Smith, William: A smaller dictionary of Greek and Roman antiquities (London, 1871)

TROCHUS.

398

TROPAEOf.

conferred upon them again, in b. c. 37, for
five years more. The coalition between Ju-
lius Caesar, Pompey, and Crassus, in b. c. 60,
is usually called the first triumvirate, and
that between Octavianus, Antony, and Lepi-
dus, the second ; but it must be borne in
mind that the former never bore the title of
triumviri, nor were invested with any office
under that name, whereas the latter were
recognised as regular magistrates under the
above-mentioned title.

12. Triumviri Sacris Conquirendir Do-
sisquE Persigxaxdis, extraordinary officers
elected in the Comitia Tribute in the time of
the second Punic war, seem to have had to
take care that all property given or conse-
crated to the gods was applied to that pur-
pose.

13. Triumviri Sexatus Legexdi were ma-
gistrates appointed by Augustus to admit
persons into the senate. This was previously
the duty of the censors.

TROCHUS (rpoxos), a hoop. The Greek
hoop was a bronze ring, and had sometimes
bells attached to it. It was impelled by
means of a hook with a wooden handle,
called clavis, and eAanjp. From the Greeks
this custom passed to the Romans, who con-
sequently adopted the Greek term. The fol-
lowing woodcuts from gems exhibit naked
youths trundling the hoop by means of the
hook or key. They are accompanied by the
jar of oil and the laurel branch, the signs of
effort and of victory.

Troehi, Hoops. (From ancient Gems.)

TROJAE LUDUS. [Circus.]

TROPAEUM (Tpoiraiov, Ait. rponalov), a
trophy, a sign and memorial of victory,
which was erected on the field of battle
where the enemy had turned (rpeVw, Tpom;)
to flight; and in case of a victory gained at
sea, on the nearest land. The expression
for raising or erecting a trophy is rponaiov
trnjirax or unyowiflat, to which may be added
a.Trb or Kara ™v 7roAep.i'iui\ AYhen the battle
was not decisive, or each party considered it
had some claims to the victory, both erected
trophies. Trophies usually consisted of the
arms, shields, helmets, &c. of the enemy that

were defeated ; and these were placed on the
trunk of a tree, which was fixed on some
elevation. The trophy was consecrated to
some divinity, with an inscription ((niypafxp.a),
recording the names of the victors and of the
defeated party ; whence trophies were re-
garded as inviolable, which even the enemy
were not permitted to remove. Sometimes,
however, a people destroyed a trophy, if they
considered that the enemy had erected it
without sufficient cause. That rankling and
hostile feelings might not be perpetuated by
the continuance of a trophy, it seems to have
been originally part of Greek international
law that trophies should be made only of
wood, and not of stone or metal, and that
they should not be repaired when decayed.
It was not, however, uncommon to erect
trophies of metal. Pausanias speaks of seve-
ral which he saw in Greece. The trophies
erected to commemorate naval victories were
usually ornamented with the beaks or acro-
teria of ships [Acroterium ; Rostra] ; and
were generally consecrated to Poseidon or
Neptune. Sometimes a whole ship was
placed as a trophy. The Romans, in early
times, never erected any trophies on the field
of battle, but carried home the spoils taken
in battle, with which they decorated the
public buildings, and also the private houses

Trophy of Augustus (Museo Capitolmo, vol. I. tuv. 5.)