DOI Seite / Zitierlink:
https://doi.org/10.11588/diglit.1327#0195
194.
THE CRYSTAL PALACE AND ITS CONTENTS;
department, mid iu tho n
lohinery rooms, some very remarkable il lustra
tions of this form of iron
manufacture wore found Manv railivav bar.-.
which weto exhibited were
Of an unusual length, There is no advantage
gained by this; on tbo cos
irarv, the liability of taiiin- !- in.-r. a-ci by tin
accumulated difficulties oj
die manufacture. Almost every different rail-
way engineer adopts a ditf
retti length and section for his burs, and a dif-
ferent weight of m-t«l per
Coatee porous iron floes
i»t make good bars, as they are liable to split,
itjs, therefore, important 1
> secure for rails a tough mid fibrous material.
Among the examples namet
were many bars broken for the purpose of show -
ing their molecular struefu
e. and the same occurred with some of the axles
thai
subject, exceedingly d.mbuul. >Jr. B.-uuol lias sh
a dull, heavy blow, will present the fibrous arrangi
iron broken by a sharp blow will give a crystallim
however, thai! hv the repeated hammering which
''"cold swaging'' the character of the metal does u
inch
i collected.
used in the process of
dergo a change. In the
iinied to inquire into tho application of
■aluable information on this subject has
... subject demaiKling k
of other metals with iron
Stirling—and the combhi
variety this gentleman si
samples of his alloys.
stJio
. of i
on and c
pigs, tog
. Mot
showed two
Mr. Stifling considers the fluidity .
to bo'duc to arsenic—though it is as probably the result of phosphorus ; and
he has shown that the presence of manganese with cast iron closes the
grain, and is an improvement both to it and to steel. Zinc and tin have
been by the same experiments mixed with iron, and these alloys sire
amongst the other specimens of interest exhibited by this gentleman.
By the addition of calamine to "common iron, without the addition of
wrought iron, a very superior malleable iron is said to be produced. In
the report of the Commissioners already referred to we find the average
breaking strain of iron alloyed with zinc and with tin, as compared with
pure iron, given as follows, the experiments having been made in
Woolwich Dockyard :—
railway r
Dimdyvan best bar iron broke with a strain per square i;)ch of .
Dundyvan iron, in the proportion pf -i p'.vt. 1 qr, and calamine i 1
Dimdyvan iron, d ewt. 1 qr., tin 1 lb, ,'..,,,..........
On the character of those ami some oilier alloys, Mr. Blorrie;
in a paper recently read before the t'oyal Society of Edinburgh, rei
"The wrought iron made either from the toughened cast, o
admixture of calamine, is particularly li.-.-fiil for tension rods, cha
&c The addition of antimony ami some other metals to wroivih
the puddling furnace, gives it hard end crystalline iron, nearly
steel in soma pf its properties, and i
ervstalline character, tu form the upper
surface of wheels, When thus united i
sort of rail results, combining strength, stiffness, and hardness w
laminating properties, and being also cheaper than any other
hardened rail or tire. Compounds of copper, iron, sad nine axe 1
be much closer in texture, and stronger than ghnilac compounds o
and Kino (the proportion of iron not usually ox<vc iiiu' 1.J per cc
Can' bo advantageously used as sub.itltuivs fur gun-metal, under
cumshmces, tor groat guns, screws, propellers, mill brasses, and
bearings; small additions of tin and i>iher metals alter the char
those compounds, and ivnrler them extremely manageable as regar
ness and stiffness. The advantages which these compounds poss
gun-metal are cheapness and increased strenglh. bcim; about on
cheaper and one-half stronger, and wearing much longer under
On many railway* the alloy 9f /»,... iron, earner, titt, ,v.f.; have gHI
gun-metal fur earr::.-i r,:vrin_v. An alloy equal in touo to bell-
metallic alloys,
icptibla of 9 hi
2i-3
by the
cables.
sheet- ir..
li these or other combinations. On the table a^
id Co., to the display of iron manufacture, was a . *^ b
iron—the largest perhaps ever rolled—with niim^"""'^-'^
h illustrate more fully our iron manufiictufe a-T^'1'--
i t.fn.plat8 manufacture.
