DOI Seite / Zitierlink:
https://doi.org/10.11588/diglit.26359#0110
The Development of the Teti Pyramid Necropolis...
the 5th dynasty is correct,19 it confirms the as-
sumptions that in this area there exist other tombs
of this period. On the West side, the mastabas
of Kaemheset,20 Kaemsenu and Pehernefer21
were constructed.
6th dynasty Teti’s decision to erect his pyra-
mid in this place was very important for the his-
tory of this cemetery. The pharaoh’s cult was con-
tinued till the mle of Amenemhet Ist, which is con-
firmed by numerous burials related to the king’s
name. Probably during the mle of Teti, only the
pharaoh’s officials were buried there. They could
use a very limited area: from the pyramid com-
plexes of queens Iput and Huit in the East, to large
5th dynasty mastabas in the West (pl. 19). Only
the highest ranking and the most important offi-
cials built their tombs there. According to A.M.
ROTH, at Sakkara by contrast with Giza, the
closeness of the family to the king was less impor-
tant in building mastabas near the pyramid com-
plex than official rank and status, while Mereruka
and Kagemni were the king’s sons-in-low.22
In N. KANAWATI’s opinion, the following
mastabas were built from the West to the East:
19 5th dyn. or later: PMIII, p. 565; K. BAER, Rank and
Title in the Old Kingdom: the structure ofthe Egyp-
tian administration in thefifth and sixth dynasties,
Chicago 1960, p. 54 [17]; KANAWATI, loc. cit.
20 The scholars differ in dating. QUIBELL dated the
mastaba of Kaemheset to the 5Ih dynasty (QUIBELL,
HAYTER, op. cit., p. 16). Following FIRTH (FIRTH,
op. cit., vol. 1, p. 31 ), other scholars dated the mastabas
of Kaemheset and Kaemsenu to the 6th dynasty. (W.S.
SMITH, A History ofEgyptian Sculpture and Paint-
ing in the Old Kingdom, London 1946, p. 205; BAER,
op. cit., p. 143 [527]; E. MARTIN-PARDEY, Unter-
suchungen zu dgyptischen Provinzialverwaltung bis
zum Ende des Alten Reiches, Hildesheim 1976, pp.
17ff; A.J. SPENCER, Researches on the Topography
of North Saqqâra, Or 43 (1974), pp. 9-10) N. KA-
NAWATI’s arguments seem to confirm the dating
which QUIBELL gave (KANAWATI, op. cit., pp. 7-8,
12-3). QUIBELL discovered on the shaft bottom go-
ing to the intact woman funerary chamber in the
mastaba of Kaemsenu, a reed bound with the mud
impression ofPepi I seal (FIRTH, op. cit., pp. 32-3,36).
In the vicinity the mastaba of Pehernefer is situated
(SAAD, op. cit., p. 542).
21 On the North of the mastabas of Kaemheset and
Kaemsenu there were placed in situ the false doors
Mereruka, Kagemni, Neferseshemra23 and
subsequently to the North: Ankhemhor, Nefer-
seshemptah are the only ones, which could be
dated with certainty from Teti’s rule. N. KA-
NAWATI dates the adjoining mastabas of
Nikauisesi and Seshemnefer,24 which were
added by him to the group of mastabas A, E and
Sankhuptah to the same period.25 Other schol-
ars avoid such aprecise dating. W.V. DAVIES
says that most of the stone mastabas are not later
thanPepill’srule.26 N. STRUDWICK contends
that mastabas of Mereruka and Kagemni should
be dated during the reigns of Teti/Pepi I.27 While
the mastaba of Khentika/Ikhekhi,28 situated
between the Teti and Huit pyramids, is usually
dated from the beginning of Pepi I’s reign.
The scholars differ in case of the chronology
of the small, brick mastabas in the northem part
of the cemetery. According to N. KANAWATI,
the North-West mastabas were built before Teti’s
reign and they existed as a part of the wider 5th
dynasty necropolis at North Sakkara. He dated
the tombs located directly to the North of the
Mereruka mastaba from the end of Teti’s reign
of Pehernefer, the priest of the Userkaf solar temple
as well as the rooms belonging to his mastaba. At
first the tomb was dated from the 6th-9th dynasty pe-
riod (FIRTH, GUNN, op. cit., pp. 50-1), or 5th-6th dy-
nasty (SAAD, loc. cit.\ PM III, p. 541). At present,
despite the architectural identity with the 6th dynasty
mastabas situated eastward, it is dated from the 5th
dynasty (KANAWATI, op. cit., p. 7).
22 A.M. ROTH, The Organisation of Royal Cemeteries
at Saqqara in the Old Kingdom, JARCE 25 (1988),
p. 209.
23 In HELCK’s opinion, Neferseshemra cmdAnkhemhor
held their office before Kagemni (W. HELCK.,
Untersuchungen zu den Beamtentiteln des
ägyptischenAltesReiches,ÄF 18, Glückstadt 1954),
but it seems rather less plausible (BAER, op. cit., pp.
295 [548], 291 [274]; KANAWATI, loc. cit.).
24 Ibidem, pp. 7,9.
25 SPENCER, op. cit., pp. 9-10.
26 DAVIES, op. cit., p. 1.
27 N. STRUDWICK, Excavations at Saqqara North-
West ofTeti’s Pyramid, vol. 1, by N. KANAWATI,
A. el-KHOULI, A. McFARLANE, N.V. MAKSOND,
Sydney 1984, review, JEA 73 (1988), p. 277.
