176

H B3aHM0np0HHKH0BeHHe (j)OpM MOKay HHMH.
MaTepnajibHoe cahhctbo MHpa, pacnpocTpanH-
ronjeecH TaK>Ke h Ha cahhctbo ero 4>opM, cJiy>KHT
oÓTjeKTHBHMM ocHOBaHneM fljiH HayHHbix anajio-
THH, KOTOpbie A3IOT B03M0>KH0CTb nO3H3BaTb K3K
noAJiHHHyio Mepy oôiuhocth mokay npHpoAOÔ h
qejioBeKOM, TaK h noAJiHHHyio Mepy KanecTBeH-
Hbix pa3JIHHHH Me>KAy HHMH.
ripupofla — MaTb, a Tpya — oTeu nejioBeKa.
H HOHHTHO, HTO M3Tb TBOpHJia CBOe AHTH ÜO
(jîopMaM h npH3HaKaM, npncymHM eu.
HenocpeACTBeHHbiM jiohom, H3 KOToporo npn
noMOiUH Tpyaa BbiAejiHJiocb qejiOBenecTBO, ôbiji
JKHBOTHblH MHp. K He CJiyqaHHO COBpeMCHHaH
Hayxa o noBeueHHH jkhbothbix — 3tojiothh —
OTKpbiBaeT yAHBHTejibHoe oôhjihc 4>aKTOB, noA-
TBCpžK A3 KJI.IJHX ÔJIH3OCTb JKHBOTHOTO MHpa K H6-
jiOBeKy. Bjihsoctb Aa>Ke b TaKHx peinaioiUHX npo-
HBJieHHHX nejioBenecKoro ômthh, k3k oôiueHHe,
TpyA, penb, MbimjieHHe, sthkh, HCKyccTBO, 3anaT-
KH KOTOpbIX B TOH HJIH HHOH (JlOpMe OÔHapyJKH-
BaiOTCH y OTAejlbHbIX ÔHOJIOTHqeCKHX BHAOB.
HeT HHqero yAHBHTejibHoro, ecjiH 6bi ajih hoa-
TBep>KAeHHH 3T0H MbICJIH MbI npHBeJIH HaÔJIIO-
AeHHH H CViKACHHa COBpeMCHHblX 3T0JI0T0B —
K. JIopeHpa, P. lUoBena, A. flÔJioKOBa, T. Ce-
jie>KHHCKoro h Apyrnx. Ho c ocoômm ÔJiaroro-
BCHHeM H IipH3HaTejIbHOCTbK) MbI AOJIJKHbl ÔyABM
yxasarb cyx<AeHHH KJiaccHKa MapKCH3Ma — O.
Snrejibca, KOTopbiň saAOJiro ao caMoonpeAeJieHHH
STOAorHH npeABocxHTHji ee haêh. «HaM oôiuh
C >KHBOTHbIMH, — HHC3JI OH B «ÆuajieKTHKe npH-
pOAbl», — Bce BHAbI paCCyAOHHOH AeflTejIbHOCTH:
H H A y K U H H, A e A y K H, H H, CJieA0B3TejIbH0,
TaKJKe a ôcTp arapoBanne. .. a h a ji h 3
He3H3KOMbIX npeAMCTOB . . CHHT63... H,
b KanecTBe coeAHHeHHH oôohx, SKcnepn-
m e H T ...» [3].
MhOTHM BHAaM JKHBOTHblX npHCyiUH (jlOpMbl
coBMecTHoro CTaAHoro cyiuecTBOBaHHH, KOTopoe
B OTAejlbHbIX CBOHX HpOHBJieHHHX MOXCT ÔbITb
HaMeKOM Ha qejioBeqecKoe oôniexcHTHe. TyT Ha-
ÔJiioAaeTC» onpeAeJieHHan opraHH3auHH OTHOiue-
hhh mokay HJienaMH oôiuhocth. y oóesiííiH, nqeu,
MypaBbeB mojkho oÔHapyxcHTb cbohx «bohokob»
h «pnAOBbix», «pa3BeAHHK0B», «qacoBbix», «pa-
ÔOTHHKOB», «COJIAaT» H ApyFHX «CneUHaJIHCTOB».
