Smith, William: A smaller dictionary of Greek and Roman antiquities (London, 1871)

XAYIS.

2G7

NAVIS.

siles. Breastworks (Buipa.Kia') were fixed to
these structures, so as to supply the place of
defensive armour; and pulleys (TpoxijAwu,
trochleae) for hoisting up stones and weapons
from below. The continuation of the mast
above the carchesium was called the " dis-
taff" (ri^aKanj), corresponding to our top-
mast or top-gallant mast.—7. The yards
(Kepa, Kcpat'ai, antennae). The mainyard
was fastened to the top of the mast by ropes
termed ccruchi, as seen in the preceding wood-
cut. To the mainyard was attached the
mainsail, which was hoisted or let down as
the occasion might require. In the two ex-
tremities of the yard (cornua, aKpoxepaiai),
ropes (ceruchi, /crjpoixot) were attached, which
passed to the top of the mast; and by means
of these ropes and the pulleys connected
with them, the yard and sail, guided by the
hoop, were hoisted to the height required.
There are numerous representations of an-
cient ships in which the antenna is seen, as
in the two woodcuts here appended. In the
second of them there are ropes hanging
down from the antenna, the object of which
was to enable the sailors to turn the antenna
and the sail according to the wind.

Antennae. (From ancient Gems.)

II. Hanging Gear.-—1. Hypozomata ('Yno-
CuVc""a), thick and broad ropes running in
a horizontal direction around the ship from
the stern to the prow, and intended to keep
the whole fabric together. They ran round the
vessel in several circles, and at certain dis-
tances from one another. The Latin name for
u-rSfco/xa is tormentum. Sometimes they were
taken on board when a vessel sailed, and not
put on till it was thought necessary. The'
act of putting them on was called vno&v-
>wcu, or Sia^iAvvvvai, or £coo~ai. A Trireme

required four un-ofajfiaTa--2. The sail ('larlov,

velum). Most ancient ships had only one
sail, which was attached with the yard to
the great mast. In a Trireme also one sail
might be sufficient, but the trierarch might
nevertheless add a second. As each of the
two masts of a Trireme had two sail-yards,
it further follows that each mast might have
two sails, one of which was placed lower
than the other. The two belonging to the

main-mast were called iarCa peydAa, and
those of the fore-mast icm'a axareta. The
former were used on ordinary occasions, but
the latter probably only in cases when it was
necessary to sail with extraordinary speed.
The sails of the Attic war-galleys, and of
most ancient ships in general, were of a
square form. Whether triangular sails were
ever used by the Greeks, as has been fre-
quently supposed, is very doubtful. The
Romans, however, used triangular sails,
which they called Suppara, and which had
the shape of an inverted Greek A (v), the
upper side of which was attached to the
yard.—3. Cordage (rowela) differed from the
(rxpivia or xaAot. The axoivia (fanes) are
the strong ropes to which the anchors were
attached, and by which a ship was fastened
to the land ; while the T07rela were a lighter
kind of ropes and made with greater care,
which were attached to the masts, yards,
and sails. Each rope of this kind was made
for a distinct purpose and place (tottos, whence
the name Toireta). The following kinds are
most worthy of notice :—a. Ka\w$ia or koAoi,
were probably the ropes by which the mast
was fastened to both sides of the ship, so
that the ^poroi/oi m the Homeric ships were
only an especial kind of icaAcpSia, or the
KoAw&ia. themselves differently placed. In
later times the irpoTovo<i was the rope which
went from the top of the mainmast (icapx*;-
aiov) to the prow of the ship, and thus was
what is now called the main-stay. b. Ceruchi
(/cepouxoi, ip.<ii>Tes), ropes which ran from the
two ends of the sail-yard to the top of the
mast. In more ancient vessels the iM« con-
sisted of only one rope ; in later times it
consisted of two, and sometimes four, which
uniting at the top of the mast, and there
passing through a ring, descended on the
other side, where it formed the en-i'-rovcis,
by means of which the sail was drawn up or
let down. c. d-yxoira, Latin anquina, was
the rope which went from the middle of a
yard to the top of the mast, and was intende_
to facilitate the drawing up and letting dowi.
of the sail. d. HoSes (pedes) were in later
times, as in the poems of Homer, the ropes,
attached to the two lower corners of a square
sail. These roSe? ran from the ends of the
sail to the sides of the vessel towards the
stern, where they were fastened with rings
attached to the outer side of the bulwark.
e. 'Yirepai were the two ropes attached to
the two ends of the sail-yard, and thence
came down to a part of the ship near the
stern. Their object was to move the yard
according to the wind. In Latin they are
called opifera, which is, perhaps, only a cor-
ruption of hyper a.—4. ilapappij'p.aTa. The