28 T.G.H. JAMES, The Mastaba of Khentika called
Ikhekhi, London 1953.
107
the 5th dynasty is correct,19 it confirms the as-
sumptions that in this area there exist other tombs
of this period. On the West side, the mastabas
of Kaemheset,20 Kaemsenu and Pehernefer21
were constructed.
6th dynasty Teti’s decision to erect his pyra-
mid in this place was very important for the his-
tory of this cemetery. The pharaoh’s cult was con-
tinued till the mle of Amenemhet Ist, which is con-
firmed by numerous burials related to the king’s
name. Probably during the mle of Teti, only the
pharaoh’s officials were buried there. They could
use a very limited area: from the pyramid com-
plexes of queens Iput and Huit in the East, to large
5th dynasty mastabas in the West (pl. 19). Only
the highest ranking and the most important offi-
cials built their tombs there. According to A.M.
ROTH, at Sakkara by contrast with Giza, the
closeness of the family to the king was less impor-
tant in building mastabas near the pyramid com-
plex than official rank and status, while Mereruka
and Kagemni were the king’s sons-in-low.22
In N. KANAWATI’s opinion, the following
mastabas were built from the West to the East:
19 5th dyn. or later: PMIII, p. 565; K. BAER, Rank and
Title in the Old Kingdom: the structure ofthe Egyp-
tian administration in thefifth and sixth dynasties,
Chicago 1960, p. 54 [17]; KANAWATI, loc. cit.
20 The scholars differ in dating. QUIBELL dated the
mastaba of Kaemheset to the 5Ih dynasty (QUIBELL,
HAYTER, op. cit., p. 16). Following FIRTH (FIRTH,
op. cit., vol. 1, p. 31 ), other scholars dated the mastabas
of Kaemheset and Kaemsenu to the 6th dynasty. (W.S.
SMITH, A History ofEgyptian Sculpture and Paint-
ing in the Old Kingdom, London 1946, p. 205; BAER,
op. cit., p. 143 [527]; E. MARTIN-PARDEY, Unter-
suchungen zu dgyptischen Provinzialverwaltung bis
zum Ende des Alten Reiches, Hildesheim 1976, pp.
17ff; A.J. SPENCER, Researches on the Topography
of North Saqqâra, Or 43 (1974), pp. 9-10) N. KA-
NAWATI’s arguments seem to confirm the dating
which QUIBELL gave (KANAWATI, op. cit., pp. 7-8,
12-3). QUIBELL discovered on the shaft bottom go-
ing to the intact woman funerary chamber in the
mastaba of Kaemsenu, a reed bound with the mud
impression ofPepi I seal (FIRTH, op. cit., pp. 32-3,36).
In the vicinity the mastaba of Pehernefer is situated
(SAAD, op. cit., p. 542).
21 On the North of the mastabas of Kaemheset and
Kaemsenu there were placed in situ the false doors
Mereruka, Kagemni, Neferseshemra23 and
subsequently to the North: Ankhemhor, Nefer-
seshemptah are the only ones, which could be
dated with certainty from Teti’s rule. N. KA-
NAWATI dates the adjoining mastabas of
Nikauisesi and Seshemnefer,24 which were
added by him to the group of mastabas A, E and
Sankhuptah to the same period.25 Other schol-
ars avoid such aprecise dating. W.V. DAVIES
says that most of the stone mastabas are not later
thanPepill’srule.26 N. STRUDWICK contends
that mastabas of Mereruka and Kagemni should
be dated during the reigns of Teti/Pepi I.27 While
the mastaba of Khentika/Ikhekhi,28 situated
between the Teti and Huit pyramids, is usually
dated from the beginning of Pepi I’s reign.
The scholars differ in case of the chronology
of the small, brick mastabas in the northem part
of the cemetery. According to N. KANAWATI,
the North-West mastabas were built before Teti’s
reign and they existed as a part of the wider 5th
dynasty necropolis at North Sakkara. He dated
the tombs located directly to the North of the
Mereruka mastaba from the end of Teti’s reign
of Pehernefer, the priest of the Userkaf solar temple
as well as the rooms belonging to his mastaba. At
first the tomb was dated from the 6th-9th dynasty pe-
riod (FIRTH, GUNN, op. cit., pp. 50-1), or 5th-6th dy-
nasty (SAAD, loc. cit.\ PM III, p. 541). At present,
despite the architectural identity with the 6th dynasty
mastabas situated eastward, it is dated from the 5th
dynasty (KANAWATI, op. cit., p. 7).
22 A.M. ROTH, The Organisation of Royal Cemeteries
at Saqqara in the Old Kingdom, JARCE 25 (1988),
p. 209.
23 In HELCK’s opinion, Neferseshemra cmdAnkhemhor
held their office before Kagemni (W. HELCK.,
Untersuchungen zu den Beamtentiteln des
ägyptischenAltesReiches,ÄF 18, Glückstadt 1954),
but it seems rather less plausible (BAER, op. cit., pp.
295 [548], 291 [274]; KANAWATI, loc. cit.).
24 Ibidem, pp. 7,9.
25 SPENCER, op. cit., pp. 9-10.
26 DAVIES, op. cit., p. 1.
27 N. STRUDWICK, Excavations at Saqqara North-
West ofTeti’s Pyramid, vol. 1, by N. KANAWATI,
A. el-KHOULI, A. McFARLANE, N.V. MAKSOND,
Sydney 1984, review, JEA 73 (1988), p. 277.
28 T.G.H. JAMES, The Mastaba of Khentika called
Ikhekhi, London 1953.
107