Ars: časopis Ústavu Dejín Umenia Slovenskej Akadémie Vied (1977-1981(1977))

237

BHBajiacb AOBOJibHo HepoBHo. Xoth HHTepec K HapoAHOMy
ucKyccTBy HacHHTbiBaeT y nac öoAee, hcm ctoacthc, HapoA-
Hoe HCKyccTBO y nac ao chx nop He paccMOTpeno Ha
Aoajkhom xyAOJKecTBeHHo-HCTopHuecKOM ypoBHe. B noc-
AeAHHe roAbi, npaBAa, noHBHnocb HecKOAbKO MOHorpa<|)HH,
Ho ÖOAbUIHHCTBO H3 HHX KaCaeTCH HOHCKOB H H3X0A0K AO-
KyMeHTOB O JKH3HH HapOAa H B HHX HCT HOHblTKH H3HTH
MecTo HapoAHoro HCKyecTBa b oßmeM KOHTeKCTe CAOBaii-
KOH HCTOpHH HCKyCCTBa.
CnpauiHBaeTc«: KyAa Booßme othochtch HapoAHoe hc-
KycCTBO? C OAHOH CTOpOHbI OHO CHHTaeTCH COCTaBHOH
nacTbio HapoAHoft KyAbTypbi, a c Apyroft — hbahctch
onpeAeneHHoň nacTbio Hainero H3oßpa3HTeAbHoro HCKyecTBa
Booóme.
CAeAyeT nepecMOTpeTb bstahah, ctopohhhkh kotopmx
CHHTaiOT, HTO (JiyHAaMeHTOM CAOBaiJKOH HapOÄHOH Kyjlb-
Typbl MOJKHO CHHTaTb HCKJHOHHTeAbHO TpaAHHHH CAOBaiJ-
Koro HapoAHoro <j>ojibKAopa. Ho c Apyroft cTopoHH 3T0My
MHeHHK) Mbl CeTOAHH 06iI3aHbI 3a TO, HTO CAOBailKOe HC-
KycCTBO ßblAO paCCMOTpeHO XOTH ßbl C TOHKH 3peHHH 3T-
HorpacjjHH. HepeA cospeMennoH Teopneň ctoht 3aAana Bbift-
th h3 y3KHx paMOK 3THorpac|)HHecKHX acneKTOB h onpe-
AeAHTb, B HCM 3aKAK>HaAaCb B HpOIHAOM XyAOJKeCTBeHHaH
cjiyHKHHsi HCKyecTBa HapoAHoro, hto hs nee coxpaHHAocb
Ao HacTOHmero BpeMeHH h b hcm coctoht ero Henepexo-
AHmaa uîHHocTb. MnoFHe ao chx nop eme Hepa3"bHCHeHHbie
Bonpocbi TpeßyioT cHHTeTHHecKoro anaAHaa c noMonibio
HeCKOAbKHX ÄHCIIHHAHH. BoAee Toro, eCTb HeOÖXOAHMOCTb
cpaBHeHHH ÖOAee ninpoKHX ynacTKOB, nanpHMep, c HapoA-
HblM HCKyCCTBOM ApyTHX CTpaH.
B peayAbTaie otcvtctbhh Teopnn HapoAHoro HCKyecTBa
UapHT pa3HOÓOH B HCHOAb3OBäHHH TepMHHOB H HOHHTHH,
a H3 3T0F0 BblTeiiaeT H HenpaBHAbHOCTb BblBOAOB. ZIo CHX
nop, HanpHMep, KOMMyHHKaHHH M6>KAy TpaAHIIHOHHbIMH H
COBpeMeHHbIMH U6HH0CTHMH HCKyCCTBa HOHHMaAaCb OAHO-
CTOpOHHe: HapoAHoe HCKyCCTBO KaK HCTOHHHK BAOXHOBeHHH
Aah npoijieccHOHaAbHbix xyAO>KHHKOB; aaóbiBaAacb o tom,
hto npocjieccHOHaAbi MoryT 0Ka3biBaTb bahhhhc Ha napoA-
Hoe HCKyccTBO, ocoßeHHo ero cneiiH^HHecKHe CTopoHbi.
TaKHM oópaaoM, HaAHHO cAOÄHoe AnaAeKTHHecKoe b33hmo-
OTHoineHHe, Aaiomee KOHTHHyyM ueHHocTeft, 6e3 KOToporo
Heæ HHKaKoň HaijHOHaAbHOH KyAbTypbi. Flpoiiecc 4>0pMHpo-
BaHHH KOHTHHyyMa He HanaACH b nepHOA Me>KAy ABy.MH
MHpOBbIMH BOHHaMH, K3K 3T0 HaCTO HHUiyT O CA0B3KHH,
AOßaBAHH K HTOMy, ITO TOAbKO Ha OCHOBe K0HT3KT0B
c eßponeficKHM HCKyccTBOM. HanaAO btoto nponecca mojkho
CHHTaTb OpraHH3alIHIO BbICTaBOK B MapTHHe, TAe OAHOBpe-
MeHHO C npa3AHeCTBaMH MaTHIIbl CAOBanKOH ÖblAa OTKpblTa

