Whittock, Nathaniel: The Oxford Drawing Book, Or The Art Of Drawing, And The Theory And Practice Of Perspective: In A Series Of Letters Containing Progressive Information On Sketching, Drawing, And Colouring Landscape Scenery, Animals, And The Human Figure: With A New Method Of Practical Perspective: Detailed In A Novel, Easy, And Perspicuous Style, For The Use Of Teachers, Or For Self-Instruction. Embellished With Upwards Of One Hundred And Fifty Lithographic Drawings, From Real Views, Taken Expressly For This Work (Oxford , London, 1825)

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Plate XIX. is a drawing of the stump of an old oak in Blenheim Park; a single
glance will convince you that no perpendicular lines can be used in this drawing,
but that every part of it is formed by angular or curved lines.
In commencing this drawing, you must with your hard pencil sketch freely the
form of the mass of earth in the foreground, from which the trunk of the tree
rises, and then proceed with the outline of the trunk till you come to the first arm;
here leave the trank, and form the arm, observing to mark the form of every branch
as far as you can see it. The arm completed, go back to the trunk, till you come to
another arm or branch, and then proceed as before. If a mass of foliage hides part of
the trunk or arms, make a slight but free outline of the whole of it, without noticing
the parts into which it may afterwards be divided ; by this method of proceeding, you
will have a slight but correct skeleton of any tree.
You may now take a soft black pencil and retouch the whole, taking care to keep
the broad spirited touches on the dark side; then put the whole of the mass of foliage
in shade, by going over it with lines formed by moving the hand backwards and
forwards in a horizontal direction. The trunk and arms must now be put into the
first shade, leaving that part blank which is in strong light; after this go over the