DOI Seite / Zitierlink:
https://doi.org/10.11588/diglit.20658#0043
ANATOMY. 29
lines through the same parts of the corresponding squares in the copy. (See plate 34.) This
method is the most becoming an artist of any other; serves both to enlarge and contract with
great accuracy ; and may be applied to every part of drawing: it is, however, not to be too
frequently used by the learner, as it does not give him opportunity sufficient to exercise his judg-
ment ; and he may be led to hope, from a view of his pieces when finished, that he possesses
more perfection in the art than is really the case.
CHAP. IV.
the anatomical knowledge necessary for, an artist; containing the form and
uses of the bones, and situation and action of the muscles of the human
body.
IN order to be able to delineate the human figure with propriety in every situation and circum-
stance, it is absolutely necessary that the student possess some knowledge of the form, size, situa-
tion, and use of the principal bones and muscles, which give shape and motion to the body.
Sect. I. Of Osteology, or the Bones.
Bones are the great support of the body : they give it firmness and shape ; but for their mo-
tions they are indebted to the muscles.
A bone is generally distinguished by anatomists, as having two parts, viz. its body and extremi-
ties. The body is called the diapb}rsis; and the extremities are divided into apophyses or pro-
cesses, and epiphyses : the former is an eminence continued from the body of the bone; but the
latter is a sort af an appendage to the bone by means of a cartilage or gristle. Processes generally
obtain their names from their shape, size, or use: thus a large process, of a spherical form, is
called the caput, or head ; if the head be flatted, it is termed condyle, &c.
Bones are adapted to each other with that nicety, that the end of every bone is exactly received
by, or admits, the end of another. This connection of the bones is called their articulation, and is
divided into diarthrosis, synarthrosis, and amphiarthrosis; or moveable, immoveable, and mixed
articulation. The diarthrosis, or moveable articulation, includes, 1. the enarthrosis, when a large
head is admitted into a deep cavity ; 2. the arthrodia, when a round head is connected with a su-
perficial cavity : and, 3. ginglymus, or hinge-like articulation ; as in the connection of the thigh-
bone with the tibia. The enarthrosis and arthrodia admit of motion in every direction ; but the
ginglymus allows only of flexion and extension. The synarthrosis, or immoveable articulation, in-
cludes, 1. the suture, when the two bones are indented into each other; and, 2. gomphosis, when
one bone is fixed into another, by means of a socket, like the teeth in the gums. Some articulations
partake of both the synarthrosis and diarthrosis; these articulations are called amphiarthrosis, and
are capable of motion to a certain degree, though firmly connected together by cartilages. This
is the case with the bones of the vertebras.
When bones are united together by means of cartilages, the union is called synchondrosis; when
by ligaments, syueurosis.
Cartilages are white, solid, smooth, substances, of an elastic nature, and of a fibrous texture, be-
tween the hardness of bones and ligaments. Some are connected with the bones, and serve to
cover their ends intended for motion, facilitate their articulations, and unite them together.
Others belong to the softer parts of the body, and are useful for the attachment of the muscles.
i Ligaments
lines through the same parts of the corresponding squares in the copy. (See plate 34.) This
method is the most becoming an artist of any other; serves both to enlarge and contract with
great accuracy ; and may be applied to every part of drawing: it is, however, not to be too
frequently used by the learner, as it does not give him opportunity sufficient to exercise his judg-
ment ; and he may be led to hope, from a view of his pieces when finished, that he possesses
more perfection in the art than is really the case.
CHAP. IV.
the anatomical knowledge necessary for, an artist; containing the form and
uses of the bones, and situation and action of the muscles of the human
body.
IN order to be able to delineate the human figure with propriety in every situation and circum-
stance, it is absolutely necessary that the student possess some knowledge of the form, size, situa-
tion, and use of the principal bones and muscles, which give shape and motion to the body.
Sect. I. Of Osteology, or the Bones.
Bones are the great support of the body : they give it firmness and shape ; but for their mo-
tions they are indebted to the muscles.
A bone is generally distinguished by anatomists, as having two parts, viz. its body and extremi-
ties. The body is called the diapb}rsis; and the extremities are divided into apophyses or pro-
cesses, and epiphyses : the former is an eminence continued from the body of the bone; but the
latter is a sort af an appendage to the bone by means of a cartilage or gristle. Processes generally
obtain their names from their shape, size, or use: thus a large process, of a spherical form, is
called the caput, or head ; if the head be flatted, it is termed condyle, &c.
Bones are adapted to each other with that nicety, that the end of every bone is exactly received
by, or admits, the end of another. This connection of the bones is called their articulation, and is
divided into diarthrosis, synarthrosis, and amphiarthrosis; or moveable, immoveable, and mixed
articulation. The diarthrosis, or moveable articulation, includes, 1. the enarthrosis, when a large
head is admitted into a deep cavity ; 2. the arthrodia, when a round head is connected with a su-
perficial cavity : and, 3. ginglymus, or hinge-like articulation ; as in the connection of the thigh-
bone with the tibia. The enarthrosis and arthrodia admit of motion in every direction ; but the
ginglymus allows only of flexion and extension. The synarthrosis, or immoveable articulation, in-
cludes, 1. the suture, when the two bones are indented into each other; and, 2. gomphosis, when
one bone is fixed into another, by means of a socket, like the teeth in the gums. Some articulations
partake of both the synarthrosis and diarthrosis; these articulations are called amphiarthrosis, and
are capable of motion to a certain degree, though firmly connected together by cartilages. This
is the case with the bones of the vertebras.
When bones are united together by means of cartilages, the union is called synchondrosis; when
by ligaments, syueurosis.
Cartilages are white, solid, smooth, substances, of an elastic nature, and of a fibrous texture, be-
tween the hardness of bones and ligaments. Some are connected with the bones, and serve to
cover their ends intended for motion, facilitate their articulations, and unite them together.
Others belong to the softer parts of the body, and are useful for the attachment of the muscles.
i Ligaments