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DOI Artikel:Żuchowski, Tadeusz J.: Ceremonial and architecture: the origin of papal ceremonial and its influence upon architecture
DOI Seite / Zitierlink: https://doi.org/10.11588/diglit.29070#0119
CEREMONIAŁ AND ARCHITECTURE
117
order to prepare the next ceremoniał order. Intrapalatine paths usually
led through the main chambers (bhc/bka). Besides there was a whole
network of passages (so/cmm) which could be used to bypass the main
chambers.
For a long time the evolution of papai ceremoniał ran parallel to the
development of imperial ceremoniał, whose elaboration in Byzantium
reached its peak in the 10^ century, in the reign of Constantine VII Por-
phyrogenite. This parallel evolution is manifest in numerous analogies
between papai and Byzantine ordinances as well as in functional Solu-
tions in the residences.^i Tendencies towards the papacy's greater inde-
pendence from Byzantium brought about interest in the imperial seat on
the Palatine. The reception of the Palatinate residence was primarily of
ideological naturę. Papai claims to power were growing steadily from the
moment the Western Empire ceased to exist (after the dethronement of
the last emperor by Odoacer, 476) and regalia were sent to Constantin-
ople. Some time earlier the bishops of Romę transferred onto themselves
the distinction of the chief priest, pontifex, which emperors had re-
signed. The last emperor to hołd this distinction was Gratian (375-383);
the tirst pope to use the title of (without the cognomen of mmd-
77ins) was Leo I (440-461).62 Over the next centuries morę and morę im-
perial distinctions became the domain of the pope and of the papai court
respectively.
From the 4^ century on the pope was the second most influential
and wealthiest person in the Roman Empire, yielding precedence only to
the emperor. At that time the organisation of the papai court was based
on imperial patterns.63 In its first phase, the formation of papai ceremo-
niał displays above all a tendency to simplify and reduce imperial Solu-
tions.64
Papai ceremoniał, just as the analogous episcopal ceremonials, was
different from secular ceremonials. The papai court was by definition
exclusively małe and the ceremoniał was united with liturgical acts.65
See the discussion of court organisation and Jones. op. cit. (cf. the notę 32), passim.
62 Gratian resigned the distinction of pontifex in 379; Leo I started using the title
about 450; see G. Wissowa, Re/igicn, M7i,<7 X*Mhas, Munchen 1912, p. 97.
63 Demandt, op. cit. (cf. the notę 31), p. 454-455; Cary/Scullard, op. cit. (cf. the notę
9), p. 440.
64 The starting point for the formation of episcopal ceremoniał was the structure of
the suitę, as in the Roman system. HVP (cf. the notę 9), 1, p. 267 „During the ceremoniał
advance of the congregation going to Holy Communion the only hierarchy established in
the Christian group manifested itself: the bishops and clergy went tirst, followed by celi-
bate believers of both sexes, and at the end came married men and women".
65 The concept of celibacy and the consequent domination of the priest and clergy in
the Christian Church led to the emergence of a new quality in the public structures of the
late empire; see HVP (cf. the notę 9), 1, p. 259.
117
order to prepare the next ceremoniał order. Intrapalatine paths usually
led through the main chambers (bhc/bka). Besides there was a whole
network of passages (so/cmm) which could be used to bypass the main
chambers.
For a long time the evolution of papai ceremoniał ran parallel to the
development of imperial ceremoniał, whose elaboration in Byzantium
reached its peak in the 10^ century, in the reign of Constantine VII Por-
phyrogenite. This parallel evolution is manifest in numerous analogies
between papai and Byzantine ordinances as well as in functional Solu-
tions in the residences.^i Tendencies towards the papacy's greater inde-
pendence from Byzantium brought about interest in the imperial seat on
the Palatine. The reception of the Palatinate residence was primarily of
ideological naturę. Papai claims to power were growing steadily from the
moment the Western Empire ceased to exist (after the dethronement of
the last emperor by Odoacer, 476) and regalia were sent to Constantin-
ople. Some time earlier the bishops of Romę transferred onto themselves
the distinction of the chief priest, pontifex, which emperors had re-
signed. The last emperor to hołd this distinction was Gratian (375-383);
the tirst pope to use the title of (without the cognomen of mmd-
77ins) was Leo I (440-461).62 Over the next centuries morę and morę im-
perial distinctions became the domain of the pope and of the papai court
respectively.
From the 4^ century on the pope was the second most influential
and wealthiest person in the Roman Empire, yielding precedence only to
the emperor. At that time the organisation of the papai court was based
on imperial patterns.63 In its first phase, the formation of papai ceremo-
niał displays above all a tendency to simplify and reduce imperial Solu-
tions.64
Papai ceremoniał, just as the analogous episcopal ceremonials, was
different from secular ceremonials. The papai court was by definition
exclusively małe and the ceremoniał was united with liturgical acts.65
See the discussion of court organisation and Jones. op. cit. (cf. the notę 32), passim.
62 Gratian resigned the distinction of pontifex in 379; Leo I started using the title
about 450; see G. Wissowa, Re/igicn, M7i,<7 X*Mhas, Munchen 1912, p. 97.
63 Demandt, op. cit. (cf. the notę 31), p. 454-455; Cary/Scullard, op. cit. (cf. the notę
9), p. 440.
64 The starting point for the formation of episcopal ceremoniał was the structure of
the suitę, as in the Roman system. HVP (cf. the notę 9), 1, p. 267 „During the ceremoniał
advance of the congregation going to Holy Communion the only hierarchy established in
the Christian group manifested itself: the bishops and clergy went tirst, followed by celi-
bate believers of both sexes, and at the end came married men and women".
65 The concept of celibacy and the consequent domination of the priest and clergy in
the Christian Church led to the emergence of a new quality in the public structures of the
late empire; see HVP (cf. the notę 9), 1, p. 259.