Whittock, Nathaniel: The Art Of Drawing And Colouring From Nature, Flowers, Fruit, And Shells: To Which Is Added, Correct Directions For Preparing The Most Brilliant Colours For Painting On Velvet, With The Mode Of Using Them, Also The New Method Of Oriental Tinting ; With Plain And Coloured Drawings (London, 1829)

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In drawing the expanded ssower, after lightly but correctly sketching
the outline, so that the space it is to occupy may be clearly defined, it
will be best to draw the pistil that rises from the centre ; considering
that as a separate drawing, without connection with any other part.
It has three stages. The first is in the form of a cup ; this will be
easily formed. The second is a succession of straight lines, terminat-
ing in points. And the third is nearly in the, form of a wine glass.
The copy will show how these are shaded : the stamens spread from
this column in every direction.
Having drawn the centre piece, make faint lines radiating from it,
as the centre lines of the eight petals of the corolla. These lines in the
drawing run directly through the petal, and terminate in a point: the
outline of each petal is very easily formed, when the centre is drawn,
by making two curved lines on each side of it, the bottom of which is
hid in the rays of the outer circle round the pistil. In drawing these
rays it will be advisable to form the dark ring in the first instance near
the centre, and then to draw lines in every direction, from that, the
whole length of the rays; a circle is formed about the centre of the
rays, with thick short lines or hatches; and a second circle of the
same kind is formed a short distance from the first. There will be no
necessity for marking them very strongly with the pencil, as that will
be best done with colour; it is only required that they should be
drawn correctly.

The leaves of the calyx in this plant, as in the common passion