DOI Seite / Zitierlink:
https://doi.org/10.11588/diglit.4221#0045
•I
36
ROYAL TOMBS OF THE 1st DYNASTY.
yet been discovered. Usually, however, the
Horns (1) and Ra (4) titles are found, and in
most cases the Nebty title (2) as Avell in some
form. Of these (4) and (2) are commonly
associated and precede a single name, and
(1) is separate. For ^^ some earlier (?) kings
have ^=^ "^=7 alone, which would read Nh'tij as
before, unless it be Nb'wij, "the two masters,"
meaning Horus and Set, the gods of Lower
and Upper Egypt. The latter is certainly
the meaning of JijV jk. Ntr'wy, " the two gods,"
in the inscriptions of Merpaba.
Note by Professor Petrie.
As the subject of the royal titles is mentioned
it may be as well to state some of the views
which I have reached in recent years; such
observations are generally too piece-meal to be
worth stating immediately. The five titles
detailed by Mr. Griffith seem to me to belong
to the lordship of different tribes or stages of
the kingdom, like the long compound territorial
titles of the Prince of Wales—Duke of Corn-
wall, Duke of Rothesay, &c, &c.; or the King
of Sweden, Norway, the Goths and Vandals ; or
the Emperor of all the various Russias and
Grand Duke of Finland.
1. The ha name appears to belong to the
dynastic race ; it is by far the most usual title
in the 1st Dynasty, and it always took pre-
cedence of the others. The addition of the
hawk—the king's soul—on the top is later, as
it is generally absent in Narmer (before Mena);
it seems to have been added to convey the idea
that this was the name of the king to eternity,
and not adopted as a territorial name. As
Osiris is a Libyan god, and belongs to an older
stratum of population, any connection with
Osiris is due to this being the eternal name,
and Osiris being lord of eternity.
The frame in which this name is placed is
often certainly over a doorway, as it is shown
with all details of a door in various ages (Season
in Egypt, xx.), or if not figured as the door of
the tomb it is the panelled brick wall of the
tomb (as here, v. 4, vi. 1, 2, 11); and the
recesses and projections (scarcely to be called
''towers") are like those of the tomb of Mena
and Babylonian brickwork. Being the ha
name it belongs rather to a tomb than a palace.
2. The double neb title is first found without
any symbols over it, as in the names of kings
D and Zeser (xxxii. 32, and iv. 3), Avhich are
about the age of Mena, and probably earlier
rather than later. As this title belongs to the
extension of the power of Upper Egypt over
the Lower, it must have been formed at the
time of the conquest of Lower Egypt by the
dynasties.
3. The Hor-nub title does not occur in the
1st or Unci Dynasty, nor until the time of
Shaaru and Khufu, under whom it appears
as two hawks on the nub. It belongs, there-
fore to a time after the completion of the
kingdom; it might refer to the conquest of the
Sinai mines ("god of metal"), and the sense
of " victorious over enemies" would be the
secondary expression of such victories.
4. The suten biti is a double title, as either
half occurs alone and complete. Biti or bat is
undoubtedly the Libyan royal title; it inter-
changes with the Lower crown, Avhich is the
crown of Neit the Libyan goddess, and is found
on prehistoric pottery of Libyan connection;
moreover, the Libyans called a king Battos, as
Herodotus says. As this is the Libyan or
Lower Egyptian title, suten naturally refers to
Upper Egypt; and it is probably the same
plant as that of the sign for the South
country +,* (as Mr. Griffith has suggested), with
a small difference to distinguish the meanings.
The suten title is first found under Zet (xiii.
3a). It seems probable that on the absorption
of the Libyan rule by the complete conquest
of the Delta the kings took over the Libyan
.1
the soulc
i **c
■ title is not
' rl 0f the interm
riPStS Of
■ acquisi^n of
)Uctiecaii
* earnest and
lisa double cord
0 the sacred coi
Jf early statue (
if#>LoUV1'e'
hi by the roy
with the high ;
Ltokvebegunund
:tjft & cartouche. E
j ]fd (tf», xiii.)
j st|«l the kingdom tc
■Idwas Ugh pries
" daughter conve
i By the end of t
priesthood to t
ii great works
ipfeofShepseskaf,
Hie minor title n<
Adwith nder nefe
-^ two hanks of the
local princi
i' (fftrf., i. 126);
■e, the sun,
rizons, As t1
fore Pepy,
retoenacqui]
?o horizons.
