Parker, John Henry: The archaeology of Rome (1,text): I. The primitive fortifications (Oxford [u.a.], 1874)

APPENDIX TO CHAPTER II., SECTION IV.
Names of the Gates.
The names of the gates are very puzzling to those who have not
studied the subject. The same name is often given to two gates,
and the same gate is called by different names according to cir-
cumstances, but the matter is very simple when once properly ex-
plained and understood. Each gate must be considered with refer-
ence to the road for which it was made. Every town, and every
pagus or fortified village, on the hills round Rome, had its own road
direct to the City. This road was intended for horses and cattle
only, not for carriages; it therefore was made in a straight line over
hill and dale, and across the great trenches or fosses round the City,
whether of the outer moenia or of the inner wall. Each road passed
across these either in a straight line, or obliquely, as convenient.
The road was directed to the gate in the inner wall of the City, the
wall commonly called the Wall of Servius Tullius, who completed
the fortifications of the City, when the seven separate fortresses were
combined into one City. These roads had previously to pass across
the outer vallum, or agger, or bank, which, with the trench on each side
of it, was called the moenia, and gates had to be provided in this bank
for them to pass through. Two or three of these roads usually met at
one of the gates of the City, but in the outer wall there was often
only a postern provided for it. The use of carriages on four wheels
was not permitted within the walls of Rome in the time of the Re-
public, but the carts on two wheels must have been used to carry
salt from the salt-wharf to the town or village from which they came,
and to bring the puzzolana sand in exchange for it (such having been
the trade at a very early period). We know also that the triumphal
cars went through the principal streets. Nevertheless there were no
carriage roads until the time of the Empire; these were made chiefly
in the second and third centuries, originally at the low level of the
bottom of the trenches, and the foss-ways in the Campagna, many of
which can still be seen by the side of the present roads, still remain-
ing in a trench, and still often used for cattle. Postern-gates were
made through the wall of Aurelian in many places for these roads,
and may be seen in the walls, though they have been built up for
many centuries, probably when the gateway fortresses were made, in
the time of Honorius, about, the year 400. At that time two or three

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