DOI Page / Citation link:
https://doi.org/10.11588/diglit.13855#0385
TIBIA.
37
TIMEMA.
the fistula or syrinx [Syrinx]. But among-
the Greeks and Romans it was much more
usual to play on two pipes at the same time.
Hence a performance on this instrument
(tibicinium), even when executed by a single
person, was called camere ot cantare tibiis.
This act is exhibited in very numerous works
of ancient art, and often in such a way as to
make it manifest that the two pipes were
perfectly distinct, and not connected, as some
have supposed, by a common mouth-piece.
The mouth-pieces of the two pipes often
passed through a capistrum. Three different
Woman Playing on two Pipes, Tibine. (From a Vase in
the British Museum.)
kinds of pipes were originally used to pro-
duce music in the Dorian, Phrygian, and
Lydian modes. It appears, also, that to pro-
duce the Phrygian mode the pipe had only
two holes above, and that it terminated in a
horn bending upwards. It thus approached
to the nature of a trumpet, and produced
slow, grave, and solemn tunes. The Lydian
mode was much quicker, and more varied
and animating. Horace mentions "Lydian
pipes" as a proper accompaniment, when he
is celebrating the praise of ancient heroes.
The Lydians themselves used this instrument
in leading their troops to battle; and the
pipes employed for the purpose are distin-
guished by Herodotus as " male and female,"
:. e. probably bass and treble, corresponding
to the ordinary sexual difference in the hu-
man voice. The corresponding Latin terms
are tibia clextra and sinistra : the respective
instruments are supposed to have been so
called, because the former was more properly
held in the right hand and the latter in the
left. The "tibia dextra" was used to lead
or commence a piece of music, and the " si-
nistra" followed it as an accompaniment.
The comedies of Terence having been ac-
companied by the pipe, the following notices
are prefixed to explain the kind of music
appropriate to each : tibiis paribus, i. e. with
pipes in the same mode; lib. imparibus,
pipes in different modes ; tib. duabus dextris,
two pipes of low pitch ; tib. par. dextris et.
sinistris, pipes in the same mode, and of both
low and high pitch, 'lhe use of the pipe
among the Greeks and Romans was three-
fold, viz. at sacrifices [tibiae sacrificae), en-
tertainments [ludicrae], and funerals. The
pipe was not confined anciently, as it is with
us, to the male sex, but av\i)TplSes, or female
tibicines were very common.
TIMEMA (rifi-qixa). The penalty imposed
in a court of criminal justice at Athens,
and also the damages awarded in a civil
action, received the name of Ti/nrjfia, be-
cause they were estimated or assessed accord-
ing to the injury which the public or the
individual might respectively have sustained,
The penalty was either fixed by the judge,
or merely declared by him according to some
estimate made before the cause came into
court. In the first case the trial was called
ayiov Ti/arjTos, in the second case dyu>i> arC-
M^tos, a distinction which applies to civil as
well as to criminal trials. "Where a man
sought to recover an estate in land, or a
house, or any specific thing, as a ring, a
horse, a slave, nothing further was required,
than to determine to whom the estate, the
house, or the thing demanded, of right be-
longed. The same would be the case in an
action of debt, xPeov? 6'KT), where a sum cer-
tain was demanded. In these and many
other similar cases the trial was oti'mito?.
On the other hand, wherever the damages
were in their nature unliquidated, and no
provision had been made concerning them
either by the law or by the agreement of the
parties, they were to be assessed by the di-
casts. The following was the course of pro-
ceeding in the ti/^toi a-ytoye?. The bill of
indictment (fy^'Jiu-") was always super-
scribed with some penalty by the person who
preferred it. He was said e-n-i.ypdtj>ea6ai
Ti'/i-n/Ma, and the penalty proposed is called
knlypaixixa. If the defendant was found
guilty, the prosecutor was called upon to
support the allegation in the indictment,
and for that purpose to mount the plat-
form and address the dicasts (avafiaiveiv «is
TtVrj/na). If the accused submitted to the
punishment proposed on the other side, there
was no further dispute ; if he thought it too
37
TIMEMA.
the fistula or syrinx [Syrinx]. But among-
the Greeks and Romans it was much more
usual to play on two pipes at the same time.
