DOI Artikel:
Angelov, Valentin: Deformácia v umení
DOI Seite / Zitierlink: https://doi.org/10.11588/diglit.51701#0201
JJ.etjiopMaii.nfl b iicicyccTBe
(IlpoÓAeMa ebipaKeHUfl u acTeruuecKue npednoure-Htifi coepeMeHHOZo spureAn)
BAJIEHTHH AHTEJIOB
üpoÔJieMa ÿopMa — ebipamenue, paccwarphiBaeMah
y>xe HecKOJibKO aecaTnneTnň b nnrepaType no acre-
rnxe, npnoôpeaa axTyanbHOCTb n ana ncxyccTBO-
3naHHH. H Tenepb ncxyccTBO onpeaennno Teopnio,
xoTopaa aon>XHa yaiiTbiBaTb HacTynnBinne b hcm
nsMeneHHH. Bonpoc o xyao>xecTBeHHOM Bbipa>xeHnn,
HBjunoipnncH xpaeyroabHbíM KaMneM b ncTopnn mo-
aepHoň HíiiBonncn ncxynbnTypbi, nMeeT nepBOCTe-
neHHyio BaacHOCTb n ana Tex npon3BeaeHnn, xoto-
pbie othochtch k peann3My XX Bexa.
TpajnmnoHHoe, a 6bi cxaaaa, xnaccnnecxoe perne-
nne stok npoôneMbi aano T. E. XleccnnroM b ero
connHennií «JIaoKOOH». Koporxo oho 3BynnT Tax:
Bbipa>xeHne aon?xHo Óbitb nojxepTBOBaHO ana toto,
uToôbi aocTnnb rapMOHKH n cosepnieHCTBa bo $op-
Max n3OÓpa>xaeMon Harypbi (neJiosenecxoro rena).
AHTKHHbie Baarenn aaioTca xax «npnMep ne ana
toto xax Bbipaacenne možkct nepeiÍTn 3a npeaenbi
ucxyccTBa, a xax æojdxho noannnarbca nepBOMy xy-
ÄO>xecTBeHHO>iy 3axony — saxony xpacoTbi».1 Ohii
Hnxoraa He aonycxann ancnponoppnn, ncxpnBJíc-
miň, ae^opMapnn c pejibio aocrníxenna sxcnpec-
ckh b oôpase, aa>xe n xoraa HeoóxoanMO nepeaaTb
neyaepjxnMbie cTpacTn, paapbiBaiomne nejiOBencc-
xyio jinnHocTb. Ohh npnaepjxnBanncb x naeanbHbíM
4>opwaM Tejia n Jimja, ne napymaa BnenaTneHna
HX BepHOCTH nCXOJICTBa C 2XH3HBIO. Pa3Be Bce 9T0
ne noTBepacaaerca scTeTimecxnM B3rnaaoM (co Bpc-
mh fleMoxpiiTa), hto ncxyccTBO — noapaacaHiie,
B03HHXHyBinee ônaroaapa «Bpo>xaeHHOMy b xa>xaoM
nejiOBexe xejianmo x noapa>xaHnio n nyBCTBy rap-
MOHMH H pnTMa» (ApilCTOTeJIb) !2 OäMH B3rJIH,H,,
BO3po>KAeHHbiň bo BpeMH PeHecaHca n HameÄinnü
BbiHaronjuecH cTopoHHnxn b XVIII b. (Barre, Zln.a-
po). BbiecTe c H. BnHxeJibMaHOM Jleccnnr yTBep>x-
naer, hto sjijihhcxhh cxyjibnrop npeanoueji 6bi ne-
Bbipa3KTejibHyio Macxy jinpa, ejie HaMexaioipyio
Ha aymeBHBie Tepsanna, ho hh b xoeM cjiyaae ne
ncxa3iíJi 6bi ero aaa Toro, htoöbi BHymnTb cmíy
nepeacHBaeMon 6ojih. Moe BnenaTJieHHe aa>xe, hto
HeMepxnn Mbicjinrejib paccMarpnBaeT Bbipa>xeHiie
xax HecOBMecTHoe co cneirn<|>nHHbiMn BO3MO?XHOCTba-
mh n cxyjibnrypbi.
