Smith, William: A smaller dictionary of Greek and Roman antiquities (London, 1871)

CALCULATOR.

65

CALENDARIUM.

wearing bracelets, a wreath of ivy, and a
panther's skin, while she is in the attitude of
dancing and playing on the cymbals. The
form and colour of the calceus indicated rank
and office. .Roman senators wore high shoes
like buskins, fastened in front with four black
thongs. They were also sometimes adorned
with a small cicocent : we do not find on any

ancient statues the crescent, but we may re-
gard the bottom right hand figure in the
annexed cut as representing the shoe of a
senator. Among the calcei worn by senators,
those called mullet, from their resemblance to
the scales of the red mullet, were particularly
admired; as well as others called alutae, because
the leather was softened by the use of alum.

Greek Shoes. (From anoient Vases.")

CALCULATOR (AoyicnjO, a keeper of ac-
counts in general, and also a teacher of arith-
metic. In Roman families of importance
there was a calculator or account-keeper, who
is, however, more frequently called by the
name of dispensator, or procurator : he was a
kind of steward.

CALCULI, little stones or pebbles, used for
various purposes, as, for instance, among the
Athenians for voting. Calculi were used in
playing a sort of draughts. Subsequently,
instead of pebbles, ivory, or silver, or gold,
or other men (as we call them) were used;
but they still bore the name of calculi. Cal-
culi were also used in reckoning; and hence
the phrases calcultim ponere, calculum sub-
ducere.

CALDARIUM. [Balneum.]
CALEXDAE or KALENDAE. [Calexba-

ril'51.]

CALENDARIUM or KALENDARIUM,
generally signified an account-book, in which
were entered the names of a person's debtors,
with the interest which they had to pay, and
it was so called because the interest had to
be paid on the calends of each month. The
word, however, was also used in the signifi-
cation of a modern calendar or almanac.
(1) Greek Calendar. The Greek year was
divided into twelve lunar months, depending
on the actual changes of the moon. The first
day of the month (Vovfirji/ia) was not the day
of the conjunction, but the day on the even-

Roman Shoes. (Mueeo Borbonieo.)

ing of which the new moon appeared ; con-
sequently full moon was the middle of the
month. The lunar month consists of twenty-
nine days and about thirteen hours ; accord-
ingly some months were necessarily reckoned
at twenty-nine days, and rather more of them
at thirty days. The latter were called full
months (7rAi)peis), the former hollow months
(koiAoi). As the twelve lunar months fell
short of the solar year, they were obliged
every other year to interpolate an intercalary
month (m" enjSoAip.0.10;) of thirty or twenty-
nine days. The ordinary year consisted of
354 days, and the interpolated year, therefore,
of 384 or 383. This interpolated year (rpie-
TTjpi?) was seven days and a half too long,
and to correct the error, the intercalary month
was from time to time omitted. The Attic
year began with the summer solstice : the
following is the sequence of the Attic months
and the number of days in each :•—Heca-
tombaeon (30), Metageitnion (29), Boedro-
mion (30), Pyanepsion (29), Maemaeterron
(30), Poseideon (29), Gamelion (30), Anthes-
terion (29), Elaphebolion (30), Munychion
(29), Thargelion (30), Scirophorion (29).
The intercalary month was a second Poseideon
inserted in the middle of the year. Every
Athenian month was divided into three de-
cads. The days of the first decad were desig-
nated as tora/xeVov or apxo^eVou frnvos, and
were counted on regularly from one to ten ;
thus, Sevrepa apx°tl*vov or icrrap;eVou is " the