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https://doi.org/10.11588/diglit.14697#0236
1074 Appendix K
which can be dated shortly after 250 B.C., cp. Polyb. 20. 5. 5, 8, 14, Corp. inscr.
Gr. sept, i no. 3096, I f. Att BacrtXet | ko\ rfj irokei Aej3a8ecov | k.t.X., ib. no. 4136,
1 ff. = M. Holleaux in the Bull. Corr. Hell. 1890 xiv. 19 ff. no. 10, 27 ff. = Ditten-
berger Syll. inscr. 67r.3no. 635 B, 27 ff. KaXXtKXt'Saj Aotcpos €<rs 'Ottocvtos Karaftas
iv Tpe(pu>\vLov dvdvyeCke Aeirdteiav rot Ai to! BacrtXeti dvOepev \ kt] to! Tpecpcovloi,
k.t.X., 32 f. oar is 8e ca tco J Aios tco BacrtXeios eTTifieXeioeiei to> vaa>, top aTecpavov j
vaeTT] in the record of an oracle delivered soon after 178 B.C.).
In view of the foregoing passages and inscriptions I would venture to re-
construct the story of the Lebadean cult as follows. Once upon a time there
lived in the locality a king of the old magical sort (supra i. 12 ff.), who con-
trolled the weather for his people (supra i. 79) and passed as a human Zeus
(supra i. 247(F), 545 n. 5, 547 (?), 662, 737 (?), ii. 24, 192, 794, 833, 897 n. o,
940 n. o, 944 f. n. o, Append. H (3) and (4), Append. I, Append. J, infra
Append. L sub Jin., Append. M med.)—one of those who in epic days came to be
called AioTpecpies ftao-i\rjes (II. I. 176, 2. 98, 196, 445, 14. 27, Od. 3. 480, 4. 44, 63,
7. 49, h. Dion. 11, Hes. theog. 82, 992: see H. Ebeling Lexicon Homericum
Lipsiae 1885 i. 311 f.) because it was remembered that they were at least inti-
mately related to the sky-god (either by descent (schol. II. 1. 176 citing Hes.
theog. 96 eV 8e Aid? (BacriXrjes, Hesych. s.v. AioTpe(p€(Dv), or by special favour
(II. 2. 196 f. with Eustath. in II. p. 199, 20 ff. ivravda Se /cat ecpepprjvevei, Sid rt
Aioyei'ets' xai AioTpecpels tovs /3acrtXets Xe-yei, ov% otl e/c Aids' to yivos e\icovo~iv, dXX'
on e£ enelvov avTo!s rj rifxrj. (prfcrl yap- " ti/x?) 5' e/c Aid? iuTiv" r] Trjs (3ao-i~Xeias
8rj\a8r]. d(pi8pvpaTa yap a>crave\ Aios idoKOW eivai oi /3acrtXeiy, cp. ib. p. 316, 33 f.) :
the relation is moralised by Themist. or. 6 p. 79 a—B 77 8k els av6pa>-rrovs aperf
nal TTpaoTiqs koX evpeveLa.. .p.r] ko.\ paXXov scttlv eyyvrepa rw kolvqovovvti tijs (pvoreas ;
avTrj ttou! BeoeiKeXov, avTrj 6eoei8rj, ovtco ALOTpecprjs yiveTai (iao'Ckcus, ovtco Aioyevr/s.,
ovtcos avTco tt]v OeLOTrjTa <ETri(priiJil£ovTes ov y\f€vcr6p.e8a). Now AioTpecprjs, AceiTpeCprjs,
and similar names have a shortened form Tpecpcov (A. Fick Die Griechischen
Personennamen2 Gottingen 1894 p. 269), and Tpecpcov by the addition of a
common suffix would become Tpe(j)a>vios. Hence our local king, when dead and
buried, was still consulted as Zeus Tpecpavios or—since he was responsible for
the crops (supra i. 79)—as Zeus Tpocpwvios (Max. Tyr. 41. 2 tov Ala...Tov Kapncov
Tpotpea, cp. Zeus 'O-n-mpevs in Corp. inscr. Gr. sept, i no. 2733 = Roehl Inscr. Gr.
ant. no. 151 = R. Meister in Collitz—Bechtel Gr. Dial.-Inschr. i. 213, 396 no. 567
an early'inscription from Akraiphia KpiTav ko.1 Qei6cr8oTos to! | At Tbincopeu.