B coBpeMeHHOM ncxyccTBe sra npoöjieiaa Hanina
npyroe paspemenne. Ynapenne CTaBnrca Ha Bbipa-
ixeHne; H3-3a Hero TBopep nMeeT npaso npwMeHarb
pa3JIHHHbie $OpMbI yCJIOBHOCTH, MHOraa CMJIbHO OT-
xjionaacb OT npaBaonoaoÖHoro H3o6pa>xeHna Hary-
pbi. /Je^opMaijna — sto ne xaixjioe OTXJioneHne ot
cxonHbix c Harypoň $opM. XyaoxecTBeHHbie cnocoóbi
xax CTUJinaapna, nexoparnBHaa paapaöorxa n t. a.
ne cTasaT pejibio BepnocTb c nepBOo6pa3OM. Hexo-
TOpbie M3 HKX BBOaaTCa AJia TOTO, HTOÔbl aOCTPIHb
6ojiee cnJibHoíi pnTMnxn, cnMerpnaHOCTn n xopo-
meâ nponopijnOHajibHOCTH b H3o6pa>xeHnn. /Je(|>op-
MnpoBaHHe nananocb pe3xnM HapynienneM «xopo-
UIHX», OÖblHHblX npOnOppUH (b COOTBeTCTBHH c Ha-
inMMM npeacTaBjíeHnaMn) npeTBopenna qeJiOBeuec-
xon 4>nrypbi n Harypbi. HecMorpa na to, hto pea-
jincTbi XIX Bexa naöeraioT ae^opMairnn, coBpeMen-
Hbiň peajin3M b H3o6pa3HTejibHOM ncxyccTBe aaBHO
y?xe npnHaJi ee xax nojiHoneHHoe xyaoixecTBeHHoe
cpeacTBO. CraBUTca Bonpoc: Bosmojkch jim nojiHbiň
ncxyccTBOBeanecxHň anajina TBopennií XI. Cnxeíi-
poca, P. Tyryao, A. Oyacepona, P. CoMÓnňjia, Op.
Maaapejia, HMXoraa He cTaBUBnine cyß^exTnBHoro
TBopuecxoro npoaBJíeHna naa. naeŘHOn sHanuMOCTbio
n axTyanbHOCTbio ncxyccTBa, He ymiTbiBaa CBOeoG-
pa3na ncnonb3OBaHHbix mmh BbipaanTeabHbix
cpeacTB Bxn. sMOirnoHanbHO-cyrecTonorimecxopo
192
(IlpoÓAeMa ebipaKeHUfl u acTeruuecKue npednoure-Htifi coepeMeHHOZo spureAn)
BAJIEHTHH AHTEJIOB
üpoÔJieMa ÿopMa — ebipamenue, paccwarphiBaeMah
y>xe HecKOJibKO aecaTnneTnň b nnrepaType no acre-
rnxe, npnoôpeaa axTyanbHOCTb n ana ncxyccTBO-
3naHHH. H Tenepb ncxyccTBO onpeaennno Teopnio,
xoTopaa aon>XHa yaiiTbiBaTb HacTynnBinne b hcm
nsMeneHHH. Bonpoc o xyao>xecTBeHHOM Bbipa>xeHnn,
HBjunoipnncH xpaeyroabHbíM KaMneM b ncTopnn mo-
aepHoň HíiiBonncn ncxynbnTypbi, nMeeT nepBOCTe-
neHHyio BaacHOCTb n ana Tex npon3BeaeHnn, xoto-
pbie othochtch k peann3My XX Bexa.
TpajnmnoHHoe, a 6bi cxaaaa, xnaccnnecxoe perne-
nne stok npoôneMbi aano T. E. XleccnnroM b ero
connHennií «JIaoKOOH». Koporxo oho 3BynnT Tax:
Bbipa>xeHne aon?xHo Óbitb nojxepTBOBaHO ana toto,
uToôbi aocTnnb rapMOHKH n cosepnieHCTBa bo $op-
Max n3OÓpa>xaeMon Harypbi (neJiosenecxoro rena).
