Cook, Arthur B.: Zeus: a study in ancient religion (Band 2,2): Zeus god of the dark sky (thunder and lightning): Appendixes and index (Cambridge, 1925)

in O.H.G. it was necessary to find a fresh symbol. Now was the last letter of the
28 letter English futhorc found, for instance, on the Thames scramasax [the characters
for guttural c and g seem to have been confined to Northumbria] ; moreover O.H.G. had
no use for an ea character.

Put shortly, the association of the character | with the name of the god Ziu appears
to be due to the following causes :

By a sound-change peculiar to O.H.G. (the Fourth Sound-Shifting) the dentals
experienced a general shift round, p>d>t>z, the effect of which was the loss of p and
the appearance of a new sound z [ts]. The disappearance of p was welcomed rather than
otherwise, since it was an alien which could not be found a place in the Latin alphabet,
but it was necessary to find a symbol for z. \ happened not to be needed in its proper
A.S. value of ea, and moreover to be the last letter of the non-Northumbrian futhorc.
It was therefore taken over, but its original name ear discarded in order to avoid the
confusion which would arise if the initial of the name of a letter were other than the letter
itself. Naturally it inherited the name ziu which in its shifted form was no longer appro-
priate to its original possessor '[s.5

ii. 57 n. 4. Recent articles on 'Jupiter-columns' are listed by W. Deonna in the Rev.
E\t. Gr. 1917 xxx. 348, ib. 1918 xxxi. 434. Add F. Hertlein ' Zu alteren Funden des
Juppitergigantenkreises ' in Germania 1917 i. 101 —105 with 2 figs., id. ' Der Zusammen-'
hang der Juppitergigantengruppen' ib. 1917 i. 136—143 with 9 figs. R. Ferrer 'Zur
Frage der Juppitergigantensiiulen ' in the Rbmisch-germanisches -Korrespondenzblatt 1912
v. 60 f. questions Hertlein's Germanic interpretation of the columns on two grounds
((1) ' dass an vielen Orten, so z. B. in Zabern, die neben Juppitergigantenresten auf
Inschriften gefundenen Personennamen nicht germanische sondern keltische sind ';
(2) 'dass schon auf vorrdmisch gallischen Mfinzen eine verwandte Darstellung Platz
gegriffen hat').

ii. 86. On the group from Luxeuil see now E. Esperandieu in the Rev. Arch. 1917
i. 72—86 with two figs, (summarised in the Am. Journ. Arch. 1918 xxii. 220). Esperandieu
argues that the rider was Iupiter with an astral wheel, that the horse should be restored
in a rearing or galloping posture, and that the human head supporting its foot was part of
a giant with snaky legs.

ii. 90. Mr C. D. Bicknell notes a second example—British Museum: A Guide to the
Antiquities of Roman Britain London 1922 p. 20 f. fig. 10 'Half of a stone octagon, with
reliefs in niches of the deities presiding over the days of the week, was found by Horsley
in the mill at Chesterford, Essex, where it had been used by the local blacksmith as a
water-trough for cooling his iron.'

ii. 90. The 'Jupiter-column ' had a long history in front of it as well as behind it—
witness the sacred pillars reverenced by thousands today in France and Spain. Miss
J- E. Harrison 'The Pillar and the Maiden' in the Proceedings of the Classical Association
1907 v. 65—77 has drawn attention to the cult of La Vierge du Pilier at Chartres and to
the multiplied pillar-shrines of her Cathedra] (bibliography by U. Chevalier Repertoire
des sources historiques du moyen dge Montbeliard 1895 p. 661 ff.). Similarly at Zaragoza
the Apostle James (Santiago) built a chapel on the spot where he had seen a vision of the
Virgin poised on a pillar of jasper and attended by angels (A. F. Calvert Valladolid,
Oviedo, Segovia, Zamora, Avila, 6° Zaragoza London 1908 p. 158 ff. with pis. 348 and
349 Our Lady del Pilar).

ii. 93 ff. The Column of Mayence continues to provoke discussion. To the biblio-
graphy (ii. 93 n. 3) add F. Quilling 'Zur grossen Juppitersaule von Mainz' in the
Rbmisch-germanisches Korrespondenzblatt 1913 vi. 49—53, K. Korber Diegrosse Juppiter-
saule im A Itertumsmuseum der Stadt Mainz Mainz 1915 pp. 1—28 with 10 pis. and 9 figs,
(reviewed by K. Wigand in the Rbmisch-germanisches Korrespondenzblatt 1915 viii. 47 f.),
F. Drexel 'Zur Mainzer Jupitersaule' in the Rbmisch-germanisches Korrespondenzblatt
1915 viii. 67—69, F. Quilling 'Zur grossen Juppitersaule in Mainz' in Germania 1917
i. 43—45, id. Die Jupiter-Sdule des Samus unci Severus Leipzig 1918 pp. 1—236 with
many figs, (reviewed by F. Drexel in Germania 1919 iii- 28—32, J. P. Waltzing in Le
Muse'e Beige 1921 xxv. 221—226, cp. Class. Rev. 1922 xxxvi. 141), F. Quilling Die
Nerosdule des Samus und Severus Leipzig 1919 pp. 1—32 with 2 figs. (' Nachtrag' to the
1918 volume by the same author), id. Die Juppiter-Votivsdule der Mainzer Canabarii.
Eine neue Erkldrung ihres Bildschmuckes Frankfurt 1919 pp. 1—16 with figs, and 2 pis.
(reviewed by F. Drexel in Germania 1919 iii. 127 f.).

Of points made since my section on the subject [supra p. 93 ff.) was written the most
important is the discovery by P. T. Kessler, assistant of the Mayence Museum, that two