DOI Page / Citation link:
https://doi.org/10.11588/diglit.1167#0007
2.9 Borrowings from Egyptian and rendering Egyptian speech in foreign
scripts....................................................................................................................67
2.9.1 Akkadian and cuneiform texts; 2.9.2 North-West Semitic languages and scripts;
2.9.3 South Semitic languages and scripts; 2.9.4 Arabic; 2.9.5 Greek; 2.9.6 Other
African languages and scripts; 2.9.7 Other European and Asian languages and scripts
2.10 Borrowings into Egyptian and rendering foreign speech in Egyptian
scripts....................................................................................................................73
2.10.1 Semitic languages; 2.10.2 Greek; 2.io.3 Other African languages; 2.10.4 Other
European, Asian, and unidentified languages
Consonants.......................................................................................................................79
3.± Egyptian stops: preliminary remarks..................................................................79
3.2 The opposition between two series of stops in Egyptian: various
hypotheses.............................................................................................................80
3.2.1 Opposition voiceless — voiced; 3.2.2 Opposition plain — emphatic; 3.2.3 Opposi-
tion aspirate - non-aspirate; 3.2.4 Conclusion
3.3 Stops in Later Egyptian (including Coptic)........................................................84
3.3.i General remarks..........................................................................................84
3.3.2 Stops in Bohairic..........................................................................................85
3.3.3 Stops in Coptic dialects other than Bohairic....................................................87
3.3-4 Lack of voiced stops in Later Egyptian...........................................................88
3.3.5 The representation of Greek voiced stops (as well as Q in Coptic.......................89
3.3.6 Substitution of foreign /$/ by a stop.................................................................90
3.3-7 Final [-n] in Sahidic......................................................................................91
3.3.8 The evolution of voiced stops in Late Coptic....................................................91
3.3.8.1 Overview; 3.3.8.2 Details
3.4 A phoneme /?/ in Egyptian?.................................................................................96
3.4.1 General considerations; 3.4.2 Glottal stops in Coptic?; 3.4.3 Glottal stops in
Egyptian?
3.5 <h> and <h>..............................................................................................................98
3.5.1 Places of articulation; 3.5.2 Voiceless or voiced?; 3.5.3 Merger of <h> and <h> in
Coptic
3.6 The voiced pharyngeal fricative /?/ (<S)............................................................99
3.6.i The phoneme /?/ in the 2nd and 1st millennia bc............................................100
3.6.2 The emergence of/?/..................................................................................100
3.6.3 The loss of/?/............................................................................................102
3.6.4 Some exceptional sound developments of/?/..................................................io3
3.6.4.1 Dissimilation in the neighborhood of <h>; 3.6.4.2 Dissimilation in the
neighborhood of <h> (<b>); 3.6-4.3 Devoicing to <h>; 3.6.4.4 Interchange with
sonorants; 3.6.4,5 Interchange with <z>
3.7 Velar plosives.....................................................................................................107
3.7.1 Overview; 3.7.2 Velars no. 1/ 2: Egyptian /kh/ <k>; 3-7.3 Velar no. 3: Egyptian
flaj <q>; 3.7.4 Velar no. 4: Egyptian /k±w/ <q>; 3.7.5 Velar no. 5: Egyptian /ka/ <g>;
3.7.6 Velar no. 6: Egyptian /k2w/ <g>; 3.7.7 Velar no. 7: Egyptian /q/; 3.7.8 Summary:
the system of velar plosives at four different stages of Egyptian
3.8 Velar fricatives...................................................................................................115
3.8.1 Summary of diachronic correspondences; 3.8.2 The relationship of <h> and <s>;
3.8.3 The relationship of <b> and <h>; 3.8.4 ^^e Period palatalization and mergers in
Coptic dialects; 3.8.5 The development *b* > K
3-9 Palatalization of back stops and fricatives......................................................119
3.9.1 Prehistoric palatalization before /i/...............................................................119
3.9.2 Palatalization caused labials in the Old Kingdom...........................................120
3.9.3 Palatalization of/x/in the Old Kingdom........................................................120
3.9.4 ^ate palatalization of velar plosives..............................................................120
