DOI issue:
Rozprawy
DOI article:Żuchowski, Tadeusz J.: Ceremonial and architecture: the origin of papal ceremonial and its influence upon architecture
DOI Page / Citation link:https://doi.org/10.11588/diglit.29070#0113
CEREMONIAŁ AND ARCHITECTURE
111
court from the senate and Roman offices, a gradual weakening of the
importance of the latter, and an increase in the role of imperial officials.
A major change was the introduction into the palace's functional area of
a judicial chamber and a great ceremoniał assembly hall designed for
ovations (the so-called smali triumph) as well as the chamber of public
Lares.38
The cortege, coAor^n comitcs, played the main role in the presenta-
tion of the ruler. Banquets and private audiences held in the Domus Au-
gustana proceeded according to a specitic order. Another important ele-
ment of later ceremonials, a festive audience given by the ruler sitting
on a raised throne, was of no major importance. In was only the ex-
tended audience ceremoniał modelled on that of the East, introduced in
the reign of Diocletian and Constantine the Great, that finally "fur-
nished" the Roman system.
In the reign of Diocletian (284-305) and his successor Constantine
the Great (306-337) a major reform of the court was carried out.39 Simul-
taneously, the importance of the senatorial distinction was restored and
the presence of senators included in ceremoniał acts^o The Dig-
ni/nrMm of about 425-430 and the numerous fasti, i.e. entries in the ofh-
cial calendar, can give us a relatively good idea of court oflices and their
hierarchisationdi The administration and pałace reform was based on
traditional Roman systems and complemented with a setting modelled
on Sassanian ceremoniale Those changes led to the introduction of pał-
ace organisation, regulated by strictly specified rules. „From that mo-
ment on emperors kept their mysterious distance from the inferiors."43
38 See H. Mielsch, Die rdmiscAe Vi/Zu. ArcAiieAinr nnc/ Lg&gns/o^^n, (2^) Munchen
1997, p. 149.
39 Demandt, op. cit., (cf. the notę 31), p. 231-244; M. McCormick, Eigrna/ uic/ory.
Prinm.pAa/ rn/ersAip in /a/g an/ięni/y, Byzan/inm, anc/ /Ag gar/y mgc/igoa/ Wgs/, Cam-
bridge Univ. Press, 1986; McCormick, Ana/yzing Ampgria/ Cergmonies (cf. the notę 9);
S.G. MacCormack, Art anc/ cgrgmo/iy in Za/g an/igai/y. TAe h-ans/ocnraiion o/*/Ag eZassicaZ
Agri/agg, I, Berkeley, 1981; Jones op. cit. (cf. the notę 33), esp. p. 563-606; Cary/Scullard,
op. cit. (cf. the notę 9), p. 387-388.
40 Jones, op. cit. (cf. the notę 33), esp. p. 527-528.
44 See Nb/i/ia Digni/a/nnr accgcZan/ Ao/i/ia nrAis Cons/an/inogoZi/anag g/ Za/ercn/i
proeinciarnm, ed. O. Seeck, Berolini 1876 esp. p. 103-104, 113-164; registers of fasti are
published by A.H.M. Jones/J.R. Martindale/ J. Morris, TAe ProsograpAy o//Ag La/gr Ro-
man E7?^pire (further abbrev.: PLRE), vol. 1, Cambridge Univ. 1971, on court offices esp.
p. 1059, J.R. Martindale, PLRE, vol. 2, Cambridge Univ., 1980, esp. p. 1280-1292, idem,
PLRE, vol. 2, Cambridge Univ., 1992, esp. p. 1481-1490; see also RKA (cf. the notę 31),
vol. 4, sl. 1734-1737; Jones, op. cit., (cf. the notę 33), vol. 3, Appendix II.
43 E.g. eunuchs administering the court were brought from Persia.
43 Cary/Scullard, op. cit (cf. the notę 9), p. 284.
111
court from the senate and Roman offices, a gradual weakening of the
importance of the latter, and an increase in the role of imperial officials.
A major change was the introduction into the palace's functional area of
a judicial chamber and a great ceremoniał assembly hall designed for
ovations (the so-called smali triumph) as well as the chamber of public
Lares.38
The cortege, coAor^n comitcs, played the main role in the presenta-
tion of the ruler. Banquets and private audiences held in the Domus Au-
gustana proceeded according to a specitic order. Another important ele-
ment of later ceremonials, a festive audience given by the ruler sitting
on a raised throne, was of no major importance. In was only the ex-
tended audience ceremoniał modelled on that of the East, introduced in
the reign of Diocletian and Constantine the Great, that finally "fur-
nished" the Roman system.
In the reign of Diocletian (284-305) and his successor Constantine
the Great (306-337) a major reform of the court was carried out.39 Simul-
taneously, the importance of the senatorial distinction was restored and
the presence of senators included in ceremoniał acts^o The Dig-
ni/nrMm of about 425-430 and the numerous fasti, i.e. entries in the ofh-
cial calendar, can give us a relatively good idea of court oflices and their
hierarchisationdi The administration and pałace reform was based on
traditional Roman systems and complemented with a setting modelled
on Sassanian ceremoniale Those changes led to the introduction of pał-
ace organisation, regulated by strictly specified rules. „From that mo-
ment on emperors kept their mysterious distance from the inferiors."43
38 See H. Mielsch, Die rdmiscAe Vi/Zu. ArcAiieAinr nnc/ Lg&gns/o^^n, (2^) Munchen
1997, p. 149.
39 Demandt, op. cit., (cf. the notę 31), p. 231-244; M. McCormick, Eigrna/ uic/ory.
Prinm.pAa/ rn/ersAip in /a/g an/ięni/y, Byzan/inm, anc/ /Ag gar/y mgc/igoa/ Wgs/, Cam-
bridge Univ. Press, 1986; McCormick, Ana/yzing Ampgria/ Cergmonies (cf. the notę 9);
S.G. MacCormack, Art anc/ cgrgmo/iy in Za/g an/igai/y. TAe h-ans/ocnraiion o/*/Ag eZassicaZ
Agri/agg, I, Berkeley, 1981; Jones op. cit. (cf. the notę 33), esp. p. 563-606; Cary/Scullard,
op. cit. (cf. the notę 9), p. 387-388.
40 Jones, op. cit. (cf. the notę 33), esp. p. 527-528.
44 See Nb/i/ia Digni/a/nnr accgcZan/ Ao/i/ia nrAis Cons/an/inogoZi/anag g/ Za/ercn/i
proeinciarnm, ed. O. Seeck, Berolini 1876 esp. p. 103-104, 113-164; registers of fasti are
published by A.H.M. Jones/J.R. Martindale/ J. Morris, TAe ProsograpAy o//Ag La/gr Ro-
man E7?^pire (further abbrev.: PLRE), vol. 1, Cambridge Univ. 1971, on court offices esp.
p. 1059, J.R. Martindale, PLRE, vol. 2, Cambridge Univ., 1980, esp. p. 1280-1292, idem,
PLRE, vol. 2, Cambridge Univ., 1992, esp. p. 1481-1490; see also RKA (cf. the notę 31),
vol. 4, sl. 1734-1737; Jones, op. cit., (cf. the notę 33), vol. 3, Appendix II.
43 E.g. eunuchs administering the court were brought from Persia.
43 Cary/Scullard, op. cit (cf. the notę 9), p. 284.