3KCHO3HIIHH HapOAHblX BblUIHBOK. 3tO ÖblAO B 1887 FOAy.
3to MeponpHHTHe hobahhao na ASAbneüniee othoihchhc
OTeqecTBeHHoft nyÔAHKH h npotjieccHOHaAOB k HapoAHOMy
HCKyCCTBy.
Ocoöyio pOAb B 3T0M, KpOMe MapTHHCKOFO apXHTCKTOpa
H. ByAAbi, cbirpaA ero yneHHK, n03>Ke CTaBiunft napoAHbiM
XyAOJKHHKOM, B,- lOpKOBHH. ErO B3TAHAbI, B H3CTHOCTH
onyÖAHKOBaHHbie b cTaTbe «Oxpana h noAAep>KKa HapoA-
Horo HCKyecTBa b Caob3khh» («IlpyAbi», 1925) ao nacTo-
Hmero BpeMeHH He noTepnAH cßoeft aKTyaAbHOCTH. B cbhsh
C 3FHMH BOnpOCaMH aBTOp BbICKa33A HACK) CO3A3HHH Cne-
UHaAbHblX 1HK0A HapOAHOTO HCKyCCTBa, T. e. Ha HeCKOAbKO
AeT BnepeA, neM 3Ty mmcab peaAH3OBaA ocnoBaHHeM
«HIkoabi xyAOJKecTßeHHbix peMeceA» b BpaTHCAase H.
Bbirpa (1928).
HoCAe nepBOH MHpOBOH BOHHbI CAOBaHKOe HapOAHOe HC-
KyccTBO CTaHOBHTCH eCTeCTBCHHOH TOHKOH OTHpaBAeHHH
noHTH Bcex ocHOBaieaeH coBpeMeHHoň caobbukoh >khbo-
hhch.
B TBopnecTBe xyAOJKHHKOB 30-x toaob noHBAHeTca ho-
BbiH acneKT b hoaxoac k HapoAHOMy HCKyCCTBy hah k TeMe
HapoAHoft cpeAbi: kphthhcckhh bstaha h napai|>pa3a na-
POAHBIX TeM.
TJo chx nop ocTaeTCH nenoHHTHbiM <|)aKT ßeapasAHHHH
CAOBaUKHX CKyAbHTOpOB K HapOAHOMy TBOpHBCTBy B nepHOA
MWKAy AßyMH BOHHaMH, 3T0 T6M ÓOAee yAHBHTCAbHO, HTO
HapoAHoe HCKyccTBO OTAHHaeTCH B 3T0H OÖAaCTH HCKAK)-
HHTeAbHblM ÓOraTCTBOM. Oß-bHCHeHHe 3T0F0 <J)aKTa Hepa3-
BHTbiM nyBCTBOM npocTpaHCTBa CAOBapKoro HapoAa neyöe-
AHTeAbHO.
B hoboh 4>opMe npoöaeMa aKTyaAbHOCTH HapoAHoro hc-
KyccTBa CHOBa CTaHOBHTCH aKTyaAbHOH nocAe OeBpaAii
1948 roAa. 3to ecTecTBeHHoe HBAeHHe npn MapKCHCTCKOM
nOHHMaHHH KyAbTypbi. KpOMe (j)OpMaAbHOro BOCnpHHTHH
HapOAHOTO HCKyCCTBa KaK HCTOHHHKa BAOXHOBeHHH H nep-
naHHH H3 HapOÄHOH TeXHOAOFHH, XyAOJKHHKH OÓpamaiOTCH
k BHyTpeHHeMy coAep>i<aHHio HCKyecTBa h ero acTeTHHec-
KOMy nOCAaHHK).
HapoAHoe HCKyccTBO-naAe>KHbiH cjiyHAaMeHT AeMOKpam-
lecKoro xapaKTepa caobbiikoh HaiiHonaAbHOH KyAbTypbi.
Hm6hho noBTOMy MOAOAoe noKOAeHHe mojkbt HCKaTb b hcm
Bee HOBbie H HOBbie SAeMeHTbl, nOSTOMy Mbl BHAHM HHTepec
k HeMy y apxHTeKTopoB, a TaK?Ke aioach, 3aHHMaiomHxcH
OXpaHOH naMHTHHKOB HCKyCCTBa. riOBTOMy HapoAHOMy HC-
KyCCTBy yAeAHlOT BpeMH H CpeACTBa MaCCOBOH HHl|)OpMaHHH
h oho 3aHHMaeT npoqHoe mccto b >kh3hh Hauiero 06-
mecTBa.