The institutes of Vishnu (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1880)

14° VISH2VU. XLI, 4.
4. Such are the crimes causing defilement.
5. The penance ordained for crimes causing de-
filement is the TaptakrzA£/zra penance (if they were
committed unintentionally), or they shall be atoned
for by the Krz/c’Mratikrz’^/zra penance (if they were
committed intentionally).
XLII.
1. Miscellaneous crimes are those which have
not been mentioned before.
2. Having committed one out of the number of
miscellaneous crimes, a prudent man should always
perform a penance, by the advice of a Brahmazza,
after the higher or less degree of his guilt has been
ascertained.
XLIII.
1. Now follow the hells. (They are called :)
2. Tamisra (darkness);
3. Andhat&misra (complete darkness);
4. Raurava (place of howling);
5. Maharaurava (place of much howling) ;
6. Kalasutra (thread of time or death);
7. Mahanaraka (great hell);
8. San^ivana (restoring to life);
9. Avi/ri (waveless);
XLIII. 1-22. M. IV, 88-90; Y. Ill, 222-224. — 34- M. XII, 76.
4. Nand. derives the term Raurava from ‘ruru, a kind of ser-
pent.’ But it seems preferable to connect it with the root ru, ‘ to
howl.’
6. This hell is defined by Nand. as a kind of threshing-place,
made of copper, burning hot, and measuring ten thousand Yog-anas.
8. In this hell those who have perished in consequence of the
tortures which they had to undergo are restored to life and tortured
anew. (Nand.)