Shakespear, John: A grammar of the Hindustani language (London, 1826)

134

APPENDIX.

the following comhinations, or letters with extraordinary
marks, are therefore generally adopted to represent them.

\ (for a) According to the orthography of the Arabs,
\ (alif) has no sound of itself when at the beginning of
a word, but it takes that of the accompanying vowel,
as well as the name hamza in such cases; this com-

p o c #

pound is therefore called hamza with fat ha.

T (for a) or «—cJ. hamza or alif with

madda.

p o o

\ (for ^ i) tjy~Lc hamza with kasr. In Arabic and
Persian words, however, when hamza with kasr foh

lows alif immediately, the former is termed
softened hamza, and may be distinguished in Nagari
and Roman letters thus, X i

tp G p o

T) uJjyfc* hamza with kasr followed

" £

by yd-i-ma*ruf. In all situations, however, except at
the beginning of a word, I (,alif) is dropped, and the
^siye) called the known ye, is used either with

or without the vowel here marked to denote this
sound.

2 , / o o #

\ (ror 3 u) hamza with zamm.

,f (for 5 u) f hamza withzamm followed

by wdzv-i-ma*ruf. In all situations, however, except at
the beginning of a word, I (alif) is dropped, and } (wdo)