Shakespear, John: A grammar of the Hindustani language (London, 1826)

136

A P P E N D I X.

letter, to convey tbis sounci in the middle or at the end
of a word.

o c

} (for 0) j <*x)iy\2t> hamza with zamm ancl

wdw-i-majliul: but, for the sound here intended, alif is
not written except at the beginning of a word, ^ suf-
ficing if in the middle or final. As this pronunciation
is foreign to the Arabic, the ^ when thus pronounced

9 O

is called unknown, and there is no mark to define

it in the Arabic orthography ; it may, therefore, be
distinguished from J (u) and J (au) by the circum-
stance of having no vowel prefixed.

j. . * ° °

J (for 3TT au) ^L 3 hamza with fat'ha and

wao quiescent: but \ cannot be written for this purpose
except at the beginning of a word, j called L ^L }:

9 l, o

JJ wdo quiescent following a letter with fat’ha, suf-
ficing, if fat’Jui precedes, to denote tliis sound in all
other cases.

^ or ^ (for 'h) td Jy or nasal nun. But the

Nagarl mark may be used occasionallv for any nasal.

A (for ^ kh) AA uJK heavy kaf.

f (for gh) Aij <_J£ heavy Pcrsian kaf.

y or ^ (for ^ ng) uJL nasal Persian kdf.

(for ^ chh) AL ^sF- heavy Persianjtm.

(for ^ jh) tlf heavyjim.