Hence a performance on this instrument
(tibicinium), even when executed by a single
person, was called camere ot cantare tibiis.
This act is exhibited in very numerous works
of ancient art, and often in such a way as to
make it manifest that the two pipes were
perfectly distinct, and not connected, as some
have supposed, by a common mouth-piece.
The mouth-pieces of the two pipes often
passed through a capistrum. Three different
Woman Playing on two Pipes, Tibine. (From a Vase in
the British Museum.)
kinds of pipes were originally used to pro-
duce music in the Dorian, Phrygian, and
Lydian modes. It appears, also, that to pro-
duce the Phrygian mode the pipe had only
two holes above, and that it terminated in a
horn bending upwards. It thus approached
to the nature of a trumpet, and produced
slow, grave, and solemn tunes. The Lydian
mode was much quicker, and more varied
and animating. Horace mentions "Lydian
pipes" as a proper accompaniment, when he
is celebrating the praise of ancient heroes.
The Lydians themselves used this instrument
in leading their troops to battle; and the
pipes employed for the purpose are distin-
guished by Herodotus as " male and female,"
:. e. probably bass and treble, corresponding
to the ordinary sexual difference in the hu-
man voice. The corresponding Latin terms
are tibia clextra and sinistra : the respective
instruments are supposed to have been so
called, because the former was more properly
held in the right hand and the latter in the
left. The "tibia dextra" was used to lead
or commence a piece of music, and the " si-
nistra" followed it as an accompaniment.
The comedies of Terence having been ac-
companied by the pipe, the following notices
are prefixed to explain the kind of music
appropriate to each : tibiis paribus, i. e. with
pipes in the same mode; lib. imparibus,
pipes in different modes ; tib. duabus dextris,
two pipes of low pitch ; tib. par. dextris et.
sinistris, pipes in the same mode, and of both
low and high pitch, 'lhe use of the pipe
among the Greeks and Romans was three-
fold, viz. at sacrifices [tibiae sacrificae), en-
tertainments [ludicrae], and funerals. The
pipe was not confined anciently, as it is with
us, to the male sex, but av\i)TplSes, or female
tibicines were very common.
TIMEMA (rifi-qixa). The penalty imposed
in a court of criminal justice at Athens,
and also the damages awarded in a civil
action, received the name of Ti/nrjfia, be-
cause they were estimated or assessed accord-
ing to the injury which the public or the
individual might respectively have sustained,
The penalty was either fixed by the judge,
or merely declared by him according to some
estimate made before the cause came into
court. In the first case the trial was called
ayiov Ti/arjTos, in the second case dyu>i> arC-
M^tos, a distinction which applies to civil as
well as to criminal trials. "Where a man
sought to recover an estate in land, or a
house, or any specific thing, as a ring, a
horse, a slave, nothing further was required,
than to determine to whom the estate, the
house, or the thing demanded, of right be-
longed. The same would be the case in an
action of debt, xPeov? 6'KT), where a sum cer-
tain was demanded. In these and many
other similar cases the trial was oti'mito?.
On the other hand, wherever the damages
were in their nature unliquidated, and no
provision had been made concerning them
either by the law or by the agreement of the
parties, they were to be assessed by the di-
casts. The following was the course of pro-
ceeding in the ti/^toi a-ytoye?. The bill of
indictment (fy^'Jiu-") was always super-
scribed with some penalty by the person who
preferred it. He was said e-n-i.ypdtj>ea6ai
Ti'/i-n/Ma, and the penalty proposed is called
knlypaixixa. If the defendant was found
guilty, the prosecutor was called upon to
support the allegation in the indictment,
and for that purpose to mount the plat-
form and address the dicasts (avafiaiveiv «is
TtVrj/na). If the accused submitted to the
punishment proposed on the other side, there
was no further dispute ; if he thought it too