Other appellatives of Zeus with the same general significance are collected and
discussed by H. Usener Gbtternamen Bonn 1896 p. 243 n. 67, Gruppe Gr. Myth.
Bel. p. 1109 n. 1). In support of this explanation it should be noted that, when
Q. Titius and Salvenius obtained from Trophonios at Lebadeia prophecies
concerning Sulla, dp,(p6TepoL. ..TavTa irepl tt/s 6p(prjs ecppa^ov ■ tco yap '0\vp.7rla> Ail
Kai to koXXos <ai to peyedos irapaTr\rjcrLov I8e!v e(pao-av (L. Cornelius Sulla rer.
gestar. frag. 16 Peter ap. Plout. v. Sull. 17). Further, Paus. 9. 39. 10 compares
the oracular building to a Kp'ifiavos or 'baking jar,-' i.e. one of the domical earthen
ovens still used in the east for baking bread (J. H. Middleton in the Journ.
Hell. Stud. 1888 ix. 313 f.). It was in fact the /^<?7^-tomb of an old Boeotian
king (cp. schol. Loukian. p. 255, 21 ff. Rabe). Those who descended into it to
consult the divinised dead took honey-cakes in their hands (Aristoph. nub. 506 ff.,
Paus. 9. 39. 11, Poll. 6. 76, Loukian. dial. 7/iort. 3. 2, Max. Tyr. 14. 2, Hesych.
s.v. payl8es) for the reptiles that they might encounter (Philostr. v. Apoll. 8. 19
p. 335 Kayser, schol. Aristoph. nub. 508= Souid. s.v. Tpocpoviov Kara yrjs Traiyvta,
Eudok. viol. 930) because the man who first penetrated its recesses found there
which can be dated shortly after 250 B.C., cp. Polyb. 20. 5. 5, 8, 14, Corp. inscr.
Gr. sept, i no. 3096, I f. Att BacrtXet | ko\ rfj irokei Aej3a8ecov | k.t.X., ib. no. 4136,
1 ff. = M. Holleaux in the Bull. Corr. Hell. 1890 xiv. 19 ff. no. 10, 27 ff. = Ditten-
berger Syll. inscr. 67r.3no. 635 B, 27 ff. KaXXtKXt'Saj Aotcpos €<rs 'Ottocvtos Karaftas
iv Tpe(pu>\vLov dvdvyeCke Aeirdteiav rot Ai to! BacrtXeti dvOepev \ kt] to! Tpecpcovloi,
k.t.X., 32 f. oar is 8e ca tco J Aios tco BacrtXeios eTTifieXeioeiei to> vaa>, top aTecpavov j
vaeTT] in the record of an oracle delivered soon after 178 B.C.).
In view of the foregoing passages and inscriptions I would venture to re-
construct the story of the Lebadean cult as follows. Once upon a time there
lived in the locality a king of the old magical sort (supra i. 12 ff.), who con-
trolled the weather for his people (supra i. 79) and passed as a human Zeus
(supra i. 247(F), 545 n. 5, 547 (?), 662, 737 (?), ii. 24, 192, 794, 833, 897 n. o,
940 n. o, 944 f. n. o, Append. H (3) and (4), Append. I, Append. J, infra
Append. L sub Jin., Append. M med.)—one of those who in epic days came to be
called AioTpecpies ftao-i\rjes (II. I. 176, 2. 98, 196, 445, 14. 27, Od. 3. 480, 4. 44, 63,
7. 49, h. Dion. 11, Hes. theog. 82, 992: see H. Ebeling Lexicon Homericum
Lipsiae 1885 i. 311 f.) because it was remembered that they were at least inti-
mately related to the sky-god (either by descent (schol. II. 1. 176 citing Hes.
