Smith, William: A smaller dictionary of Greek and Roman antiquities (London, 1871)

CATESUS.

CAUTIO, CAVERE

women, whereas sella signified a seat common
to both sexes. The cathedrae were, no doubt,
of various forms and sizes ; but they usually
appear to have had backs to them. On the
cathedra in the annexed cut is seated a bride,
who is being fanned by a female slave with a
fan made of peacock's feathers. Women were
also accustomed to be carried abroad in these
cathedrae instead of in lecticae, which prac-
tice was sometimes adopted by effeminate
persons of the other sex. The word cathedra
was also applied to the chair or pulpit from
which lectures were read.

CATIXUS, or CA.TINUM, a large dish, on
which fish and meat were served up at table.
Hence Horace speaks of an angustus catinua
as an indication of niggardliness on the part
of the host.

CAVAEDIUM. [Domus.]
CAVEA. [Theatrvm.]
CAUPONA. (1) An inn, where travellers
obtained food and lodging ; in which sense it
answered to the Greek words irai/SoKelov, Kara-
yuiyiov, and KaraAucri;. Inns for the accom-
modation of persons of all classes existed
among the Greeks and Romans, although they
were not equal either in size or convenience
to similar places in modern times. An inn
was also called taberna and taberna diversoria,
or simply diversorium or deversorium.-—(2) A
shop, where wine and ready-dressed meat
were sold, thus corresponding to the Greek
(camjAeiW. The person who kept a caupona
was called caupo. In Greek Kan-ijAo; signifies
in general a retail trader, who sold goods in
small quantities ; but the word is more par-
ticularly applied to a person who sold ready-
dressed provisions, and especially wine in
small quantities. In these KcmriKeia only per-
sons of the very lowest class were accustomed
to eat and drink. In Rome itself there were,
no doubt, inns to accommodate strangers;
but these were probably only frequented by
the lower classes, since all persons in respect-
able society could easily find accommodation
in the houses of their friends. There were,
however, in all parts of the city, numerous
houses where wine and ready-dressed provi-
sions were sold. The houses where persons
were allowed to eat and drink were usually
called popinae and not cauponae; and the
keepers of them, popae. They were princi-
pally frequented by slaves and the lower
classes, and were consequently only furnished
with stools to sit upon instead of couches.
The Thermopolia, where the calida or warm
wine and water was sold, appear to have
been the same as the popinae. Many of these
popinae were little better than the lupanaria
or brothels; whence Horace calls them im-
mundas popinas. The ganeae, which are

sometimes mentioned in connection with the
popinae, were brothels, whence they are often
classed with the lustra. Under the emperors
many attempts were made to regulate the po-
pinae, but apparently with little success. All
persons who kept inns or houses of public
entertainment of any kind were held in low
estimation both among the Greeks and Ko-
mans. They appear to have fully deserved
the bad reputation which they possessed, for
they were accustomed to cheat their customers
by false weights and measures, and by all the
means in their power.

CAUSIA ((ecuxjxa), a hat with a broad brim,
which was made of felt, and worn by the
Macedonian kings. Its form is seen in the
annexed figure. The Romans adopted it
from the Macedonians.

Causia, Hut. (From a Painting on a Vast*.)

CAUTIO, CAVERE. These words are of
frequent occurrence, and have a great variety
of significations, according to the matter to
which they refer. Their general signification
is that of security given by one person to
another, or security which one person ob-
tains by the advice or assistance of another.
The cautio was most frequently a writing,
which expressed the object of the parties to
it ; accordingly the word cautio came to sig-
nify both the instrument {ehirographum or
instrumentum) and the object which it was
the purpose of the instrument to secure.
Cicero uses the expression cautio chirographi
mei. The phrase cavere aliquid alicui ex-
pressed the fact of one person giving security
to another as to some particular thing or act.
The word cautio was also applied to the re-
lease which a debtor obtained from his cre-
ditor on satisfying his demand ; in this sense
cautio is equivalent to a modern receipt; it is
the debtor's security against the same demand
being made a second time. Thus cavere ah
aliquo signifies to obtain this kind of secu-
rity. Cavere is also applied to express the
professional advice and assistance of a lawyer
to his client for his conduct in any legal mat-
ter. Cavere and its derivatives are also used