Shakespear, John: A grammar of the Hindustani language (London, 1826)

APPENDIX.

135

/ O

termed Jjj*-* tlie known wao, is used, either vvith or
without the vowel marked over the preceding letter, to
denote this sound.

9 c

j (for ^ ri) zjySs* .J\j re with kasr.

__ 9 o

^jj (for n") Ji , sjyJ^ J\j re with kasr and ya-i-

mctruj'.

s i 9 **> 9 s 9 C

J (for^j Iri) Uxx.* J\j j lam and re9 hoth

with kasr, pronounced closely together.

>>0 s 9 __

^ (for ^ /rz) uJjyt* Jj j Idm and re,

both with kasr, followed by ya-i-ma ruf.

^ 9 O / O C

(for e) J^sr« . *j‘sj+& hamza with kasr and
ya-i-majhul: but, for the sound here intended 1 is
written at the beginning of a word only, the letter ^
sufficing in the middle or at the end. As this pronun-
ciation exists not in the Arabic, the ^ when used for

p O

this pnrpose is calied Junknown, and there is no
method of defining it by the Arabic orthography ; it
may therefore be distinguished from J (z) and J (ai)
by the circumstance of having no vowel prefixed.

S- ^\ _ pit c

f \ (for ai) ^L J\it j *£jAZb harnza with fat'ha andye

quiescent ; but, alif and hamzci are used at the beginning

o

of a word only, the letter ^ termed JJ L ^L
ye quiescent, the preceding letter having fat’ha, serving,
when fat'ha is written or understood over the preceding