to the accession of Cheops (Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard Univ. Pr. [u.a.], 1936)

368 REVIEW OF THE DEVELOPMENT OF THE EGYPTIAN TOMB AND ITS
The royal superstructures of Dyn. I were differentiated from the private tombs by the solidity of their
brickwork and the stepped layer form invented to give greater security against lateral penetration by
thieves. This differentiation was accentuated in the further development of the royal superstructures.
The private mastabas were of filled c.b. construction down to the end of Dyn. II.
(5) Large tombs: the filled multiple-niche c.b. mastaba with palace-facade panelling on all four sides;
substructure of type I B; form taken from the royal valley shrine; first known example, the tomb
of Queen Neith-hetep, dated to the reign of Narmer or Zer; later examples from reign of Zer to
end of Dyn. I; substructures of type I B and II; two examples at Naga-ed-Der with simplified
panelling (plain compound niches).
(6) Large tombs: the two-niche mastaba with separated unequal niches of which the larger southern
niche was the chief offering-place; connexion with older two-niche mastaba not established in
detail; one example at Saqqarah from end of Dyn. I; prevailing type in Dyn. II; distinguished
by two different types of southern niche, (a) the great door niche, (b) the plain compound niche;
the northern subsidiary niche of the plain compound form; substructures of type I C and
IV A; chapels generally of the open-air corridor form necessitated by the crowding of the tombs
in the cemetery.
(7) The small two-niched mastaba with separated niches: presumed to have come into use in Dyn. I;
known from Dyn. II to end of Old Kingdom; niches equal or unequal, two compound niches,
compound and simple niche or two simple niches.
(8) Royal Line: (a) the superstructure of Peribsen; reconstructed as a stepped layer mastaba like that
of Zer; solid c.b. masonry;
(b) the stepped layer pyramid at Zawiyet-el-Aryan, assigned tentatively to Dyn. II; undressed
limestone masonry faced with c.b.; solid masonry;
(c) the superstructure of Khasekhemuwy; reconstructed in the form of a stepped layer mastaba
or pyramid, probably of stone.
(9) Large tombs of the reign of Khasekhemuwy and Dyn. Ill: one example of palace-fagade mastaba
(Giza T); one example with palace-facade panelling on the facade, afterwards included as an
interior chapel (Hesy-ra); prevailing type, the two-niche mastaba usually with two plain com-
pound niches, but earlier examples with great door niche and later with palace-facade niche;
introduction of protected chapels, the exterior roofed chapel and the interior cruciform chapel
(two types); painted decoration in interior chapels; introduction of solid c.b. and twin mastaba.
(10) Royal Line: the pyramid of Zoser; a nearly square stepped pyramid of solid stone masonry with
smooth-dressed casing; built over a finished stone mastaba of stepped form, which seems to
present the original plan of this superstructure; roofed multi-room exterior chapel on north
with serdab, connecting with enceinte of complicated design including subsidiary tombs with
chapels, passages, hb-sd temple, and entrance colonnade, decorated with carved architectural
details and possibly with a few inscriptions and reliefs.
(11) Royal Line: three royal pyramids of solid masonry:
(a) the Medum Pyramid: a square stepped mastaba converted by the addition of masonry to
true pyramidal form; small exterior chapel of limestone, apparently unfinished; causeway
to valley shrine, which was not found;
(b) the South Stone Pyramid or Bent Pyramid at Dahshur; enceinte; not excavated;
(c) the Pyramid of Sneferuw, North Stone Pyramid at Dahshur; true pyramidal form; pyramid
temple and valley shrine.