DOI Seite / Zitierlink:
https://doi.org/10.11588/diglit.20658#0184
170
ARCHITECTURE IN LANDSCAPE.
the covering gave birth to the several parts of improved architecture, called architraves friezes
triglyphs and cornices, with their accompanying ornaments.
The first buildings were, in all probability, rough and uncouth ; as the men of those days
had neither experience nor tools: but when, by long pratice and observation, they had esta-
blished certain rules, had invented many instruments, and acquired a facility in executing their
conceptions, they made rapid advances towards perfection, and at length discovered certain,
modes of building which succeeding as;es have regarded with the highest veneration."
An order in architecture consists of two principal members, the column and the entablature,
each of which is composed of three parts. Those of the column are the base, the shaft, and the
capital; and those of the entablature are the architrave, the frieze, and the cornice.
These parts are again divided into many lesser ones, by whose number form and dimensions
each order is characterised.
The orders are five, the Doric, the Ionian, and the Corinthian, whose invention is usually-
attributed to the Greeks; and the Tuscan and Composite supposed to have first appeared in Italy.
Of these the Tuscan is the simplest and most solid. It consists of few parts, is devoid of orna-
ment, and so massy as to be capable of supporting the greatest weight.
The height of the Tuscan column is seven times the diameter of its base; and the diameter afe
the top of the column is commonly made five-sixths of that at the bottom.
The Doric order is next in strength to the Tuscan. It is considered to be the most ancient of
all the orders, and in its form and ornaments retains considerable resemblance to the structure
of the original hut; the triglyphs in its frieze representing the ends or the joists, and the mu*
tules in the cornice imitating the rafters.
The height of the Doric column, including the base and capital, is sixteen modules or semi-
diameters, and that of the entablature is four modules.
In many of the most ancient buildings now remaining the Doric column appears to spring
immediately out of the ground without any base : and in this manner is it given by Vitruvius who
says that the base was first introduced in the Ionic order.
The Doric order is often ornamented with roses and husks on the frieze; and on the metopes
a bull's skull, with garlands of beads. It may also be enriched with other figures, according
to the purpose for which the building is intended.
The Ionic order is more slender than the preceding: its appearance is simple, yet graceful
and majestic. Its ornaments are few, so that it has been compared to a venerable matron, in
delicate and becoming rather than magnificent attire. The base, which is said to have been
first introduced in this order, is intended to represent the sandals of a female figure.
Among the ancients the form of this order seems to have been more accurately determined
than that of the others; for very little variation is discovered in its proportions, on such monu-
ments as have subsisted to our times.
The height of the Ionic column is eighteen modules, and that of the entablature one quarter
of this height, as in the other orders. The shaft of the column may be either plain or chan-
nelled out into flutings, extending sometimes the whole sometimes a part of the length of the
colu DID,
One ornament peculiar to the Ionic order is the Scroll or Volute, supposed to be borrowed
from the cal ling locks of a female figure, or rather from the turning down of the bark, on the
primitive column made of the rude trunk of a tree.
The
ARCHITECTURE IN LANDSCAPE.
the covering gave birth to the several parts of improved architecture, called architraves friezes
triglyphs and cornices, with their accompanying ornaments.
The first buildings were, in all probability, rough and uncouth ; as the men of those days
had neither experience nor tools: but when, by long pratice and observation, they had esta-
blished certain rules, had invented many instruments, and acquired a facility in executing their
conceptions, they made rapid advances towards perfection, and at length discovered certain,
modes of building which succeeding as;es have regarded with the highest veneration."
An order in architecture consists of two principal members, the column and the entablature,
each of which is composed of three parts. Those of the column are the base, the shaft, and the
capital; and those of the entablature are the architrave, the frieze, and the cornice.
These parts are again divided into many lesser ones, by whose number form and dimensions
each order is characterised.
The orders are five, the Doric, the Ionian, and the Corinthian, whose invention is usually-
attributed to the Greeks; and the Tuscan and Composite supposed to have first appeared in Italy.
Of these the Tuscan is the simplest and most solid. It consists of few parts, is devoid of orna-
ment, and so massy as to be capable of supporting the greatest weight.
The height of the Tuscan column is seven times the diameter of its base; and the diameter afe
the top of the column is commonly made five-sixths of that at the bottom.
The Doric order is next in strength to the Tuscan. It is considered to be the most ancient of
all the orders, and in its form and ornaments retains considerable resemblance to the structure
of the original hut; the triglyphs in its frieze representing the ends or the joists, and the mu*
tules in the cornice imitating the rafters.
The height of the Doric column, including the base and capital, is sixteen modules or semi-
diameters, and that of the entablature is four modules.
In many of the most ancient buildings now remaining the Doric column appears to spring
immediately out of the ground without any base : and in this manner is it given by Vitruvius who
says that the base was first introduced in the Ionic order.
The Doric order is often ornamented with roses and husks on the frieze; and on the metopes
a bull's skull, with garlands of beads. It may also be enriched with other figures, according
to the purpose for which the building is intended.
The Ionic order is more slender than the preceding: its appearance is simple, yet graceful
and majestic. Its ornaments are few, so that it has been compared to a venerable matron, in
delicate and becoming rather than magnificent attire. The base, which is said to have been
first introduced in this order, is intended to represent the sandals of a female figure.
Among the ancients the form of this order seems to have been more accurately determined
than that of the others; for very little variation is discovered in its proportions, on such monu-
ments as have subsisted to our times.
The height of the Ionic column is eighteen modules, and that of the entablature one quarter
of this height, as in the other orders. The shaft of the column may be either plain or chan-
nelled out into flutings, extending sometimes the whole sometimes a part of the length of the
colu DID,
One ornament peculiar to the Ionic order is the Scroll or Volute, supposed to be borrowed
from the cal ling locks of a female figure, or rather from the turning down of the bark, on the
primitive column made of the rude trunk of a tree.
The