DOI Seite / Zitierlink:
https://doi.org/10.11588/diglit.20658#0186
172
ARCHITECTURE IN LANDSCAPE.
Pedestals, although not essential to columns or pilasters, when employed ought to receive
such ornaments on their cornice and other parts as are peculiar to the order of columns they
are to support.
Although a column be, from its tapering form, an object of beauty in itself, yet as there can
be no true beauty where utility is not apparent, a single column can seldom be introduced with
a good effect. But rows of columns in succession are highly ornamental.
The ancients placed their columns at different intervals, according to the order to which they
belonged.
Those intervals or intercolumniations varied in the Doric Ionic and Corinthian orders, from
one diameter and a half of the column at the base, to four diameters. In the Tuscan order the
intervals were often very wide ; as the architraves were of wood, and therefore required less
frequent support than those of stone.
That intercolumniation however called the Eustj/Ie, or of two diameters and a quarter, has
been in general preferred both by ancients and moderns, as being both solid and spacious.
In a long gallery or arcade the intercolumniations ought to be all equal; but in a portico
giving entry to a temple a palace or other public edifice, the interval between the two central
columns ought to be greater than that between any other two.
Arches may perhaps be considered as less magnificent than ranges of columns: but they are
more solid and very picturesque.
They are with great propriety employed for a triumphal entrance, the gate of a city, the ap-
proach of a noble mansion, and in general in all situations where a wide open admittance is
required.
The proportions of an arch vary according to circumstances: but the height of the opening
should never much exceed, nor fall short of double the breadth. The breadth of the pier should
not exceed two thirds, nor be less than one third of the breadth of the arch. The thickness
ought not to be less than one quarter of the breadth of the arch, nor more than one third. These
proportions however must all be regulated by the uses to which the arch is to be applied.
It is not unusual to place one order of columns above another. In this case care must be taken
to place the strongest in the lower range: and in general they" ought to be those orders which
seem most naturally to follow each other.
Thus the Tuscan ought to support the Doric ; the Doric the Ionic ; the Ionic the Corinthian
or Composite; and the Corinthian the Composite.
In placing columns one over another the axis of each order must be made to correspond accu-
rately with the next in succession ; so that the different ranges of columns may as much as pos-
sible be assimilated to one range.
With regard to the proportions of different ranges of columns, the rule of Scamozzi is com-
monly followed; which is to make the lower diameter of the superior column equal to the upper
diameter of the inferior: by which means the succession of columns has the air of being one tall
tapering tree, cut into separate portions, and applied one above the other.
It is seldom that more than two rows of columns can be placed over one another, without oc-
casioning many inconsistencies in the proportioning of the intercolumniations, and other essential
parts belonging to the respective orders.
The principal.objection made to the architectural arrangement of our magnificent cathedral St.
Paul's,
ARCHITECTURE IN LANDSCAPE.
Pedestals, although not essential to columns or pilasters, when employed ought to receive
such ornaments on their cornice and other parts as are peculiar to the order of columns they
are to support.
Although a column be, from its tapering form, an object of beauty in itself, yet as there can
be no true beauty where utility is not apparent, a single column can seldom be introduced with
a good effect. But rows of columns in succession are highly ornamental.
The ancients placed their columns at different intervals, according to the order to which they
belonged.
Those intervals or intercolumniations varied in the Doric Ionic and Corinthian orders, from
one diameter and a half of the column at the base, to four diameters. In the Tuscan order the
intervals were often very wide ; as the architraves were of wood, and therefore required less
frequent support than those of stone.
That intercolumniation however called the Eustj/Ie, or of two diameters and a quarter, has
been in general preferred both by ancients and moderns, as being both solid and spacious.
In a long gallery or arcade the intercolumniations ought to be all equal; but in a portico
giving entry to a temple a palace or other public edifice, the interval between the two central
columns ought to be greater than that between any other two.
Arches may perhaps be considered as less magnificent than ranges of columns: but they are
more solid and very picturesque.
They are with great propriety employed for a triumphal entrance, the gate of a city, the ap-
proach of a noble mansion, and in general in all situations where a wide open admittance is
required.
The proportions of an arch vary according to circumstances: but the height of the opening
should never much exceed, nor fall short of double the breadth. The breadth of the pier should
not exceed two thirds, nor be less than one third of the breadth of the arch. The thickness
ought not to be less than one quarter of the breadth of the arch, nor more than one third. These
proportions however must all be regulated by the uses to which the arch is to be applied.
It is not unusual to place one order of columns above another. In this case care must be taken
to place the strongest in the lower range: and in general they" ought to be those orders which
seem most naturally to follow each other.
Thus the Tuscan ought to support the Doric ; the Doric the Ionic ; the Ionic the Corinthian
or Composite; and the Corinthian the Composite.
In placing columns one over another the axis of each order must be made to correspond accu-
rately with the next in succession ; so that the different ranges of columns may as much as pos-
sible be assimilated to one range.
With regard to the proportions of different ranges of columns, the rule of Scamozzi is com-
monly followed; which is to make the lower diameter of the superior column equal to the upper
diameter of the inferior: by which means the succession of columns has the air of being one tall
tapering tree, cut into separate portions, and applied one above the other.
It is seldom that more than two rows of columns can be placed over one another, without oc-
casioning many inconsistencies in the proportioning of the intercolumniations, and other essential
parts belonging to the respective orders.
The principal.objection made to the architectural arrangement of our magnificent cathedral St.
Paul's,