Tools & tillage: a journal on the history of the implements of cultivation and other agricultural processes (7.1992/1995)

THE COMMONS IN PUNJAB

47

vests, and all cultivable
waste
whether previously ploughed
or not.
Ban jar
waste land.
Barani
rain-fed agriculture.
Belas
islands in the stream.
Birs
enclosed grazing area.
Chambs
wetland areas.
Chos
hill torrents.
Dhak
a species of trees.
Dhaul
ridges on the edges of the
fields.
Dhana
bullock run on the well.
Doabs
land between two rivers.
Dun
valley.
Gol
a herd.
Gaddis
shepherd tribe raising mainly
sheep.
Gujars
cattle grazier tribe raising
and buffaloes.
cows
Jhao
species of scrub.
Khadir
lowlands.
Kharif
summer crop.
Khiras
enclosed grass areas.
Mauza
revenue estate, basically
lage.
a vil-
Naili
riverine.
Rabi
winter crop.
Rehut
wheel for raising water
well.
from
Shamilat-deh
village common land.

References
Articles and Books
Banga, Indu (1978): Agrarian System of the Sikhs,
Manohar, Delhi.
Bayly, C.A. (1983): Rulers, Townsmen, and Ba-
zaars, Cambridge.
Dahlman, Carl: Open Fields and Beyond.
Darling, Malcolm (1925): The Punjab Peasant in
Prosperity and Debt.
Douie - J. M. Douie, District Commissioner, Kar-
nal to Commissioner and Superintendent, Delhi
Division, 8/8/1884.
Fortescue, T. (1911): (Secretary to Government in
Territorial Department, 28/4/1820) Punjab Re-
cords of the Delhi Residency and Agency.

Ogilvie - G. M. Ogilvie, District Commissioner,
Hissat, to Commissioner and Superintendent,
Hissar Division No 413,6/9/1884.
Rowton, M.B. (1975): Autonomy and Nomadism
in Western Asia. In: Orientalia, Vol. 42, 254.
Quoted in: Singh, IESHR, (July-Sept. 1988):
319-340.
Singh, Chetan (1988): Conformity and Conflict:
Tribes and the Agrarian System of Mughal In-
dia. In: Indian Economic and Social History
Review, Vol. XII, No. 3 (July-Sept. 1988): 319-
340.
Spate, O. H. K. (1954): India and Pakistan. A Gen-
eral and Regional Geography (with a chapter on
Ceylon by B. H. Farmer) Methuen, London.
Department Proceedings
Pros 1832 - Land Revenue, Proceedings 2-5 A,
March 1832.
Famine Pros - Land Revenue & Agriculture (Fam-
ine) Proceedings, 3-4 A, September 1885.
Delhi Gazetteer
Gurdaspur Gazetteer, 1914
Hoshiarpur Gazetteer, 1904. (Gaz.).
Punjab Gazetteer, 1908, Vol. I.
Reports
Ambala Settlement Report, 1855.
Census of India, 1901, Volume XVII.
Delhi SR - Delhi Settlement Report, 1838 No. 2,
Selections Report on Revision of Settlement in
the Delhi Territory under Regulation IX of
1833.
Famine Report, 1896-97.
Famine Report, 1901.
Ferozepur Settlement Report, 1855.
GRAP - General Report of the Administration of
the Punjab, 1831-52 and 1852-53. Selections Re-
cords Government of India, Foreign Depart-
ment, No. VI.
Gurdaspur Settlement Report, 1849-54.
Gurdaspur Settlement Report, 1892.
Gurdaspur Settlement Report, 1912.
Gurgaon Settlement Report, 1903-09.
Hoshiarpur Settlement Report, 1856.
Hoshiarpur Settlement Report, 1885.
Continued on page 28