DOI Seite / Zitierlink:
https://doi.org/10.11588/diglit.3391#0040
THE INSCRIPTIONS
31
Middle Kingdom it is possible to allot the cardinal
points to the four genii ; the north to Amset, the
east to Duamutef, the south to Qebhsennuf, the
west to Hapi. Though this is not the usually
accepted order it appears to fit the facts as we know
them. Thus, Amset, who is always set at the north
end of the eastern side and is connected with the
northern city of Pe, must be the god of the north ;
Duamutef, who is also on the eastern side of the
coffin, and who because of his connection with Pe
cannot belong to the south, must therefore be the
god of the east. Hapi and Qebhsennuf, both on the
western side of the coffin and both connected with
Nekhen, the ancient capital of the south, must belong
to the south and west; and as Hapi is always placed
at the northern end, we must conclude that the
position on the side is, for this god as for Duamutef,
of more importance than the position towards the
ends ; therefore Qebhsennuf is the god of the south,
and Hapi of the west. In this way the four genii
follow in consecutive order round the coffin, as in the
following diagram.
SOOTH
(JEBHSENNUF
DUAMUTEF
EAST
AM&FT
NORTH
The order in which these gods are usually given
in later texts is: Amset, Hapi, Duamutef, and
Qebhsennuf; but this does not appear to be the
original order, for in the Pyramid Texts (Pepy,
444) they are given with Hapi first: Hapi, Amset,
Duamutef, Qebhsennuf. But by the time of the
Middle Kingdom Amset always heads the list.
PI. lii. The deities at the head and foot, respec-
tively, of Middle Kingdom coffins are—in order of
frequency—Isis and Nephthys, Neith and Serqt, the
Great Cycle and the Little Cycle, Tefnut and the
City God. The first four are the guardians of the
genii of the Dead. According to the inscriptions
upon canopic jars, Isis protects Amset, Nephthys
Hapi, Neith Duamutef, and Serqt Qebhsennuf. Isis
and Nephthys occur, as a rule, in the horizontal
band ; their places, except on the coffins from
Akhmim, being fairly constant. The Akhmim in-
scriptions seem to ring the changes on the Great
God, Min and Anubis ; the Great God generally at
the head, the epithet referring presumably to the
local deity, i.e. Min. On the coffins from other
places, Isis, Nephthys, and the local deity under the
names of the Great God and the City God, occupy
the horizontal lines ; while the vertical lines usually
contain the names of two goddesses and the two
divine enneads. Though the positions are not very
regular, it seems that the Great and Little Cycles
should be at the head, the two goddesses at the
foot. The most common variation is when the cycles
are placed, one at the head, the other at the foot:
in that case, the Great Cycle is at the head ; but
here the position of the two goddesses appears to
be immaterial.
CHAPTER XII
RIQQEH; 1914
By R. ENGELBACH
74. While the excavations of Harageh were in pro-
gress, I returned to Riqqeh for a short time to clear
the large pit mentioned in sect. 9, and to work
out a small piece of cemetery C, which lay close to
the Muslim cemetery, and which I was unable to
finish last year (see sect. 23).
The large pit was, as I had supposed, only another
trial pit, but considerably larger than those at H1( H2
in the general map on pi. xlvi. It measured about
160 inches square and went down about 200 inches
into clean, white, desert sand. At the bottom were a
few bricks and nothing else.
75. The remainder of cemetery C, was productive
of a considerable quantity of beads, pots, etc., but all
the graves had been robbed, so they were of no value
for recording.
PI. li. shews some of the objects found this year
in cemetery C. No. 1 is a large glaze vase of
Ramessu XII whose name and prenomen Men-mi-
Rd Setep-en-Ra are seen upon it. His titles here
mentioned are Neb-Khau, Lord of the Crowns; and
Neb-Tani, Lord of the Two Lands. No 2 is a group
of 7 scarabs and plaques, two jasper hair-rings, and
a glass drop-necklace of the time of Tahutmes III.