The making of Sheet bonis full of difficulties, the principal on i
if-, nf nrnntirine iron of suflicimit.lv f;i'"d quality be- ,.„]!■ ,r "■ '■■
*k7] CI ''-hit fij^
that of procuring iron of sufficiently godfl quality for rolifo
iron works better than most other kind-
required; and in the first
whicb
of lirn
ibta:
ed.
of
tbo iron exhibited
i the luissrm department <].f>,.."V"
superiority of the hitter. This depends, without doubt, upon the chi
of the ore in the first place, and en the mode of manufacture^!
second, ; In *>
The Russian sheet-iron is of a bright light-blue colour, This antes
arise from the presence of some phosphorus and silica in the ei^'-
froui the admixture of a small quantity of carbon, which it derives fi^
the fuel—wood—used in the process of manufacture. Sulphur *■?
present either in the ore or in the fuel employed, gives rise to a M
black iron, and the sheets have a. cloudy and buckled appearus
Although wo may not employ ores containing phosphorus, wo are« -
enabled, since the discovery of an almost incombustible phosphorus']!
introduce it in any quantity into the iron in the progress of manufwj™
and thus to obtain, in all probability, the sumo result. There is no donV
that, with a due amount of attention to the combination of
.the
production of the metal, togetli
qtieut stages of manufacture, slice t-ir
vroilored iu this eouutr
Messrs. Morcwood am
iron tinned by their pre
of tin-plate manufacture
:ul i
its
uipulation in the sub't.
equal to the Russian coiiloM
id some remarkable large Bhedaof
ic-wever, as well as to the julr;:;
i on a future occasion.
We may add that in tliis class M, Felix Abate showed a sysKDioi
planijig, polishing, and burnishing, in a peculiar style, metals 'of even-
description, as they come from the rollers*, and also a new style of om-
mciitation on the metals after they havo been submitted to this procfci
The effects,ire obtained almost simuitancously, and at a cost so low as te
exceed hut by a mere triiic the original cost of the metal. The instmmej)
enjployed iu the planing process is a remarkably simple one, censistiu^
merely of a cutting instrument, placed at a certain angle of inclination
above a sliding tablo; and the ornamentation is produced by the substi-
tution, for the plain culling tool, of one with teeth, of the required form m
design. The polishing and burnishing is produced in a few minutes bv
causing a cylinder to revolve rapidly over the metal, upon which oil wtii
emery powder have been previously placed. A second portion of the in-
vention of M. Abate consists of a new system of printing on metals, which
he terms " metallography," the principle of which is an application offl»
known laws of elect rk-ii.y. developed by the contact of certain metals ffiut
the saline solutiuus of others, and producing, under certain condition
the precipitation of the metal forming the basis of the solution in a B$B
of coloured oxide, which adheres to the surface of the metal. Sperinipi
of this art, which have been submitted to us, arc remarkably good; a"-i
one of the benefits likely to result from the invention is that of plnciEp
within the reach of the poorer classes such improvements in objects «
every-day use OS may tend to elevate their tastes, and to create a love for
the hoautiful.
ORNAMENTAL IIION-WORK.
Ik ornamental iron-casting—a branch of trade to which our Fronts
neighbours have of late years devoted especial attention in connexion wiu
their bronze works—there was some fear that in certain points we shoal'
not stand eo well as it was desirable we should do. The result, howerer,
of the comparison is such as to set at rest any fears on this head: f^L
whil.-t fffl i-an hvII afford to acknowledge the excellence of the ffW
exhibited by our r'lvneh and Gorman competitors, there is ample field lw
congratulation as to the continuance of our traditionary superiority >u™
point* I'W this remit, however, wo have to thank the last two cxpositt^
at l'aris; for. at tlm period of that of 13-i-i, the ornamental iroii-cftstn'i'
produced in this country were generally of a most unsatisfactory chariiot";
and it was only from the startling laot forcing it-elf upon the attentat'
'...... . sd in this trade, that, whilst little or no improvement had btf»
y.iitig mi in this ciHintrr. o.speeiaUv as rcgiirded design as anplied to
.j.i.arm.em oi our national industry,
omplojing the bosi
iipi-eial purpose, bu'
of iron-castings of i
dexterity and, so to
so aa to insure a sha
mushed metal.