theog. 96 eV 8e Aid? (BacriXrjes, Hesych. s.v. AioTpe(p€(Dv), or by special favour
(II. 2. 196 f. with Eustath. in II. p. 199, 20 ff. ivravda Se /cat ecpepprjvevei, Sid rt
Aioyei'ets' xai AioTpecpels tovs /3acrtXets Xe-yei, ov% otl e/c Aids' to yivos e\icovo~iv, dXX'
on e£ enelvov avTo!s rj rifxrj. (prfcrl yap- " ti/x?) 5' e/c Aid? iuTiv" r] Trjs (3ao-i~Xeias
8rj\a8r]. d(pi8pvpaTa yap a>crave\ Aios idoKOW eivai oi /3acrtXeiy, cp. ib. p. 316, 33 f.) :
the relation is moralised by Themist. or. 6 p. 79 a—B 77 8k els av6pa>-rrovs aperf
nal TTpaoTiqs koX evpeveLa.. .p.r] ko.\ paXXov scttlv eyyvrepa rw kolvqovovvti tijs (pvoreas ;
avTrj ttou! BeoeiKeXov, avTrj 6eoei8rj, ovtco ALOTpecprjs yiveTai (iao'Ckcus, ovtco Aioyevr/s.,
ovtcos avTco tt]v OeLOTrjTa <ETri(priiJil£ovTes ov y\f€vcr6p.e8a). Now AioTpecprjs, AceiTpeCprjs,
and similar names have a shortened form Tpecpcov (A. Fick Die Griechischen
Personennamen2 Gottingen 1894 p. 269), and Tpecpcov by the addition of a
common suffix would become Tpe(j)a>vios. Hence our local king, when dead and
buried, was still consulted as Zeus Tpecpavios or—since he was responsible for
the crops (supra i. 79)—as Zeus Tpocpwvios (Max. Tyr. 41. 2 tov Ala...Tov Kapncov
Tpotpea, cp. Zeus 'O-n-mpevs in Corp. inscr. Gr. sept, i no. 2733 = Roehl Inscr. Gr.
ant. no. 151 = R. Meister in Collitz—Bechtel Gr. Dial.-Inschr. i. 213, 396 no. 567
an early'inscription from Akraiphia KpiTav ko.1 Qei6cr8oTos to! | At Tbincopeu.
Other appellatives of Zeus with the same general significance are collected and
discussed by H. Usener Gbtternamen Bonn 1896 p. 243 n. 67, Gruppe Gr. Myth.
Bel. p. 1109 n. 1). In support of this explanation it should be noted that, when
Q. Titius and Salvenius obtained from Trophonios at Lebadeia prophecies
concerning Sulla, dp,(p6TepoL. ..TavTa irepl tt/s 6p(prjs ecppa^ov ■ tco yap '0\vp.7rla> Ail
Kai to koXXos <ai to peyedos irapaTr\rjcrLov I8e!v e(pao-av (L. Cornelius Sulla rer.
gestar. frag. 16 Peter ap. Plout. v. Sull. 17). Further, Paus. 9. 39. 10 compares
the oracular building to a Kp'ifiavos or 'baking jar,-' i.e. one of the domical earthen
ovens still used in the east for baking bread (J. H. Middleton in the Journ.
Hell. Stud. 1888 ix. 313 f.). It was in fact the /^<?7^-tomb of an old Boeotian
king (cp. schol. Loukian. p. 255, 21 ff. Rabe). Those who descended into it to
consult the divinised dead took honey-cakes in their hands (Aristoph. nub. 506 ff.,
Paus. 9. 39. 11, Poll. 6. 76, Loukian. dial. 7/iort. 3. 2, Max. Tyr. 14. 2, Hesych.
s.v. payl8es) for the reptiles that they might encounter (Philostr. v. Apoll. 8. 19
p. 335 Kayser, schol. Aristoph. nub. 508= Souid. s.v. Tpocpoviov Kara yrjs Traiyvta,
Eudok. viol. 930) because the man who first penetrated its recesses found there