OTAËJIbHbie JKHBOTHbie B CBOCH >KH3HeAeflTejIb-

hocth npHMeHHioT npocTeňinne HeopraHHnecKHe
opyAHH. H sto AaeT ocHOBaune roBopHTb o na-
jmutí y HHX 3JieM6HT0B CaMOTO BaJKHOTO qejioBe-
necKoro KanecTBa — Tpyua. Beubie atjjpHxaHCKHe
CTepBHTHHKH, HaHpHMCp, CHCTCMaTHUeCKH HC-
HOJlb3yiOT K3MHH B6C0M AO HOJiyKHUOrpaMMa AUH
pasÔHBaHHH onenb KpenKHX cTpaycHHbix hhu; ne-
KOTopbie xiTHUbi b HauHOHajibHOM napne CIUA
noAÔupaioT noTepHHHbie noceTHTeuHMH TaôjieT-
KH-npHMaHKH H ÔpOCaiOT HX B BOAy, C T6M HTOÔbl
3aT6M JIOBHTb VCTpeMHBIUyiOCH K HHM pbIÓy [15].
CeroAHH yqeubie Bce yBepeunee roBOpHT o Ha-
JIHHHH y MHOTHX BHAOB JKHBOTHbIX CBOeOÔpa3HOrO
«H3bIKa» — 3ByKOBOH, MHMHHeCKOH, apOMaTHHäC-
KOH H HHOH CHTHajIHSaUHH. OKaSblBaeTCH, HTO
nOHTH Ka/KAblH BHA JKHBOTHbIX HMeeT CBOIO CHCT6-
MV CHFHajIOB. C HX HOMOIUblO OHH HH(])OpMHpyiOT
Apyr Apyra 06 onacHOCTH h ôesonacHoc™, o na-
JIHHHH HJIH OTCyTCTBHH HHUI.H, O CB06M paCHOJIO-
JK6HHH, AIOÓBH HJIH, HaOÔOpOT, BpaJKAÊÔHOCTH,
o ABHïKeuHH h ocTaHOBKe h T. a. Y o6e3"bHH yuæ
yAaeTCH npocjieAHTb ao copoxa coAepxcaTejibHbix
CHTHaJIOB, npHHCM H6 TOJIbKO HHCTHHKTHBHblX, HO
H npH>KH3HeHHO HpHOÔpeTeHHblX. KOHCHHO, B
cpaBHeHHH c qejioBenecKOH penbio, c ee SoraToii
HJieHOpa3AeJIbHOCTbIO, aÔCTpaKTHOH JIOrHHHOCTblO
«H3bIK» >KHBOTHbIX HBJIHeTCH BCeTO JIHIUb 3aCTbIB-
UIHM SMÔpHOHOM. H BCe 7K6 JKHBOTHblM CHOCOÔaM
nepeAaqu HHiJiopMauHH npucyiue oaho H3 ochob-
HblX H3bIK0BbIX CBOHCTB - ÔbITb yCJIOBHblM CHT-
uajioM nepBbix CHrnajiOB, oópasoBaHHbix npu ue-
HOCpeACTBeHHOM B03A0HCTBHH HpeAMCTHblX CHTy-
auHÜ na nyBCTBa h ncHXHKy. 3to AaeT bo3mo>k-
HOCTb yneHblM HHTaTb H3bIK0Bbie 3H3KH JKHBOT-
Hbix h Hcnojib3OBaTb hx na npaKTHKe, HanpHMep,
OTTOHHTb HTHU OT C3A0B H OTOpOAOB CHTHaJiaMH
onacHOCTH [13],
B >kh3hh JKHBOTHbix HaôJiioAaeTCH CBoeo6pa3-
nan BocnHTaTejibHan AeHTejibHocTb h sthkct.
Bspocjibie 3Bepbi, b hhcthocth mcabcah, AOJiroe
BpeMH BoeriHTbiBaioT Majibimeö, yqaT hx oxot-
HHHbHM npHMepaM, yMCHHIO ÔbITb OCTOpO/KHblMH.
K 3TOH AeHTejIbHOCTH npHBAeKaiOTCH TaKJKe
cTapiuue ôpaTbH h cecTpa. TjiaBHbie mctoam boc-
nHTaHHH onenb npocTbi h scJujieKTHBHbi: sto —
JiHHHbiH npHMep, OAOÔpeHHe nojiesnbix abhctbhh
H OCy>KAeHHe HeAOCTOHHOrO nOBCAeHHH, HHOTAa
BecbMa KpacHopeqHBan «BbiBOJionKa» [17],