Smith, William: A smaller dictionary of Greek and Roman antiquities (London, 1871)

CL1ENTELA.

94

COCHLEAR.

sense of the person defended or the consultor,
—a use of the word which must be referred
to the original character of the patronun.
■ CLlENTELA. [Clikns.]

CLIPEUS (aa-Tri'i), the large shield worn
tjy the Greeks and Romans, which was ori-
ginally of a circular form, and is said to have
been first used by Proetus and Acrisius of
Argos, and therefore is called clipeus Argoli-
cus, and likened to the sun. But the clipeus
is often represented in Roman sculpture of an
oblong oval, which makes the distinction be-
tween the common buckler and that of Argos.
The outer rim-was termed am/f by the Greeks;
and in the centre was a projection called
oM-(f>aAos or umbo, which served as a sort of
weapon by itself, or caused the missiles of the
enemy to glance off from the shield. In the
Homeric times, the Greeks merely used a
leather strap (TcAa/iwf) to support the shield,
but subsequently a handle (oxavov or oxdvr)).
The usual form of the clipeus is exhibited in
the figure of the Greek warrior on p. 41.
When the census was instituted by Servius
Tullius at Rome, the first class only used the
clipeus, and the second were armed with the
scutum [Scutum] ; but after the Roman sol-
diery received pay, the clipeus was discontinued
altogether for the scutum.

CLITELLAE, a pair of panniers, and there-
fore only used in the plural number.

CLOACA, a sewer, a drain. Rome was
intersected by numerous sewers, some of
which were of an immense size : the most
celebrated of them was the cloaca maxima.

Cloaca M.ixima at Rome.

the construction of which is ascribed to Tar-
quinius Priscus. It was formed by three
tiers of arches, one within the other, the
innermost of which is a semicircular vault of
14 feet in diameter. The manner of its con-
struction is shown in the preceding cut.
Under the republic, the administration of the
sewers was entrusted to the censors : but
under the empire, particular officers were
appointed for that purpose, called cloeuarum

curatores, who employed condemned criminals
in cleansing and repairing them.

COA TESTIS, the Coan robe, was a trans-
parent dress, chiefly worn by women of loose
reputation. It has been supposed to have
been made of silk, because in Cos silk was
spun and woven at a very early period.

Coa Vestis. (From a Painting at HelCUlBWSum.)

COACTOR, the name of collectors of various
sorts, e. g. the servants of the publicani, or
farmers of the public taxes, who collected the
revenues for them, and those who collected
the money from the purchasers of things sold
at a public auction. Horace informs us that
his father was a coactor of this kind. Moreover,
the servants of the money-changers were so
called, from collecting their debts for them.
The " coactores agminis " were the soldiers
who brought up the rear of a line of march.

COCHLEA (/coxitis), which properly means
a snail, was also used to signify other things
of a spiral form. (1) A screw, used in
working clothes-presses, and oil and wine
presses. ■— (2 ) A spiral pump for raising
water, invented by Archimedes, from whom
it has ever since been called the Archimedean
screw.—(3) A peculiar kind of door through
which the wild beasts passed from their dens
into the arena of the amphitheatre.

COCHLEAR (kox_Xl6.pi.ov), a kind of spoon,
which appears to have terminated with a
point at one end, and at the other was broad
and hollow like our own spoons. The pointed
end was used for drawing snails [cochleae]
out of their shells, and eating them, whence
it derived its name ; and the broader part
for eating eggs, &c. Cochlear was also the