AHTKHHbie Baarenn aaioTca xax «npnMep ne ana
toto xax Bbipaacenne možkct nepeiÍTn 3a npeaenbi
ucxyccTBa, a xax æojdxho noannnarbca nepBOMy xy-
ÄO>xecTBeHHO>iy 3axony — saxony xpacoTbi».1 Ohii
Hnxoraa He aonycxann ancnponoppnn, ncxpnBJíc-
miň, ae^opMapnn c pejibio aocrníxenna sxcnpec-
ckh b oôpase, aa>xe n xoraa HeoóxoanMO nepeaaTb
neyaepjxnMbie cTpacTn, paapbiBaiomne nejiOBencc-
xyio jinnHocTb. Ohh npnaepjxnBanncb x naeanbHbíM
4>opwaM Tejia n Jimja, ne napymaa BnenaTneHna
HX BepHOCTH nCXOJICTBa C 2XH3HBIO. Pa3Be Bce 9T0
ne noTBepacaaerca scTeTimecxnM B3rnaaoM (co Bpc-
mh fleMoxpiiTa), hto ncxyccTBO — noapaacaHiie,
B03HHXHyBinee ônaroaapa «Bpo>xaeHHOMy b xa>xaoM
nejiOBexe xejianmo x noapa>xaHnio n nyBCTBy rap-
MOHMH H pnTMa» (ApilCTOTeJIb) !2 OäMH B3rJIH,H,,
BO3po>KAeHHbiň bo BpeMH PeHecaHca n HameÄinnü
BbiHaronjuecH cTopoHHnxn b XVIII b. (Barre, Zln.a-
po). BbiecTe c H. BnHxeJibMaHOM Jleccnnr yTBep>x-
naer, hto sjijihhcxhh cxyjibnrop npeanoueji 6bi ne-
Bbipa3KTejibHyio Macxy jinpa, ejie HaMexaioipyio
Ha aymeBHBie Tepsanna, ho hh b xoeM cjiyaae ne
ncxa3iíJi 6bi ero aaa Toro, htoöbi BHymnTb cmíy
nepeacHBaeMon 6ojih. Moe BnenaTJieHHe aa>xe, hto
HeMepxnn Mbicjinrejib paccMarpnBaeT Bbipa>xeHiie
xax HecOBMecTHoe co cneirn<|>nHHbiMn BO3MO?XHOCTba-
mh n cxyjibnrypbi.
B coBpeMeHHOM ncxyccTBe sra npoöjieiaa Hanina
npyroe paspemenne. Ynapenne CTaBnrca Ha Bbipa-
ixeHne; H3-3a Hero TBopep nMeeT npaso npwMeHarb
pa3JIHHHbie $OpMbI yCJIOBHOCTH, MHOraa CMJIbHO OT-
xjionaacb OT npaBaonoaoÖHoro H3o6pa>xeHna Hary-
pbi. /Je^opMaijna — sto ne xaixjioe OTXJioneHne ot
cxonHbix c Harypoň $opM. XyaoxecTBeHHbie cnocoóbi
xax CTUJinaapna, nexoparnBHaa paapaöorxa n t. a.
ne cTasaT pejibio BepnocTb c nepBOo6pa3OM. Hexo-
TOpbie M3 HKX BBOaaTCa AJia TOTO, HTOÔbl aOCTPIHb
6ojiee cnJibHoíi pnTMnxn, cnMerpnaHOCTn n xopo-
meâ nponopijnOHajibHOCTH b H3o6pa>xeHnn. /Je(|>op-
MnpoBaHHe nananocb pe3xnM HapynienneM «xopo-
UIHX», OÖblHHblX npOnOppUH (b COOTBeTCTBHH c Ha-
inMMM npeacTaBjíeHnaMn) npeTBopenna qeJiOBeuec-
xon 4>nrypbi n Harypbi. HecMorpa na to, hto pea-
jincTbi XIX Bexa naöeraioT ae^opMairnn, coBpeMen-
Hbiň peajin3M b H3o6pa3HTejibHOM ncxyccTBe aaBHO
y?xe npnHaJi ee xax nojiHoneHHoe xyaoixecTBeHHoe
cpeacTBO. CraBUTca Bonpoc: Bosmojkch jim nojiHbiň
ncxyccTBOBeanecxHň anajina TBopennií XI. Cnxeíi-
poca, P. Tyryao, A. Oyacepona, P. CoMÓnňjia, Op.
Maaapejia, HMXoraa He cTaBUBnine cyß^exTnBHoro
TBopuecxoro npoaBJíeHna naa. naeŘHOn sHanuMOCTbio
n axTyanbHOCTbio ncxyccTBa, He ymiTbiBaa CBOeoG-
pa3na ncnonb3OBaHHbix mmh BbipaanTeabHbix
cpeacTB Bxn. sMOirnoHanbHO-cyrecTonorimecxopo
192