Beneath the jasper hair-rings is a large gold hair-ring
from the filling above the neighbouring grave, which
does not belong to this group. No. 3 are four gold-
ribbed hair-rings like those shewn in pi. I, nos. 8, 9,
and a small string of gold beads. It is possible that
they may have all come from one grave. They were
31
Middle Kingdom it is possible to allot the cardinal
points to the four genii ; the north to Amset, the
east to Duamutef, the south to Qebhsennuf, the
west to Hapi. Though this is not the usually
accepted order it appears to fit the facts as we know
them. Thus, Amset, who is always set at the north
end of the eastern side and is connected with the
northern city of Pe, must be the god of the north ;
Duamutef, who is also on the eastern side of the
coffin, and who because of his connection with Pe
cannot belong to the south, must therefore be the
god of the east. Hapi and Qebhsennuf, both on the
western side of the coffin and both connected with
Nekhen, the ancient capital of the south, must belong
to the south and west; and as Hapi is always placed
at the northern end, we must conclude that the
position on the side is, for this god as for Duamutef,
of more importance than the position towards the
ends ; therefore Qebhsennuf is the god of the south,
and Hapi of the west. In this way the four genii
follow in consecutive order round the coffin, as in the
following diagram.
SOOTH
(JEBHSENNUF
DUAMUTEF
EAST
AM&FT
NORTH
The order in which these gods are usually given
in later texts is: Amset, Hapi, Duamutef, and
Qebhsennuf; but this does not appear to be the
original order, for in the Pyramid Texts (Pepy,
444) they are given with Hapi first: Hapi, Amset,
Duamutef, Qebhsennuf. But by the time of the
Middle Kingdom Amset always heads the list.
PI. lii. The deities at the head and foot, respec-
tively, of Middle Kingdom coffins are—in order of
frequency—Isis and Nephthys, Neith and Serqt, the
Great Cycle and the Little Cycle, Tefnut and the
City God. The first four are the guardians of the
genii of the Dead. According to the inscriptions
upon canopic jars, Isis protects Amset, Nephthys
Hapi, Neith Duamutef, and Serqt Qebhsennuf. Isis
and Nephthys occur, as a rule, in the horizontal
band ; their places, except on the coffins from
Akhmim, being fairly constant. The Akhmim in-
scriptions seem to ring the changes on the Great
God, Min and Anubis ; the Great God generally at
the head, the epithet referring presumably to the
local deity, i.e. Min. On the coffins from other
places, Isis, Nephthys, and the local deity under the
names of the Great God and the City God, occupy
the horizontal lines ; while the vertical lines usually
contain the names of two goddesses and the two
divine enneads. Though the positions are not very
regular, it seems that the Great and Little Cycles
should be at the head, the two goddesses at the
foot. The most common variation is when the cycles
are placed, one at the head, the other at the foot:
in that case, the Great Cycle is at the head ; but
here the position of the two goddesses appears to
be immaterial.
CHAPTER XII
RIQQEH; 1914
By R. ENGELBACH
74. While the excavations of Harageh were in pro-
gress, I returned to Riqqeh for a short time to clear
the large pit mentioned in sect. 9, and to work
out a small piece of cemetery C, which lay close to
the Muslim cemetery, and which I was unable to
finish last year (see sect. 23).
The large pit was, as I had supposed, only another
trial pit, but considerably larger than those at H1( H2
in the general map on pi. xlvi. It measured about
160 inches square and went down about 200 inches
into clean, white, desert sand. At the bottom were a
few bricks and nothing else.
75. The remainder of cemetery C, was productive
of a considerable quantity of beads, pots, etc., but all
the graves had been robbed, so they were of no value
for recording.
PI. li. shews some of the objects found this year
in cemetery C. No. 1 is a large glaze vase of
Ramessu XII whose name and prenomen Men-mi-
Rd Setep-en-Ra are seen upon it. His titles here
mentioned are Neb-Khau, Lord of the Crowns; and
Neb-Tani, Lord of the Two Lands. No 2 is a group
of 7 scarabs and plaques, two jasper hair-rings, and
a glass drop-necklace of the time of Tahutmes III.
Beneath the jasper hair-rings is a large gold hair-ring
from the filling above the neighbouring grave, which
does not belong to this group. No. 3 are four gold-
ribbed hair-rings like those shewn in pi. I, nos. 8, 9,
and a small string of gold beads. It is possible that
they may have all come from one grave. They were