Howard, Frank: The sketcher's manual: or, the whole art of picture making reduced to the simplest principles by which amateurs may instruct themselves without the aid of a master (London, 1841)

Section I.

COLLIXs's AND BONIXGTOn's PRINCIPLE.

The most simple arrangement of light and
shadow is to be found in the works of Bonington,
Stanfield, Collins, and many other painters of
coast scenes, to which it is peculiarly adapted;
but it is also applicable to any extensive views,
whether of land or sea. Place the deepest shadow
near the horizon, at about one-third of the whole
height of the drawing from the base line, and let
it graduate from thence upwards and downwards
in the form of a wedge: a small point of stronger
dark in the fore-ground will give expanse and
complete the effect (Plate I, fig. 1).

It will be hardly necessary to say, that the
point of the wedge-shaped mass of shadow may
be at either side of the drawing.

In this shadow any forms may be indicated,
as of a distant forest or city, so that the general