Smith, William: A smaller dictionary of Greek and Roman antiquities (London, 1871)

TUXICA.

400

TUXICA.

less consequence, though the fear might have
been much greater than in a regular war. In
the case of a tumultus there was a cessation
from all business (justitiuin), and all citizens
were obliged to enlist without regard being
had to the exemptions [vacationes) from mi-
litary service, which were enjoyed at other
times. As there was not time to enlist the
soldiers in the regular manner, the magis-
trate who was appointed to <ommand the
army displayed two banners [rexiUa) from
the Capitol, one red, to summon the infantry,
and the other green, to summon the cavalry,
and said, Qui remjniblicam saham vult, me
Beqwttw. Those that assembled took the
military oath together, instead of one by one,
as was the usual practice, whence they were
called conjiirati, and their service conjuratio.
Soldiers enlisted in this way were termed
Tu/nultuarii or Subitarii.

TUXICA (x<-Tu>vt dim. xlTa""cr'C0!> X1™-
vvav), an under-garment. (1) Gkeek. The
chiton was the only kind of ivSvina, or under-
garment worn by the Greeks. Of this there
were two kinds, the Dorian and Ionian. The
Dorian chiton, as worn by males, was a
short woollen shirt, without sleeves; the
Ionian was a long linen garment, with sleeves.
The former seems to have been originally
worn throughout the whole of Greece ; the
latter was brought over to Greece by the
Ionians of Asia. The Ionic chiton was com-
monly worn at Athens by men during the
Persian wars, but it appears to have entirely
gone out of fashion for the male sex about the
time of Pericles, from which time the Dorian
chiton was the under-garment universally
adopted by men through the whole of Greet e.
The distinction between the Doric and Ionic
chiton still continued in the dress of women.
The Spartan virgins only wore this one gar-
ment, and had no upper kind of clothing,
whence it is sometimes called Himation
[Pallium] as well as Chiton. They appeared
in the company of men without any further
covering ; but the married women never did
so without wearing an upper garment. This
Doric chiton was made, as stated above, of
woollen stuff; it was without sleeves, and
was fastened over both shoulders by clasps or
buckles (7r6p7rai, Trepovai), which were often
of considerable size. It was frequently so
short as not to reach the kn°e. It was
only joined together on one side, and on
the other was left partly open or slit up
(crxto-Tos xiVuji'), to allow a free motion of the
imbs. The following cut represents an
Amazon with a chiton of this kind: some
parts of the figure appear incomplete, as the
original is mutilated. The Ionic chiton, on
the contrary, was a long and loose garment,

reaching to the feet (Voor/pT);), with wide
sleeves (/copm), and was usually made of

Doric Chiton. (From a Ba&-re]ief in the Eritish Museum.'

linen. The sleeves, however, appear gene-
rally to have covered only the upper part ol
the arm; for in ancient works of art we
seldom find the sleeve extending farther
than the elbow, and sometimes not so far.
The sleeves were sometimes slit up, and
fastened together with an elegant row of
brooches. The Ionic chiton, according to
Herodotus, was originally a Carian dress,
and passed over to Athens from Ionia, as has
been already remarked. The women at
Athens originally wore the Doric chiton, but
were compelled to change it for the Ionic,
after they had killed with the buckles or
clasps of their dresses the single Athenian
who had returned alive from the expedition

Ionic Chiton. (From a Statue in the l.ritish Museum )