Howard, Frank: The sketcher's manual: or, the whole art of picture making reduced to the simplest principles by which amateurs may instruct themselves without the aid of a master (London, 1841)

40 PICTORIAL EFFECT.

hardly be used when there is no opposition, but
merely apposition or anteposition.

Objects having flat and angular shapes and
surfaces should be relieved against and contrasted
by others having round shapes and surfaces ; and
those having round shapes and surfaces, by flat
or angular shapes and surfaces.

Large objects should be set off by small ones,
and vice versa.

Lines or spots, which are not necessary to the
effect or character of the subject, should be
carried off by other lines in nearly the same
direction, or spots of similar character.

Pictures which are generally light, require some
point or spot of dark ; those which are generally
dark a point of light; and pictures of an
intermediate tone, a point of light arid dark in
strong opposition in the foreground, to give air or
space, or spirit.

A caution may here be given with regard to
the situation of light, under which objects will
be seen to advantage : both in respect of Pictorial
Effect, and of facility of representation.