Tbo famous castings of Ik-rbn had lorn: been objcels of interest to c ■_
motal-workors, but only so far sis tbev were wonderful examples of the U-
tu which a material so uuprouiisiugas iron might be put, even as oruamd";
for the decoration of the person. The iron-eastings of J'Vance, kowe^ >
camo more practically home to us; and when we found that the usei .
e-= rr-eiMeil uesigo ,-.s ;:ww """
y, our neiglibours had not only ^
in the produetmn of ^losigns for tJi-
wnea m a wonderful manner in the produoW"
.est character, combining the best mechtu'f1
lemieal skill in tho treatment of the mater^
and perfect reproduction of tho model ia ^
THE CRYSTAL PALACE AND ITS CONTENTS;
department, mid iu tho n
lohinery rooms, some very remarkable il lustra
tions of this form of iron
manufacture wore found Manv railivav bar.-.
which weto exhibited were
Of an unusual length, There is no advantage
gained by this; on tbo cos
irarv, the liability of taiiin- !- in.-r. a-ci by tin
accumulated difficulties oj
die manufacture. Almost every different rail-
way engineer adopts a ditf
retti length and section for his burs, and a dif-
ferent weight of m-t«l per
Coatee porous iron floes
i»t make good bars, as they are liable to split,
itjs, therefore, important 1
> secure for rails a tough mid fibrous material.
Among the examples namet
were many bars broken for the purpose of show -
ing their molecular struefu
e. and the same occurred with some of the axles
thai
subject, exceedingly d.mbuul. >Jr. B.-uuol lias sh
a dull, heavy blow, will present the fibrous arrangi
iron broken by a sharp blow will give a crystallim
however, thai! hv the repeated hammering which
''"cold swaging'' the character of the metal does u
inch
i collected.
used in the process of
dergo a change. In the
iinied to inquire into tho application of
■aluable information on this subject has
... subject demaiKling k
of other metals with iron
Stirling—and the combhi
variety this gentleman si
samples of his alloys.
stJio
. of i
on and c
pigs, tog
. Mot
showed two
Mr. Stifling considers the fluidity .
to bo'duc to arsenic—though it is as probably the result of phosphorus ; and
he has shown that the presence of manganese with cast iron closes the
grain, and is an improvement both to it and to steel. Zinc and tin have
been by the same experiments mixed with iron, and these alloys sire
amongst the other specimens of interest exhibited by this gentleman.
By the addition of calamine to "common iron, without the addition of
wrought iron, a very superior malleable iron is said to be produced. In
the report of the Commissioners already referred to we find the average
breaking strain of iron alloyed with zinc and with tin, as compared with
pure iron, given as follows, the experiments having been made in
Woolwich Dockyard :—
railway r
Dimdyvan best bar iron broke with a strain per square i;)ch of .
Dundyvan iron, in the proportion pf -i p'.vt. 1 qr, and calamine i 1
Dimdyvan iron, d ewt. 1 qr., tin 1 lb, ,'..,,,..........
On the character of those ami some oilier alloys, Mr. Blorrie;
in a paper recently read before the t'oyal Society of Edinburgh, rei
"The wrought iron made either from the toughened cast, o
admixture of calamine, is particularly li.-.-fiil for tension rods, cha
&c The addition of antimony ami some other metals to wroivih
the puddling furnace, gives it hard end crystalline iron, nearly
steel in soma pf its properties, and i
ervstalline character, tu form the upper
surface of wheels, When thus united i
sort of rail results, combining strength, stiffness, and hardness w
laminating properties, and being also cheaper than any other
hardened rail or tire. Compounds of copper, iron, sad nine axe 1
be much closer in texture, and stronger than ghnilac compounds o
and Kino (the proportion of iron not usually ox<vc iiiu' 1.J per cc
Can' bo advantageously used as sub.itltuivs fur gun-metal, under
cumshmces, tor groat guns, screws, propellers, mill brasses, and
bearings; small additions of tin and i>iher metals alter the char
those compounds, and ivnrler them extremely manageable as regar
ness and stiffness. The advantages which these compounds poss
gun-metal are cheapness and increased strenglh. bcim; about on
cheaper and one-half stronger, and wearing much longer under
On many railway* the alloy 9f /»,... iron, earner, titt, ,v.f.; have gHI
gun-metal fur earr::.-i r,:vrin_v. An alloy equal in touo to bell-
metallic alloys,
icptibla of 9 hi
2i-3
by the
cables.
sheet- ir..
li these or other combinations. On the table a^
id Co., to the display of iron manufacture, was a . *^ b
iron—the largest perhaps ever rolled—with niim^"""'^-'^
h illustrate more fully our iron manufiictufe a-T^'1'--
i t.fn.plat8 manufacture.
