Shakespear, John: A grammar of the Hindustani language (London, 1826)

118

A GRAMMAR OF THE

any one speaks with humility of his own actions or cir-
cumstances to a superiour, or seeks even to address his
friend very respectfully, it is customary to substitute such

c 9 c

words as ljAz. jJj yfc. AJ-i slave, servant, beggar,

c ^ c c

poor creature, sinner, &c. or in the latter case jUs^j

^ o ^

dUj-A friend, wellwisher, &c. for the first personal pro-

o . c

noun ; so, (your) slaves fiome is in

Dihli, meaning, my home is at DiJili; f cJT ^ AJ

-Sir, yowr service cannot be performed by (ine

</

your) slave; iGlo ^ grUj the friend will see

tJie masters son to-morrow, or, I sJiall see your son, Sir, to-
morrow.

9

65. Eor the third person, is generally adopted ; but,
when discrimination is necessary, is applied to the ob-
ject near at hand or to that last named in discourse, and

9

s, to the remote or the first mentioned ; as, the English
word, tJiis, is used in opposition to that, or tJie latter in
contradistinction to tJie former. A demonstrative pro-
noun, moreover, in the singular, may be used with an
Arabic plural, though even the subsequent verb, also,

c o c

differ from it in number; thus, f \ c^>

JIGj when the king saw tJiese manners of his son.

66. When a pronoun referring to the same person or
thing as the nominative case to the verb, in one member