Whittock, Nathaniel: The Art Of Drawing And Colouring, From Nature, Birds, Beasts, Fishes, And Insects: With Plain And Coloured Drawings, From Original Paintings By Morland, Vernet, Howet, Le Cave, &c. (London, 1830)

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facility in executing the most dissicult part os every drawing os animals
or the human figure.
The finished outline os the goats should not only give the form os
the animal, but likewise an idea os the roughness os its covering; this
can never be given asterwards is the outline is at all hard ; it is there-
fore of consequence that the pencil be held sreely, and the outline
formed where the hair is rough (which will be seen by reserring to
/
the copy) with a light touch, as is sorming a succession os notches.
The touch should be very faint in the strong lights, and more sirm and
broad in the shadows.
Is the drawing is to be entirely sinished with chalk or black-lead
pencil, the sirst shades should be laid on evenly, holding the port-
crayon or pencil lightly between the fingers, and working it backwards
and sorwards till a light even tint, without scratches, is laid over every
part that is to appear in shade, taking care to leave the shapes os the
masses of light correctly; then go over it again in the same way in
those parts where the second shade is required, working over the tint
first laid on : while laying these tints, the shape os every part os the
body will be obtained, without any appearance of a hard outline; and if
they are laid on lightly they can be altered or amended without
rubbing out, which is almost sure to spoil the drawing.
Having obtained the true sorm os the animal, and put it in light and
shade, sinish it by sorming short lines, with a moderately hard pencil,