The making of Sheet bonis full of difficulties, the principal on i
if-, nf nrnntirine iron of suflicimit.lv f;i'"d quality be- ,.„]!■ ,r "■ '■■
*k7] CI ''-hit fij^
that of procuring iron of sufficiently godfl quality for rolifo
iron works better than most other kind-
required; and in the first
whicb
of lirn
ibta:
ed.
of
tbo iron exhibited
i the luissrm department <].f>,.."V"
superiority of the hitter. This depends, without doubt, upon the chi
of the ore in the first place, and en the mode of manufacture^!
second, ; In *>
The Russian sheet-iron is of a bright light-blue colour, This antes
arise from the presence of some phosphorus and silica in the ei^'-
froui the admixture of a small quantity of carbon, which it derives fi^
the fuel—wood—used in the process of manufacture. Sulphur *■?
present either in the ore or in the fuel employed, gives rise to a M
black iron, and the sheets have a. cloudy and buckled appearus
Although wo may not employ ores containing phosphorus, wo are« -
enabled, since the discovery of an almost incombustible phosphorus']!
introduce it in any quantity into the iron in the progress of manufwj™
and thus to obtain, in all probability, the sumo result. There is no donV
that, with a due amount of attention to the combination of
.the
production of the metal, togetli
qtieut stages of manufacture, slice t-ir
vroilored iu this eouutr
Messrs. Morcwood am
iron tinned by their pre
of tin-plate manufacture
:ul i
its
uipulation in the sub't.
equal to the Russian coiiloM
id some remarkable large Bhedaof
ic-wever, as well as to the julr;:;
i on a future occasion.
We may add that in tliis class M, Felix Abate showed a sysKDioi
planijig, polishing, and burnishing, in a peculiar style, metals 'of even-
description, as they come from the rollers*, and also a new style of om-
mciitation on the metals after they havo been submitted to this procfci
The effects,ire obtained almost simuitancously, and at a cost so low as te
exceed hut by a mere triiic the original cost of the metal. The instmmej)
enjployed iu the planing process is a remarkably simple one, censistiu^
merely of a cutting instrument, placed at a certain angle of inclination
above a sliding tablo; and the ornamentation is produced by the substi-
tution, for the plain culling tool, of one with teeth, of the required form m
design. The polishing and burnishing is produced in a few minutes bv
causing a cylinder to revolve rapidly over the metal, upon which oil wtii
emery powder have been previously placed. A second portion of the in-
vention of M. Abate consists of a new system of printing on metals, which
he terms " metallography," the principle of which is an application offl»
known laws of elect rk-ii.y. developed by the contact of certain metals ffiut
the saline solutiuus of others, and producing, under certain condition
the precipitation of the metal forming the basis of the solution in a B$B
of coloured oxide, which adheres to the surface of the metal. Sperinipi
of this art, which have been submitted to us, arc remarkably good; a"-i
one of the benefits likely to result from the invention is that of plnciEp
within the reach of the poorer classes such improvements in objects «
every-day use OS may tend to elevate their tastes, and to create a love for
the hoautiful.
ORNAMENTAL IIION-WORK.
Ik ornamental iron-casting—a branch of trade to which our Fronts
neighbours have of late years devoted especial attention in connexion wiu
their bronze works—there was some fear that in certain points we shoal'
not stand eo well as it was desirable we should do. The result, howerer,
of the comparison is such as to set at rest any fears on this head: f^L
whil.-t fffl i-an hvII afford to acknowledge the excellence of the ffW
exhibited by our r'lvneh and Gorman competitors, there is ample field lw
congratulation as to the continuance of our traditionary superiority >u™
point* I'W this remit, however, wo have to thank the last two cxpositt^
at l'aris; for. at tlm period of that of 13-i-i, the ornamental iroii-cftstn'i'
produced in this country were generally of a most unsatisfactory chariiot";
and it was only from the startling laot forcing it-elf upon the attentat'
'...... . sd in this trade, that, whilst little or no improvement had btf»
y.iitig mi in this ciHintrr. o.speeiaUv as rcgiirded design as anplied to
.j.i.arm.em oi our national industry,
omplojing the bosi
iipi-eial purpose, bu'
of iron-castings of i
dexterity and, so to
so aa to insure a sha
mushed metal.
Tbo famous castings of Ik-rbn had lorn: been objcels of interest to c ■_
motal-workors, but only so far sis tbev were wonderful examples of the U-
tu which a material so uuprouiisiugas iron might be put, even as oruamd";
for the decoration of the person. The iron-eastings of J'Vance, kowe^ >
camo more practically home to us; and when we found that the usei .
e-= rr-eiMeil uesigo ,-.s ;:ww """
y, our neiglibours had not only ^
in the produetmn of ^losigns for tJi-
wnea m a wonderful manner in the produoW"
.est character, combining the best mechtu'f1
lemieal skill in tho treatment of the mater^
and perfect reproduction of tho model ia ^