Smith, William: A smaller dictionary of Greek and Roman antiquities (London, 1871)

TEilPLUAl.

367

TEMPLUM.

let in at the door, was now frequently let in
from above through an opening- in the middle.
Most of the great temples consisted of three
parts : 1. the npovaos or npoSoixoi, the vesti-
bule ; 2. the cella (va.6s, <n)/cds); and 3. the
O7ricr0d<5o|u.os. The cella was the most important
part, as it was, properly speaking, the tem-
ple or the habitation of the deity whose statue
it contained. In one and the same cella
there were sometimes the statues of two or
more divinities, as in the Ereehtheum at
Athens, the statues of Poseidon, Hephaestus,
and Butas. The statues always faced the en-
trance, which was in the centre of the pro-
stylus. The place where the statue stood was
called eSos, and was surrounded by a balus-
trade or railings. Some temples also had
more than one cella, in which case the one
was generally behind the other, as in the
temple of Athena Polias at Athens. In tem-
ples where oracles were given, or where the
worship was connected with mysteries, the
cella was called a&vrov, ji.iya.pov, or avoKTopov,
and to it only the priests and the initiated
had access. The oTrio-OoSofio? was a building
which was sometimes attached to the back
front of a temple, and served as a place in
which the treasures of the temple were kept,
and thus supplied the place of 8t)o-avpoi,
which were attached to some temples.—Quad-
rangular Temples were described by the fol-
lowing terms, according to the number and
arrangement of the columns on the fronts
and sides. 1. 'AoruXos, astyle, without any
columns. 2. Ei> wo.po.o-ra.o-i, in antis, with
two columns in front between the antae. 3.
IIpdcjTvAo?, prostyle, with four columns in
front. 4. Afj.<£i7rpdcrrvA.os, amphiprostyle, with
four columns at each end. o. IlepiVrepos or
d|ix<pi/aW, peripteral, with columns at each
end and along each side. 6. Ai'nrepo?, dip-
teral, with two ranges of columns (>Tepd) all
round, the one within the other. 7. *eu5o-
Snrrepos, psettdodipteral, with one range only,
but at the same distance from the walls of
the cella as the outer range of a Sixrepos. To
these must be added a sort of sham invented
by the Roman architects, namely : 8. *evSo-
7rept7TTepo5, pseudoperipteral, where the sides
had only half-columns (at the angles three-
quarter columns), attached to the walls of the
cella, the object being to have the cella large
without enlarging the whole building, and
yet to keep up something of the splendour of
a peripteral temple. Names were also ap-
plied to the temples, as well as to the porti-
coes themselves, according to the number of
columns in the portico at either end of the
temple : namely, TerpdcrruAo;, tetrastyle, when
there were four columns in front, efda-raA.09,
hex/itJy'c, when there were six, o/crdo-ruAos

octastyle, when there were eight, Seicdo-ri/Ao?,
decastyle, when there were ten. There were
never more than ten columns in the end por-
tico of a temple ; and when there were only
two, they were always arranged in that pecu-
liar form called in antis {iv no.pao-Ta.o-i). The
number of columns in the end porticoes was
never uneven, but the number along the
:;ides of a temple was generally uneven. The
number of the side columns varied : where
the end portico was tetrastyle, there were
never any columns at the sides, except false
ones, attached to the walls : where it was
hexastyle or octastyle, there were generally
13 or 17 columns at the sides, counting in
the corner columns: sometimes a hexastyle
temple had only eleven columns on the sides.
The last arrangement resulted from the rule
adopted by the Roman architects, who counted
by intercolumniations (the spaces between
the columns), and whose rule was to have twice
as many intercolumniations along the sides of
the building as in front. The Greek architects
on the contrary, counted by columns, and
their rule was to have twice as many columns
along the sides as in front, and one more,
counting the corner columns in each case.
Another set of terms, applied to temples and
other buildings having porticoes, as well as
to the porticoes themselves, was derived from
the distances between the columns as com-
pared with the lower diameters of the co-
lumns. They were the following :—1. IIuk-
iwtuAo;, pyenostyle, the distance between the
columns a diameter of a column and half a
diameter. 2. SuorvAos, systyle, the distance
between the columns two diameters of a
column. 3. Evo-mAos, eustyle, the distance
between the columns two diameters and a
quarter, except in the centre of the front and
back of the building, where each intercolum-
niation (intercolumnium) was three diame-
ters ; called eustyle, because it was best
adapted both for beauty and convenience. 4.
AiderruAos, diastyle, the intercolumniation, or
distance between the columns, three diame-
ters. 5. 'ApaidoTuAo?, araeostyle, the dis-
tances excessive, so that it was necessary to
make the epistyle (fTn.orvAioi'), or architrave,
not of stone, but of timber. These five kinds
of intercolumniation are illustrated by the
following diagram. Independently of the

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