*iU be
read:
%¥* »* I i-.M-jp JHU^tfU-'^.-
36
ROYAL TOMBS OF THE 1st DYNASTY.
yet been discovered. Usually, however, the
Horns (1) and Ra (4) titles are found, and in
most cases the Nebty title (2) as Avell in some
form. Of these (4) and (2) are commonly
associated and precede a single name, and
(1) is separate. For ^^ some earlier (?) kings
have ^=^ "^=7 alone, which would read Nh'tij as
before, unless it be Nb'wij, "the two masters,"
meaning Horus and Set, the gods of Lower
and Upper Egypt. The latter is certainly
the meaning of JijV jk. Ntr'wy, " the two gods,"
in the inscriptions of Merpaba.
Note by Professor Petrie.
As the subject of the royal titles is mentioned
it may be as well to state some of the views
which I have reached in recent years; such
observations are generally too piece-meal to be
worth stating immediately. The five titles
detailed by Mr. Griffith seem to me to belong
to the lordship of different tribes or stages of
the kingdom, like the long compound territorial
titles of the Prince of Wales—Duke of Corn-
wall, Duke of Rothesay, &c, &c.; or the King
of Sweden, Norway, the Goths and Vandals ; or
the Emperor of all the various Russias and
Grand Duke of Finland.
1. The ha name appears to belong to the
dynastic race ; it is by far the most usual title
in the 1st Dynasty, and it always took pre-
cedence of the others. The addition of the
hawk—the king's soul—on the top is later, as
it is generally absent in Narmer (before Mena);
it seems to have been added to convey the idea
that this was the name of the king to eternity,
and not adopted as a territorial name. As
Osiris is a Libyan god, and belongs to an older
stratum of population, any connection with
Osiris is due to this being the eternal name,
and Osiris being lord of eternity.
The frame in which this name is placed is
often certainly over a doorway, as it is shown
with all details of a door in various ages (Season
in Egypt, xx.), or if not figured as the door of
the tomb it is the panelled brick wall of the
tomb (as here, v. 4, vi. 1, 2, 11); and the
recesses and projections (scarcely to be called
''towers") are like those of the tomb of Mena
and Babylonian brickwork. Being the ha
name it belongs rather to a tomb than a palace.
2. The double neb title is first found without
any symbols over it, as in the names of kings
D and Zeser (xxxii. 32, and iv. 3), Avhich are
about the age of Mena, and probably earlier
rather than later. As this title belongs to the
extension of the power of Upper Egypt over
the Lower, it must have been formed at the
time of the conquest of Lower Egypt by the
dynasties.
3. The Hor-nub title does not occur in the
1st or Unci Dynasty, nor until the time of
Shaaru and Khufu, under whom it appears
as two hawks on the nub. It belongs, there-
fore to a time after the completion of the
kingdom; it might refer to the conquest of the
Sinai mines ("god of metal"), and the sense
of " victorious over enemies" would be the
secondary expression of such victories.
4. The suten biti is a double title, as either
half occurs alone and complete. Biti or bat is
undoubtedly the Libyan royal title; it inter-
changes with the Lower crown, Avhich is the
crown of Neit the Libyan goddess, and is found
on prehistoric pottery of Libyan connection;
moreover, the Libyans called a king Battos, as
Herodotus says. As this is the Libyan or
Lower Egyptian title, suten naturally refers to
Upper Egypt; and it is probably the same
plant as that of the sign for the South
country +,* (as Mr. Griffith has suggested), with
a small difference to distinguish the meanings.
The suten title is first found under Zet (xiii.
3a). It seems probable that on the absorption
of the Libyan rule by the complete conquest
of the Delta the kings took over the Libyan
.1
the soulc
i **c
■ title is not
' rl 0f the interm
riPStS Of
■ acquisi^n of
)Uctiecaii
* earnest and
lisa double cord
0 the sacred coi
Jf early statue (
if#>LoUV1'e'
hi by the roy
with the high ;
Ltokvebegunund
:tjft & cartouche. E
j ]fd (tf», xiii.)
j st|«l the kingdom tc
■Idwas Ugh pries
" daughter conve
i By the end of t
priesthood to t
ii great works
ipfeofShepseskaf,
Hie minor title n<
Adwith nder nefe
-^ two hanks of the
local princi
i' (fftrf., i. 126);
■e, the sun,
rizons, As t1
fore Pepy,
retoenacqui]
?o horizons.
*iU be
read:
%¥* »* I i-.M-jp JHU^tfU-'^.-