3.9.4.1 General remarks; 3.9.4.2 Date; 3.9.4.3 Conditions
scripts....................................................................................................................67
2.9.1 Akkadian and cuneiform texts; 2.9.2 North-West Semitic languages and scripts;
2.9.3 South Semitic languages and scripts; 2.9.4 Arabic; 2.9.5 Greek; 2.9.6 Other
African languages and scripts; 2.9.7 Other European and Asian languages and scripts
2.10 Borrowings into Egyptian and rendering foreign speech in Egyptian
scripts....................................................................................................................73
2.10.1 Semitic languages; 2.10.2 Greek; 2.io.3 Other African languages; 2.10.4 Other
European, Asian, and unidentified languages
Consonants.......................................................................................................................79
3.± Egyptian stops: preliminary remarks..................................................................79
3.2 The opposition between two series of stops in Egyptian: various
hypotheses.............................................................................................................80
3.2.1 Opposition voiceless — voiced; 3.2.2 Opposition plain — emphatic; 3.2.3 Opposi-
tion aspirate - non-aspirate; 3.2.4 Conclusion
3.3 Stops in Later Egyptian (including Coptic)........................................................84
3.3.i General remarks..........................................................................................84
3.3.2 Stops in Bohairic..........................................................................................85
3.3.3 Stops in Coptic dialects other than Bohairic....................................................87
3.3-4 Lack of voiced stops in Later Egyptian...........................................................88
3.3.5 The representation of Greek voiced stops (as well as Q in Coptic.......................89
3.3.6 Substitution of foreign /$/ by a stop.................................................................90
3.3-7 Final [-n] in Sahidic......................................................................................91
3.3.8 The evolution of voiced stops in Late Coptic....................................................91
3.3.8.1 Overview; 3.3.8.2 Details
3.4 A phoneme /?/ in Egyptian?.................................................................................96
3.4.1 General considerations; 3.4.2 Glottal stops in Coptic?; 3.4.3 Glottal stops in
Egyptian?
3.5 <h> and <h>..............................................................................................................98
3.5.1 Places of articulation; 3.5.2 Voiceless or voiced?; 3.5.3 Merger of <h> and <h> in
Coptic
3.6 The voiced pharyngeal fricative /?/ (<S)............................................................99
3.6.i The phoneme /?/ in the 2nd and 1st millennia bc............................................100
3.6.2 The emergence of/?/..................................................................................100
3.6.3 The loss of/?/............................................................................................102
3.6.4 Some exceptional sound developments of/?/..................................................io3
3.6.4.1 Dissimilation in the neighborhood of <h>; 3.6.4.2 Dissimilation in the
neighborhood of <h> (<b>); 3.6-4.3 Devoicing to <h>; 3.6.4.4 Interchange with
sonorants; 3.6.4,5 Interchange with <z>
3.7 Velar plosives.....................................................................................................107
3.7.1 Overview; 3.7.2 Velars no. 1/ 2: Egyptian /kh/ <k>; 3-7.3 Velar no. 3: Egyptian
flaj <q>; 3.7.4 Velar no. 4: Egyptian /k±w/ <q>; 3.7.5 Velar no. 5: Egyptian /ka/ <g>;
3.7.6 Velar no. 6: Egyptian /k2w/ <g>; 3.7.7 Velar no. 7: Egyptian /q/; 3.7.8 Summary:
the system of velar plosives at four different stages of Egyptian
3.8 Velar fricatives...................................................................................................115
3.8.1 Summary of diachronic correspondences; 3.8.2 The relationship of <h> and <s>;
3.8.3 The relationship of <b> and <h>; 3.8.4 ^^e Period palatalization and mergers in
Coptic dialects; 3.8.5 The development *b* > K
3-9 Palatalization of back stops and fricatives......................................................119
3.9.1 Prehistoric palatalization before /i/...............................................................119
3.9.2 Palatalization caused labials in the Old Kingdom...........................................120
3.9.3 Palatalization of/x/in the Old Kingdom........................................................120
3.9.4 ^ate palatalization of velar plosives..............................................................120
3.9.4.1 General remarks; 3.9.4.2 Date; 3.9.4.3 Conditions